Bootstrapping Remote Secure Key Infrastructure (BRSKI) Cisco
pritikin@cisco.com
Sandelman Software Works
mcr+ietf@sandelman.ca http://www.sandelman.ca/
Futurewei Technologies Inc. USA
2330 Central Expy Santa Clara CA 95050 USA tte+ietf@cs.fau.de
Michael.H.Behringer@gmail.com
Watsen Networks
kent+ietf@watsen.net
Operations and Management ANIMA This document specifies automated bootstrapping of an Autonomic Control Plane. To do this, a Secure Key Infrastructure is bootstrapped. This is done using manufacturer-installed X.509 certificates, in combination with a manufacturer's authorizing service, both online and offline. We call this process the Bootstrapping Remote Secure Key Infrastructure (BRSKI) protocol. Bootstrapping a new device can occur when using a routable address and a cloud service, only link-local connectivity, or limited/disconnected networks. Support for deployment models with less stringent security requirements is included. Bootstrapping is complete when the cryptographic identity of the new key infrastructure is successfully deployed to the device. The established secure connection can be used to deploy a locally issued certificate to the device as well.
Status of This Memo This is an Internet Standards Track document. This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841. Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at .
Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2021 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents () in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
  • .  Introduction
    • .  Prior Bootstrapping Approaches
    • .  Terminology
    • .  Scope of Solution
      • .  Support Environment
      • .  Constrained Environments
      • .  Network Access Controls
      • .  Bootstrapping is Not Booting
    • .  Leveraging the New Key Infrastructure / Next Steps
    • .  Requirements for Autonomic Networking Infrastructure (ANI) Devices
  • .  Architectural Overview
    • .  Behavior of a Pledge
    • .  Secure Imprinting Using Vouchers
    • .  Initial Device Identifier
      • .  Identification of the Pledge
      • .  MASA URI Extension
    • .  Protocol Flow
    • .  Architectural Components
      • .  Pledge
      • .  Join Proxy
      • .  Domain Registrar
      • .  Manufacturer Service
      • .  Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)
    • .  Certificate Time Validation
      • .  Lack of Real-Time Clock
      • .  Infinite Lifetime of IDevID
    • .  Cloud Registrar
    • .  Determining the MASA to Contact
  • .  Voucher-Request Artifact
    • .  Nonceless Voucher-Requests
    • .  Tree Diagram
    • .  Examples
    • .  YANG Module
  • .  Proxying Details (Pledge -- Proxy -- Registrar)
    • .  Pledge Discovery of Proxy
      • .  Proxy GRASP Announcements
    • .  CoAP Connection to Registrar
    • .  Proxy Discovery and Communication of Registrar
  • .  Protocol Details (Pledge -- Registrar -- MASA)
    • .  BRSKI-EST TLS Establishment Details
    • .  Pledge Requests Voucher from the Registrar
    • .  Registrar Authorization of Pledge
    • .  BRSKI-MASA TLS Establishment Details
      • .  MASA Authentication of Customer Registrar
    • .  Registrar Requests Voucher from MASA
      • .  MASA Renewal of Expired Vouchers
      • .  MASA Pinning of Registrar
      • .  MASA Check of the Voucher-Request Signature
      • .  MASA Verification of the Domain Registrar
      • .  MASA Verification of the Pledge 'prior-signed-voucher-request'
      • .  MASA Nonce Handling
    • .  MASA and Registrar Voucher Response
      • .  Pledge Voucher Verification
      • .  Pledge Authentication of Provisional TLS Connection
    • .  Pledge BRSKI Status Telemetry
    • .  Registrar Audit-Log Request
      • .  MASA Audit-Log Response
      • .  Calculation of domainID
      • .  Registrar Audit-Log Verification
    • .  EST Integration for PKI Bootstrapping
      • .  EST Distribution of CA Certificates
      • .  EST CSR Attributes
      • .  EST Client Certificate Request
      • .  Enrollment Status Telemetry
      • .  Multiple Certificates
      • .  EST over CoAP
  • .  Clarification of Transfer-Encoding
  • .  Reduced Security Operational Modes
    • .  Trust Model
    • .  Pledge Security Reductions
    • .  Registrar Security Reductions
    • .  MASA Security Reductions
      • .  Issuing Nonceless Vouchers
      • .  Trusting Owners on First Use
      • .  Updating or Extending Voucher Trust Anchors
  • .  IANA Considerations
    • .  The IETF XML Registry
    • .  YANG Module Names Registry
    • .  BRSKI Well-Known Considerations
      • .  BRSKI .well-known Registration
      • .  BRSKI .well-known Registry
    • .  PKIX Registry
    • .  Pledge BRSKI Status Telemetry
    • .  DNS Service Names
    • .  GRASP Objective Names
  • .  Applicability to the Autonomic Control Plane (ACP)
    • .  Operational Requirements
      • .  MASA Operational Requirements
      • .  Domain Owner Operational Requirements
      • .  Device Operational Requirements
  • . Privacy Considerations
    • .  MASA Audit-Log
    • .  What BRSKI-EST Reveals
    • .  What BRSKI-MASA Reveals to the Manufacturer
    • .  Manufacturers and Used or Stolen Equipment
    • .  Manufacturers and Grey Market Equipment
    • .  Some Mitigations for Meddling by Manufacturers
    • .  Death of a Manufacturer
  • . Security Considerations
    • .  Denial of Service (DoS) against MASA
    • .  DomainID Must Be Resistant to Second-Preimage Attacks
    • .  Availability of Good Random Numbers
    • .  Freshness in Voucher-Requests
    • .  Trusting Manufacturers
    • .  Manufacturer Maintenance of Trust Anchors
      • .  Compromise of Manufacturer IDevID Signing Keys
      • .  Compromise of MASA Signing Keys
      • .  Compromise of MASA Web Service
    • .  YANG Module Security Considerations
  • . References
    • .  Normative References
    • .  Informative References
  • .  IPv4 and Non-ANI Operations
    • .  IPv4 Link-Local Addresses
    • .  Use of DHCPv4
  • .  mDNS / DNS-SD Proxy Discovery Options
  • .  Example Vouchers
    • .  Keys Involved
      • .  Manufacturer Certification Authority for IDevID Signatures
      • .  MASA Key Pair for Voucher Signatures
      • .  Registrar Certification Authority
      • .  Registrar Key Pair
      • .  Pledge Key Pair
    • .  Example Process
      • .  Pledge to Registrar
      • .  Registrar to MASA
      • .  MASA to Registrar
      • Acknowledgements
  • Authors' Addresses
Introduction The Bootstrapping Remote Secure Key Infrastructure (BRSKI) protocol provides a solution for secure zero-touch (automated) bootstrap of new (unconfigured) devices that are called "pledges" in this document. Pledges have an Initial Device Identifier (IDevID) installed in them at the factory. "BRSKI", pronounced like "brewski", is a colloquial term for beer in Canada and parts of the Midwestern United States . This document primarily provides for the needs of the ISP and enterprise-focused Autonomic Networking Integrated Model and Approach (ANIMA) Autonomic Control Plane (ACP) . This bootstrap process satisfies the requirement of making all operations secure by default per . Other users of the BRSKI protocol will need to provide separate applicability statements that include privacy and security considerations appropriate to that deployment. explains the detailed applicability for this ACP usage. The BRSKI protocol requires a significant amount of communication between manufacturer and owner: in its default modes, it provides a cryptographic transfer of control to the initial owner. In its strongest modes, it leverages sales channel information to identify the owner in advance. Resale of devices is possible, provided that the manufacturer is willing to authorize the transfer. Mechanisms to enable transfers of ownership without manufacturer authorization are not included in this version of the protocol, but it could be designed into future versions. This document describes how a pledge discovers (or are discovered by) an element of the network domain that it will belong to and that will perform its bootstrap. This element (device) is called the "registrar". Before any other operation, the pledge and registrar need to establish mutual trust:
  1. Registrar authenticating the pledge: "Who is this device? What is its identity?"
  2. Registrar authorizing the pledge: "Is it mine? Do I want it? What are the chances it has been compromised?"
  3. Pledge authenticating the registrar: "What is this registrar's identity?"
  4. Pledge authorizing the registrar: "Should I join this network?"
This document details protocols and messages to answer the above questions. It uses a TLS connection and a PKIX-shaped (X.509v3) certificate (an IEEE 802.1AR IDevID ) of the pledge to answer points 1 and 2. It uses a new artifact called a "voucher" that the registrar receives from a Manufacturer Authorized Signing Authority (MASA) and passes it to the pledge to answer points 3 and 4. A proxy provides very limited connectivity between the pledge and the registrar. The syntactic details of vouchers are described in detail in . This document details automated protocol mechanisms to obtain vouchers, including the definition of a "voucher-request" message that is a minor extension to the voucher format (see ) as defined by . BRSKI results in the pledge storing an X.509 root certificate sufficient for verifying the registrar identity. In the process, a TLS connection is established that can be directly used for Enrollment over Secure Transport (EST). In effect, BRSKI provides an automated mechanism for "Bootstrap Distribution of CA Certificates" described in , wherein the pledge "MUST [...] engage a human user to authorize the CA certificate using out-of-band data". With BRSKI, the pledge now can automate this process using the voucher. Integration with a complete EST enrollment is optional but trivial. BRSKI is agile enough to support bootstrapping alternative key infrastructures, such as a symmetric key solution, but no such system is described in this document.
Prior Bootstrapping Approaches To literally "pull yourself up by the bootstraps" is an impossible action. Similarly, the secure establishment of a key infrastructure without external help is also an impossibility. Today, it is commonly accepted that the initial connections between nodes are insecure, until key distribution is complete, or that domain-specific keying material (often pre-shared keys, including mechanisms like Subscriber Identification Module (SIM) cards) is pre-provisioned on each new device in a costly and non-scalable manner. Existing automated mechanisms are known as non-secured "Trust on First Use (TOFU)" , "resurrecting duckling" , or "pre-staging". Another prior approach has been to try and minimize user actions during bootstrapping, but not eliminate all user actions. The original EST protocol does reduce user actions during bootstrapping but does not provide solutions for how the following protocol steps can be made autonomic (not involving user actions):
  • using the Implicit Trust Anchor (TA) database to authenticate an owner-specific service (not an autonomic solution because the URL must be securely distributed),
  • engaging a human user to authorize the CA certificate using out-of-band data (not an autonomic solution because the human user is involved),
  • using a configured Explicit TA database (not an autonomic solution because the distribution of an explicit TA database is not autonomic), and
  • using a certificate-less TLS mutual authentication method (not an autonomic solution because the distribution of symmetric key material is not autonomic).
These "touch" methods do not meet the requirements for zero-touch. There are "call home" technologies where the pledge first establishes a connection to a well-known manufacturer service using a common client-server authentication model. After mutual authentication, appropriate credentials to authenticate the target domain are transferred to the pledge. This creates several problems and limitations:
  • the pledge requires real-time connectivity to the manufacturer service,
  • the domain identity is exposed to the manufacturer service (this is a privacy concern), and
  • the manufacturer is responsible for making the authorization decisions (this is a liability concern).
BRSKI addresses these issues by defining extensions to the EST protocol for the automated distribution of vouchers.
Terminology The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here. The following terms are defined for clarity:
ANI:
The Autonomic Networking Infrastructure as defined by . details specific requirements for pledges, proxies, and registrars when they are part of an ANI.
Circuit Proxy:
A stateful implementation of the Join Proxy. This is the assumed type of proxy.
drop-ship:
The physical distribution of equipment containing the "factory default" configuration to a final destination. In zero-touch scenarios, there is no staging or preconfiguration during drop-ship.
Domain:
The set of entities that share a common local trust anchor. This includes the proxy, registrar, domain CA, management components, and any existing entity that is already a member of the domain.
Domain CA:
The domain Certification Authority (CA) provides certification functionalities to the domain. At a minimum, it provides certification functionalities to a registrar and manages the private key that defines the domain. Optionally, it certifies all elements.
domainID:
The domain IDentity is a unique value based upon the registrar's CA certificate. specifies how it is calculated.
enrollment:
The process where a device presents key material to a network and acquires a network-specific identity. For example, when a certificate signing request is presented to a CA, and a certificate is obtained in response.
IDevID:
An Initial Device Identifier X.509 certificate installed by the vendor on new equipment. This is a term from 802.1AR .
imprint:
The process where a device obtains the cryptographic key material to identify and trust future interactions with a network. This term is taken from Konrad Lorenz's work in biology with new ducklings: during a critical period, the duckling would assume that anything that looks like a mother duck is in fact their mother. An equivalent for a device is to obtain the fingerprint of the network's root CA certificate. A device that imprints on an attacker suffers a similar fate to a duckling that imprints on a hungry wolf. Securely imprinting is a primary focus of this document . The analogy to Lorenz's work was first noted in .
IPIP Proxy:
A stateless proxy alternative.
Join Proxy:
A domain entity that helps the pledge join the domain. A Join Proxy facilitates communication for devices that find themselves in an environment where they are not provided connectivity until after they are validated as members of the domain. For simplicity, this document sometimes uses the term of "proxy" to indicate the Join Proxy. The pledge is unaware that they are communicating with a proxy rather than directly with a registrar.
Join Registrar (and Coordinator):
A representative of the domain that is configured, perhaps autonomically, to decide whether a new device is allowed to join the domain. The administrator of the domain interfaces with a "Join Registrar (and Coordinator)" to control this process. Typically, a Join Registrar is "inside" its domain. For simplicity, this document often refers to this as just "registrar". Within , it is referred to as the "Join Registrar Autonomic Service Agent (ASA)". Other communities use the abbreviation "JRC".
LDevID:
A Local Device Identifier X.509 certificate installed by the owner of the equipment. This is a term from 802.1AR .
manufacturer:
The term manufacturer is used throughout this document as the entity that created the device. This is typically the original equipment manufacturer (OEM), but in more complex situations, it could be a value added retailer (VAR), or possibly even a systems integrator. In general, a goal of BRSKI is to eliminate small distinctions between different sales channels. The reason for this is that it permits a single device, with a uniform firmware load, to be shipped directly to all customers. This eliminates costs for the manufacturer. This also reduces the number of products supported in the field, increasing the chance that firmware will be more up to date.
MASA Audit-Log:
An anonymized list of previous owners maintained by the MASA on a per-device (per-pledge) basis, as described in .
MASA Service:
A third-party MASA service on the global Internet. The MASA signs vouchers. It also provides a repository for audit-log information of privacy-protected bootstrapping events. It does not track ownership.
nonced:
A voucher (or request) that contains a nonce (the normal case).
nonceless:
A voucher (or request) that does not contain a nonce and either relies upon accurate clocks for expiration or does not expire.
offline:
When an architectural component cannot perform real-time communications with a peer, due to either network connectivity or the peer being turned off, the operation is said to be occurring offline.
Ownership Tracker:
An Ownership Tracker service on the global Internet. The Ownership Tracker uses business processes to accurately track ownership of all devices shipped against domains that have purchased them. Although optional, this component allows vendors to provide additional value in cases where their sales and distribution channels allow for accurate tracking of such ownership. Tracking information about ownership is indicated in vouchers, as described in .
Pledge:
The prospective (unconfigured) device, which has an identity installed at the factory.
(Public) Key Infrastructure:
The collection of systems and processes that sustains the activities of a public key system. The registrar acts as a "Registration Authority"; see and .
TOFU:
Trust on First Use. Used similarly to how it is described in . This is where a pledge device makes no security decisions but rather simply trusts the first registrar it is contacted by. This is also known as the "resurrecting duckling" model.
Voucher:
A signed artifact from the MASA that indicates the cryptographic identity of the registrar it should trust to a pledge. There are different types of vouchers depending on how that trust is asserted. Multiple voucher types are defined in .
Scope of Solution
Support Environment This solution (BRSKI) can support large router platforms with multi-gigabit inter-connections, mounted in controlled access data centers. But this solution is not exclusive to large equipment: it is intended to scale to thousands of devices located in hostile environments, such as ISP-provided Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) devices that are drop-shipped to the end user. The situation where an order is fulfilled from a distributed warehouse from a common stock and shipped directly to the target location at the request of a domain owner is explicitly supported. That stock ("SKU") could be provided to a number of potential domain owners, and the eventual domain owner will not know a priori which device will go to which location. The bootstrapping process can take minutes to complete depending on the network infrastructure and device processing speed. The network communication itself is not optimized for speed; for privacy reasons, the discovery process allows for the pledge to avoid announcing its presence through broadcasting. Nomadic or mobile devices often need to acquire credentials to access the network at the new location. An example of this is mobile phone roaming among network operators, or even between cell towers. This is usually called "handoff". BRSKI does not provide a low-latency handoff, which is usually a requirement in such situations. For these solutions, BRSKI can be used to create a relationship (an LDevID) with the "home" domain owner. The resulting credentials are then used to provide credentials more appropriate for a low-latency handoff.
Constrained Environments Questions have been posed as to whether this solution is suitable in general for Internet of Things (IoT) networks. This depends on the capabilities of the devices in question. The terminology of is best used to describe the boundaries. The solution described in this document is aimed in general at non-constrained (i.e., Class 2+ ) devices operating on a non-challenged network. The entire solution as described here is not intended to be usable as is by constrained devices operating on challenged networks (such as 802.15.4 Low-Power and Lossy Networks (LLNs)). Specifically, there are protocol aspects described here that might result in congestion collapse or energy exhaustion of intermediate battery-powered routers in an LLN. Those types of networks should not use this solution. These limitations are predominately related to the large credential and key sizes required for device authentication. Defining symmetric key techniques that meet the operational requirements is out of scope, but the underlying protocol operations (TLS handshake and signing structures) have sufficient algorithm agility to support such techniques when defined. The imprint protocol described here could, however, be used by non-energy constrained devices joining a non-constrained network (for instance, smart light bulbs are usually mains powered and use 802.11 wireless technology). It could also be used by non-constrained devices across a non-energy constrained, but challenged, network (such as 802.15.4). The certificate contents, and the process by which the four questions above are resolved, do apply to constrained devices. It is simply the actual on-the-wire imprint protocol that could be inappropriate.
Network Access Controls This document presumes that network access control has already occurred, is not required, or is integrated by the proxy and registrar in such a way that the device itself does not need to be aware of the details. Although the use of an X.509 IDevID is consistent with IEEE 802.1AR , and allows for alignment with 802.1X network access control methods, its use here is for pledge authentication rather than network access control. Integrating this protocol with network access control, perhaps as an Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) method (see ), is out of scope for this document.
Bootstrapping is Not Booting This document describes "bootstrapping" as the protocol used to obtain a local trust anchor. It is expected that this trust anchor, along with any additional configuration information subsequently installed, is persisted on the device across system restarts ("booting"). Bootstrapping occurs only infrequently such as when a device is transferred to a new owner or has been reset to factory default settings.
Leveraging the New Key Infrastructure / Next Steps As a result of the protocol described herein, bootstrapped devices have the domain CA trust anchor in common. An end-entity (EE) certificate has optionally been issued from the domain CA. This makes it possible to securely deploy functionalities across the domain; for example:
  • Device management
  • Routing authentication
  • Service discovery
The major intended benefit is the ability to use the credentials deployed by this protocol to secure the Autonomic Control Plane (ACP) .
Requirements for Autonomic Networking Infrastructure (ANI) Devices The BRSKI protocol can be used in a number of environments. Some of the options in this document are the result of requirements that are out of the ANI scope. This section defines the base requirements for ANI devices. For devices that intend to become part of an ANI that includes an Autonomic Control Plane , the BRSKI protocol MUST be implemented. The pledge must perform discovery of the proxy as described in using the Discovery Unsolicited Link-Local (DULL) M_FLOOD announcements of the GeneRic Autonomic Signaling Protocol (GRASP). Upon successfully validating a voucher artifact, a status telemetry MUST be returned; see . An ANIMA ANI pledge MUST implement the EST automation extensions described in . They supplement the EST to better support automated devices that do not have an end user. The ANI Join Registrar ASA MUST support all the BRSKI and above-listed EST operations. All ANI devices SHOULD support the BRSKI proxy function, using Circuit Proxies over the Autonomic Control Plane (ACP) (see ).
Architectural Overview The logical elements of the bootstrapping framework are described in this section. provides a simplified overview of the components.
Architecture Overview +------------------------+ +--------------Drop-Ship----------------| Vendor Service | | +------------------------+ | | M anufacturer| | | | A uthorized |Ownership| | | S igning |Tracker | | | A uthority | | | +--------------+---------+ | ^ | | BRSKI- V | MASA +-------+ ............................................|... | | . | . | | . +------------+ +-----------+ | . | | . | | | | | . |Pledge | . | Join | | Domain <-------+ . | | . | Proxy | | Registrar | . | <-------->............<-------> (PKI RA) | . | | | BRSKI-EST | | . | | . | | +-----+-----+ . |IDevID | . +------------+ | e.g., RFC 7030 . | | . +-----------------+----------+ . | | . | Key Infrastructure | . | | . | (e.g., PKI CA) | . +-------+ . | | . . +----------------------------+ . . . ................................................ "Domain" Components
We assume a multivendor network. In such an environment, there could be a manufacturer service for each manufacturer that supports devices following this document's specification, or an integrator could provide a generic service authorized by multiple manufacturers. It is unlikely that an integrator could provide ownership tracking services for multiple manufacturers due to the required sales channel integrations necessary to track ownership. The domain is the managed network infrastructure with a key infrastructure that the pledge is joining. The domain provides initial device connectivity sufficient for bootstrapping through a proxy. The domain registrar authenticates the pledge, makes authorization decisions, and distributes vouchers obtained from the manufacturer service. Optionally, the registrar also acts as a PKI CA.
Behavior of a Pledge The pledge goes through a series of steps, which are outlined here at a high level.
Pledge State Diagram ------------ / Factory \ \ default / -----+------ | +------v-------+ | (1) Discover | +------------> | | +------+-------+ | | | +------v-------+ | | (2) Identify | ^------------+ | | rejected +------+-------+ | | | +------v-------+ | | (3) Request | | | Join | | +------+-------+ | | | +------v-------+ | | (4) Imprint | ^------------+ | | Bad MASA +------+-------+ | response | send Voucher Status Telemetry | +------v-------+ | | (5) Enroll |<---+ (non-error HTTP codes) ^------------+ |\___/ (e.g., 202 "Retry-After") | Enroll +------+-------+ | failure | | -----v------ | / Enrolled \ ^------------+ | Factory \------------/ reset
State descriptions for the pledge are as follows:
  1. Discover a communication channel to a registrar.
  2. Identify itself. This is done by presenting an X.509 IDevID credential to the discovered registrar (via the proxy) in a TLS handshake. (The registrar credentials are only provisionally accepted at this time.)
  3. Request to join the discovered registrar. A unique nonce is included, ensuring that any responses can be associated with this particular bootstrapping attempt.
  4. Imprint on the registrar. This requires verification of the manufacturer-service-provided voucher. A voucher contains sufficient information for the pledge to complete authentication of a registrar. This document details this step in depth.
  5. Enroll. After imprint, an authenticated TLS (HTTPS) connection exists between the pledge and registrar. EST can then be used to obtain a domain certificate from a registrar.
The pledge is now a member of, and can be managed by, the domain and will only repeat the discovery aspects of bootstrapping if it is returned to factory default settings. This specification details integration with EST enrollment so that pledges can optionally obtain a locally issued certificate, although any Representational State Transfer (REST) (see ) interface could be integrated in future work.
Secure Imprinting Using Vouchers A voucher is a cryptographically protected artifact (using a digital signature) to the pledge device authorizing a zero-touch imprint on the registrar domain. The format and cryptographic mechanism of vouchers is described in detail in . Vouchers provide a flexible mechanism to secure imprinting: the pledge device only imprints when a voucher can be validated. At the lowest security levels, the MASA can indiscriminately issue vouchers and log claims of ownership by domains. At the highest security levels, issuance of vouchers can be integrated with complex sales channel integrations that are beyond the scope of this document. The sales channel integration would verify actual (legal) ownership of the pledge by the domain. This provides the flexibility for a number of use cases via a single common protocol mechanism on the pledge and registrar devices that are to be widely deployed in the field. The MASA services have the flexibility to either leverage the currently defined claim mechanisms or experiment with higher or lower security levels. Vouchers provide a signed but non-encrypted communication channel among the pledge, the MASA, and the registrar. The registrar maintains control over the transport and policy decisions, allowing the local security policy of the domain network to be enforced.
Initial Device Identifier Pledge authentication and pledge voucher-request signing is via a PKIX-shaped certificate installed during the manufacturing process. This is the 802.1AR IDevID, and it provides a basis for authenticating the pledge during the protocol exchanges described here. There is no requirement for a common root PKI hierarchy. Each device manufacturer can generate its own root certificate. Specifically, the IDevID enables:
  • Uniquely identifying the pledge by the Distinguished Name (DN) and subjectAltName (SAN) parameters in the IDevID. The unique identification of a pledge in the voucher objects are derived from those parameters as described below. discusses privacy implications of the identifier.
  • Providing a cryptographic authentication of the pledge to the registrar (see ).
  • Securing auto-discovery of the pledge's MASA by the registrar (see ).
  • Signing of a voucher-request by the pledge's IDevID (see ).
  • Providing a cryptographic authentication of the pledge to the MASA (see ).
Sections 7.2.13 (2009 edition) and 8.10.3 (2018 edition) of discuss keyUsage and extendedKeyUsage extensions in the IDevID certificate. acknowledges that adding restrictions in the certificate limits applicability of these long-lived certificates. This specification emphasizes this point and therefore RECOMMENDS that no key usage restrictions be included. This is consistent with , which does not require key usage restrictions for end-entity certificates.
Identification of the Pledge In the context of BRSKI, pledges have a 1:1 relationship with a "serial-number". This serial-number is used both in the serial-number field of a voucher or voucher-requests (see ) and in local policies on the registrar or MASA (see ). There is a (certificate) serialNumber field defined in . In ASN.1, this is referred to as the CertificateSerialNumber. This field is NOT relevant to this specification. Do not confuse this field with the serial-number defined by this document, or by and . The device serial number is defined in as the X520SerialNumber, with the OID tag id-at-serialNumber. The device serialNumber field (X520SerialNumber) is used as follows by the pledge to build the serial-number that is placed in the voucher-request. In order to build it, the fields need to be converted into a serial-number of "type string". An example of a printable form of the serialNumber field is provided in ("WI-3005"). That section further provides equality and syntax attributes. Due to the reality of existing device identity provisioning processes, some manufacturers have stored serial-numbers in other fields. Registrars SHOULD be configurable, on a per-manufacturer basis, to look for serial-number equivalents in other fields. As explained in , the registrar MUST again extract the serialNumber itself from the pledge's TLS certificate. It can consult the serial-number in the pledge request if there is any possible confusion about the source of the serial-number.
MASA URI Extension This document defines a new PKIX non-critical certificate extension to carry the MASA URI. This extension is intended to be used in the IDevID certificate. The URI is represented as described in . The URI provides the authority information. The BRSKI "/.well-known" tree is described in . A complete URI MAY be in this extension, including the "scheme", "authority", and "path". The complete URI will typically be used in diagnostic or experimental situations. Typically (and in consideration to constrained systems), this SHOULD be reduced to only the "authority", in which case a scheme of "https://" (see ) and a "path" of "/.well-known/brski" is to be assumed. The registrar can assume that only the "authority" is present in the extension, if there are no slash ("/") characters in the extension. calls out various schemes that MUST be supported, including the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP), HTTP, and FTP. However, the registrar MUST use HTTPS for the BRSKI-MASA connection. The new extension is identified as follows:
MASAURL ASN.1 Module MASAURLExtnModule-2016 { iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) id-mod(0) id-mod-MASAURLExtn2016(96) } DEFINITIONS IMPLICIT TAGS ::= BEGIN -- EXPORTS ALL -- IMPORTS EXTENSION FROM PKIX-CommonTypes-2009 { iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) id-mod(0) id-mod-pkixCommon-02(57) } id-pe FROM PKIX1Explicit-2009 { iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) id-mod(0) id-mod-pkix1-explicit-02(51) } ; MASACertExtensions EXTENSION ::= { ext-MASAURL, ... } ext-MASAURL EXTENSION ::= { SYNTAX MASAURLSyntax IDENTIFIED BY id-pe-masa-url } id-pe-masa-url OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { id-pe 32 } MASAURLSyntax ::= IA5String END
The choice of id-pe is based on guidance found in : "These extensions may be used to direct applications to on-line information about the issuer or the subject". The MASA URL is precisely that: online information about the particular subject.
Protocol Flow A representative flow is shown in .
Protocol Time Sequence Diagram +--------+ +---------+ +------------+ +------------+ | Pledge | | Circuit | | Domain | | Vendor | | | | Join | | Registrar | | Service | | | | Proxy | | (JRC) | | (MASA) | +--------+ +---------+ +------------+ +------------+ | | | Internet | [discover] | | | |<-RFC 4862 IPv6 addr | | | |<-RFC 3927 IPv4 addr | Appendix A | Legend | |-++++++++++++++++++->| | C - Circuit | | optional: mDNS query| Appendix B | Join Proxy | | RFCs 6763/6762 (+) | | P - Provisional TLS| |<-++++++++++++++++++-| | Connection | | GRASP M_FLOOD | | | | periodic broadcast| | | [identity] | | | |<------------------->C<----------------->| | | TLS via the Join Proxy | | |<--Registrar TLS server authentication---| | [PROVISIONAL accept of server cert] | | P---X.509 client authentication---------->| | [request join] | | P---Voucher-Request(w/nonce for voucher)->| | P /------------------- | | P | [accept device?] | P | [contact vendor] | P | |--Pledge ID-------->| P | |--Domain ID-------->| P | |--optional:nonce--->| P optional: | [extract DomainID] P can occur in advance | [update audit-log] P if nonceless | | P | |<- voucher ---------| P \------------------- | w/nonce if provided| P<------voucher---------------------------| | [imprint] | | |-------voucher status telemetry--------->| | | |<-device audit-log--| | [verify audit-log and voucher] | |<--------------------------------------->| | [enroll] | | | Continue with enrollment using now | | | bidirectionally authenticated TLS | | | session per RFC 7030. | | [enrolled] | |
On initial bootstrap, a new device (the pledge) uses a local service auto-discovery (the GeneRic Autonomic Signaling Protocol (GRASP) or Multicast DNS (mDNS)) to locate a Join Proxy. The Join Proxy connects the pledge to a local registrar (the JRC). Having found a candidate registrar, the fledgling pledge sends some information about itself to the registrar, including its serial number in the form of a voucher-request and its IDevID certificate as part of the TLS session. The registrar can determine whether it expected such a device to appear and locates a MASA. The location of the MASA is usually found in an extension in the IDevID. Having determined that the MASA is suitable, the entire information from the initial voucher-request (including the device's serial number) is transmitted over the Internet in a TLS-protected channel to the manufacturer, along with information about the registrar/owner. The manufacturer can then apply policy based on the provided information, as well as other sources of information (such as sales records), to decide whether to approve the claim by the registrar to own the device; if the claim is accepted, a voucher is issued that directs the device to accept its new owner. The voucher is returned to the registrar, but not immediately to the device -- the registrar has an opportunity to examine the voucher, the MASA's audit-logs, and other sources of information to determine whether the device has been tampered with and whether the bootstrap should be accepted. No filtering of information is possible in the signed voucher, so this is a binary yes-or-no decision. After the registrar has applied any local policy to the voucher, if it accepts the voucher, then the voucher is returned to the pledge for imprinting. The voucher also includes a trust anchor that the pledge uses to represent the owner. This is used to successfully bootstrap from an environment where only the manufacturer has built-in trust by the device to an environment where the owner now has a PKI footprint on the device. When BRSKI is followed with EST, this single footprint is further leveraged into the full owner's PKI and an LDevID for the device. Subsequent reporting steps provide flows of information to indicate success/failure of the process.
Architectural Components
Pledge The pledge is the device that is attempting to join. It is assumed that the pledge talks to the Join Proxy using link-local network connectivity. In most cases, the pledge has no other connectivity until the pledge completes the enrollment process and receives some kind of network credential.
Join Proxy The Join Proxy provides HTTPS connectivity between the pledge and the registrar. A Circuit Proxy mechanism is described in . Additional mechanisms, including a Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) mechanism and a stateless IP in IP (IPIP) mechanism, are the subject of future work.
Domain Registrar The domain's registrar operates as the BRSKI-MASA client when requesting vouchers from the MASA (see ). The registrar operates as the BRSKI-EST server when pledges request vouchers (see ). The registrar operates as the BRSKI-EST server "Registration Authority" if the pledge requests an end-entity certificate over the BRSKI-EST connection (see ). The registrar uses an Implicit Trust Anchor database for authenticating the BRSKI-MASA connection's MASA TLS server certificate. Configuration or distribution of trust anchors is out of scope for this specification. The registrar uses a different Implicit Trust Anchor database for authenticating the BRSKI-EST connection's pledge TLS Client Certificate. Configuration or distribution of the BRSKI-EST client trust anchors is out of scope of this specification. Note that the trust anchors in / excluded from the database will affect which manufacturers' devices are acceptable to the registrar as pledges, and they can also be used to limit the set of MASAs that are trusted for enrollment.
Manufacturer Service The manufacturer service provides two logically separate functions: the MASA as described in Sections and and an ownership tracking/auditing function as described in Sections and .
Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) The Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) administers certificates for the domain of concern, providing the trust anchor(s) for it and allowing enrollment of pledges with domain certificates. The voucher provides a method for the distribution of a single PKI trust anchor (as the "pinned-domain-cert"). A distribution of the full set of current trust anchors is possible using the optional EST integration. The domain's registrar acts as a Registration Authority , requesting certificates for pledges from the PKI. The expectations of the PKI are unchanged from EST . This document does not place any additional architectural requirements on the PKI.
Certificate Time Validation
Lack of Real-Time Clock When bootstrapping, many devices do not have knowledge of the current time. Mechanisms such as Network Time Protocols cannot be secured until bootstrapping is complete. Therefore, bootstrapping is defined with a framework that does not require knowledge of the current time. A pledge MAY ignore all time stamps in the voucher and in the certificate validity periods if it does not know the current time. The pledge is exposed to dates in the following five places: registrar certificate notBefore, registrar certificate notAfter, voucher created-on, and voucher expires-on. Additionally, Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) signatures contain a signingTime. A pledge with a real-time clock in which it has confidence MUST check the above time fields in all certificates and signatures that it processes. If the voucher contains a nonce, then the pledge MUST confirm the nonce matches the original pledge voucher-request. This ensures the voucher is fresh. See .
Infinite Lifetime of IDevID Long-lived pledge certificates "SHOULD be assigned the GeneralizedTime value of 99991231235959Z" for the notAfter field as explained in . Some deployed IDevID management systems are not compliant with the 802.1AR requirement for infinite lifetimes and are put in typical <= 3 year certificate lifetimes. Registrars SHOULD be configurable on a per-manufacturer basis to ignore pledge lifetimes when the pledge does not follow the recommendations in .
Cloud Registrar There exist operationally open networks wherein devices gain unauthenticated access to the Internet at large. In these use cases, the management domain for the device needs to be discovered within the larger Internet. The case where a device can boot and get access to a larger Internet is less likely within the ANIMA ACP scope but may be more important in the future. In the ANIMA ACP scope, new devices will be quarantined behind a Join Proxy. Additionally, there are some greenfield situations involving an entirely new installation where a device may have some kind of management uplink that it can use (such as via a 3G network, for instance). In such a future situation, the device might use this management interface to learn that it should configure itself to become the local registrar. In order to support these scenarios, the pledge MAY contact a well-known URI of a cloud registrar if a local registrar cannot be discovered or if the pledge's target use cases do not include a local registrar. If the pledge uses a well-known URI for contacting a cloud registrar, a manufacturer-assigned Implicit Trust Anchor database (see ) MUST be used to authenticate that service as described in . The use of a DNS-ID for validation is appropriate, and it may include wildcard components on the left-mode side. This is consistent with the human-user configuration of an EST server URI in , which also depends on .
Determining the MASA to Contact The registrar needs to be able to contact a MASA that is trusted by the pledge in order to obtain vouchers. The device's IDevID will normally contain the MASA URL as detailed in . This is the RECOMMENDED mechanism. In some cases, it can be operationally difficult to ensure the necessary X.509 extensions are in the pledge's IDevID due to the difficulty of aligning current pledge manufacturing with software releases and development; thus, as a final fallback, the registrar MAY be manually configured or distributed with a MASA URL for each manufacturer. Note that the registrar can only select the configured MASA URL based on the trust anchor -- so manufacturers can only leverage this approach if they ensure a single MASA URL works for all pledges associated with each trust anchor.
Voucher-Request Artifact Voucher-requests are how vouchers are requested. The semantics of the voucher-request are described below, in the YANG module. A pledge forms the "pledge voucher-request", signs it with its IDevID, and submits it to the registrar. In turn, the registrar forms the "registrar voucher-request", signs it with its registrar key pair, and submits it to the MASA. The "proximity-registrar-cert" leaf is used in the pledge voucher-requests. This provides a method for the pledge to assert the registrar's proximity. This network proximity results from the following properties in the ACP context: the pledge is connected to the Join Proxy () using a link-local IPv6 connection. While the Join Proxy does not participate in any meaningful sense in the cryptography of the TLS connection (such as via a Channel Binding), the registrar can observe that the connection is via the private ACP (ULA) address of the Join Proxy, and it cannot come from outside the ACP. The pledge must therefore be at most one IPv6 link-local hop away from an existing node on the ACP. Other users of BRSKI will need to define other kinds of assertions if the network proximity described above does not match their needs. The "prior-signed-voucher-request" leaf is used in registrar voucher-requests. If present, it is the signed pledge voucher-request artifact. This provides a method for the registrar to forward the pledge's signed request to the MASA. This completes transmission of the signed proximity-registrar-cert leaf. Unless otherwise signaled (outside the voucher-request artifact), the signing structure is as defined for vouchers; see .
Nonceless Voucher-Requests A registrar MAY also retrieve nonceless vouchers by sending nonceless voucher-requests to the MASA in order to obtain vouchers for use when the registrar does not have connectivity to the MASA. No prior-signed-voucher-request leaf would be included. The registrar will also need to know the serial number of the pledge. This document does not provide a mechanism for the registrar to learn that in an automated fashion. Typically, this will be done via the scanning of a bar code or QR code on packaging, or via some sales channel integration.
Tree Diagram The following tree diagram illustrates a high-level view of a voucher-request document. The voucher-request builds upon the voucher artifact described in . The tree diagram is described in . Each node in the diagram is fully described by the YANG module in . Please review the YANG module for a detailed description of the voucher-request format.
YANG Tree Diagram for a Voucher-Request module: ietf-voucher-request grouping voucher-request-grouping +-- voucher +-- created-on? yang:date-and-time +-- expires-on? yang:date-and-time +-- assertion? enumeration +-- serial-number string +-- idevid-issuer? binary +-- pinned-domain-cert? binary +-- domain-cert-revocation-checks? boolean +-- nonce? binary +-- last-renewal-date? yang:date-and-time +-- prior-signed-voucher-request? binary +-- proximity-registrar-cert? binary
Examples This section provides voucher-request examples for illustration purposes. These examples show JSON prior to CMS wrapping. JSON encoding rules specify that any binary content be base64 encoded (). The contents of the (base64) encoded certificates have been elided to save space. For detailed examples, see . These examples conform to the encoding rules defined in .
  1. The following example illustrates a pledge voucher-request. The assertion leaf is indicated as "proximity", and the registrar's TLS server certificate is included in the proximity-registrar-cert leaf. See .
JSON Representation of an Example Voucher-Request { "ietf-voucher-request:voucher": { "assertion": "proximity", "nonce": "62a2e7693d82fcda2624de58fb6722e5", "serial-number" : "JADA123456789", "created-on": "2017-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "proximity-registrar-cert": "base64encodedvalue==" } }
  1. The following example illustrates a registrar voucher-request. The prior-signed-voucher-request leaf is populated with the pledge's voucher-request (such as the prior example). The pledge's voucher-request is a binary CMS-signed object. In the JSON encoding used here, it must be base64 encoded. The nonce and assertion have been carried forward from the pledge request to the registrar request. The serial-number is extracted from the pledge's Client Certificate from the TLS connection. See .
JSON Representation of an Example Prior-Signed Voucher-Request { "ietf-voucher-request:voucher": { "assertion" : "proximity", "nonce": "62a2e7693d82fcda2624de58fb6722e5", "created-on": "2017-01-01T00:00:02.000Z", "idevid-issuer": "base64encodedvalue==", "serial-number": "JADA123456789", "prior-signed-voucher-request": "base64encodedvalue==" } }
  1. The following example illustrates a registrar voucher-request. The prior-signed-voucher-request leaf is not populated with the pledge's voucher-request nor is the nonce leaf. This form might be used by a registrar requesting a voucher when the pledge cannot communicate with the registrar (such as when it is powered down or still in packaging) and therefore cannot submit a nonce. This scenario is most useful when the registrar is aware that it will not be able to reach the MASA during deployment. See .
JSON Representation of an Offline Voucher-Request { "ietf-voucher-request:voucher": { "created-on": "2017-01-01T00:00:02.000Z", "idevid-issuer": "base64encodedvalue==", "serial-number": "JADA123456789" } }
YANG Module Following is a YANG module that formally extends a voucher into a voucher-request. This YANG module references .
YANG Module for Voucher-Request module ietf-voucher-request { yang-version 1.1; namespace "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-voucher-request"; prefix vcr; import ietf-restconf { prefix rc; description "This import statement is only present to access the yang-data extension defined in RFC 8040."; reference "RFC 8040: RESTCONF Protocol"; } import ietf-voucher { prefix vch; description "This module defines the format for a voucher, which is produced by a pledge's manufacturer or delegate (MASA) to securely assign a pledge to an 'owner', so that the pledge may establish a secure connection to the owner's network infrastructure."; reference "RFC 8366: A Voucher Artifact for Bootstrapping Protocols"; } organization "IETF ANIMA Working Group"; contact "WG Web: <https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/anima/> WG List: <mailto:anima@ietf.org> Author: Kent Watsen <mailto:kent+ietf@watsen.net> Author: Michael H. Behringer <mailto:Michael.H.Behringer@gmail.com> Author: Toerless Eckert <mailto:tte+ietf@cs.fau.de> Author: Max Pritikin <mailto:pritikin@cisco.com> Author: Michael Richardson <mailto:mcr+ietf@sandelman.ca>"; description "This module defines the format for a voucher-request. It is a superset of the voucher itself. It provides content to the MASA for consideration during a voucher-request. The key words 'MUST', 'MUST NOT', 'REQUIRED', 'SHALL', 'SHALL NOT', 'SHOULD', 'SHOULD NOT', 'RECOMMENDED', 'NOT RECOMMENDED', 'MAY', and 'OPTIONAL' in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 (RFC 2119) (RFC 8174) when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here. Copyright (c) 2021 IETF Trust and the persons identified as authors of the code. All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, is permitted pursuant to, and subject to the license terms contained in, the Simplified BSD License set forth in Section 4.c of the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info). This version of this YANG module is part of RFC 8995; see the RFC itself for full legal notices."; revision 2021-05-20 { description "Initial version"; reference "RFC 8995: Bootstrapping Remote Secure Key Infrastructure (BRSKI)"; } // Top-level statement rc:yang-data voucher-request-artifact { uses voucher-request-grouping; } // Grouping defined for future usage grouping voucher-request-grouping { description "Grouping to allow reuse/extensions in future work."; uses vch:voucher-artifact-grouping { refine "voucher/created-on" { mandatory false; } refine "voucher/pinned-domain-cert" { mandatory false; description "A pinned-domain-cert field is not valid in a voucher-request, and any occurrence MUST be ignored."; } refine "voucher/last-renewal-date" { description "A last-renewal-date field is not valid in a voucher-request, and any occurrence MUST be ignored."; } refine "voucher/domain-cert-revocation-checks" { description "The domain-cert-revocation-checks field is not valid in a voucher-request, and any occurrence MUST be ignored."; } refine "voucher/assertion" { mandatory false; description "Any assertion included in registrar voucher-requests SHOULD be ignored by the MASA."; } augment "voucher" { description "Adds leaf nodes appropriate for requesting vouchers."; leaf prior-signed-voucher-request { type binary; description "If it is necessary to change a voucher, or re-sign and forward a voucher that was previously provided along a protocol path, then the previously signed voucher SHOULD be included in this field. For example, a pledge might sign a voucher-request with a proximity-registrar-cert, and the registrar then includes it as the prior-signed-voucher-request field. This is a simple mechanism for a chain of trusted parties to change a voucher-request, while maintaining the prior signature information. The registrar and MASA MAY examine the prior-signed voucher information for the purposes of policy decisions. For example, this information could be useful to a MASA to determine that both the pledge and registrar agree on proximity assertions. The MASA SHOULD remove all prior-signed-voucher-request information when signing a voucher for imprinting so as to minimize the final voucher size."; } leaf proximity-registrar-cert { type binary; description "An X.509 v3 certificate structure, as specified by RFC 5280, Section 4, encoded using the ASN.1 distinguished encoding rules (DER), as specified in ITU X.690. The first certificate in the registrar TLS server certificate_list sequence (the end-entity TLS certificate; see RFC 8446) presented by the registrar to the pledge. This MUST be populated in a pledge's voucher-request when a proximity assertion is requested."; reference "ITU X.690: Information Technology - ASN.1 encoding rules: Specification of Basic Encoding Rules (BER), Canonical Encoding Rules (CER) and Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER) RFC 5280: Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile RFC 8446: The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.3"; } } } } }
Proxying Details (Pledge -- Proxy -- Registrar) This section is normative for uses with an ANIMA ACP. The use of the GRASP mechanism is part of the ACP. Other users of BRSKI will need to define an equivalent proxy mechanism and an equivalent mechanism to configure the proxy. The role of the proxy is to facilitate communications. The proxy forwards packets between the pledge and a registrar that has been provisioned to the proxy via full GRASP ACP discovery. This section defines a stateful proxy mechanism that is referred to as a "circuit" proxy. This is a form of Application Level Gateway (see ). The proxy does not terminate the TLS handshake: it passes streams of bytes onward without examination. A proxy MUST NOT assume any specific TLS version. Please see for details on TLS invariants. A registrar can directly provide the proxy announcements described below, in which case the announced port can point directly to the registrar itself. In this scenario, the pledge is unaware that there is no proxying occurring. This is useful for registrars that are servicing pledges on directly connected networks. As a result of the proxy discovery process in , the port number exposed by the proxy does not need to be well known or require an IANA allocation. During the discovery of the registrar by the Join Proxy, the Join Proxy will also learn which kinds of proxy mechanisms are available. This will allow the Join Proxy to use the lowest impact mechanism that the Join Proxy and registrar have in common. In order to permit the proxy functionality to be implemented on the maximum variety of devices, the chosen mechanism should use the minimum amount of state on the proxy device. While many devices in the ANIMA target space will be rather large routers, the proxy function is likely to be implemented in the control-plane CPU of such a device, with available capabilities for the proxy function similar to many class 2 IoT devices. The document provides a more extensive analysis and background of the alternative proxy methods.
Pledge Discovery of Proxy The result of discovery is a logical communication with a registrar, through a proxy. The proxy is transparent to the pledge. The communication between the pledge and Join Proxy is over IPv6 link-local addresses. To discover the proxy, the pledge performs the following actions:
  1. MUST: Obtain a local address using IPv6 methods as described in "IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration" . Use of temporary addresses is encouraged. To limit pervasive monitoring , a new temporary address MAY use a short lifetime (that is, set TEMP_PREFERRED_LIFETIME to be short). Pledges will generally prefer use of IPv6 link-local addresses, and discovery of the proxy will be by link-local mechanisms. IPv4 methods are described in .
  2. MUST: Listen for GRASP M_FLOOD announcements of the objective: "AN_Proxy". See for the details of the objective. The pledge MAY listen concurrently for other sources of information; see .
Once a proxy is discovered, the pledge communicates with a registrar through the proxy using the bootstrapping protocol defined in . While the GRASP M_FLOOD mechanism is passive for the pledge, the non-normative other methods (mDNS and IPv4 methods) described in are active. The pledge SHOULD run those methods in parallel with listening for the M_FLOOD. The active methods SHOULD back off by doubling to a maximum of one hour to avoid overloading the network with discovery attempts. Detection of physical link status change (Ethernet carrier, for instance) SHOULD reset the back-off timers. The pledge could discover more than one proxy on a given physical interface. The pledge can have a multitude of physical interfaces as well: a Layer 2/3 Ethernet switch may have hundreds of physical ports. Each possible proxy offer SHOULD be attempted up to the point where a valid voucher is received: while there are many ways in which the attempt may fail, it does not succeed until the voucher has been validated. The connection attempts via a single proxy SHOULD exponentially back off to a maximum of one hour to avoid overloading the network infrastructure. The back-off timer for each MUST be independent of other connection attempts. Connection attempts SHOULD be run in parallel to avoid head-of-queue problems wherein an attacker running a fake proxy or registrar could intentionally perform protocol actions slowly. Connection attempts to different proxies SHOULD be sent with an interval of 3 to 5s. The pledge SHOULD continue to listen for additional GRASP M_FLOOD messages during the connection attempts. Each connection attempt through a distinct Join Proxy MUST have a unique nonce in the voucher-request. Once a connection to a registrar is established (e.g., establishment of a TLS session key), there are expectations of more timely responses; see . Once all discovered services are attempted (assuming that none succeeded), the device MUST return to listening for GRASP M_FLOOD. It SHOULD periodically retry any manufacturer-specific mechanisms. The pledge MAY prioritize selection order as appropriate for the anticipated environment.
Proxy GRASP Announcements A proxy uses the DULL GRASP M_FLOOD mechanism to announce itself. This announcement can be within the same message as the ACP announcement detailed in . The formal Concise Data Definition Language (CDDL) definition is:
CDDL Definition of Proxy Discovery Message flood-message = [M_FLOOD, session-id, initiator, ttl, +[objective, (locator-option / [])]] objective = ["AN_Proxy", objective-flags, loop-count, objective-value] ttl = 180000 ; 180,000 ms (3 minutes) initiator = ACP address to contact registrar objective-flags = sync-only ; as in the GRASP spec sync-only = 4 ; M_FLOOD only requires ; synchronization loop-count = 1 ; one hop only objective-value = any ; none locator-option = [ O_IPv6_LOCATOR, ipv6-address, transport-proto, port-number ] ipv6-address = the v6 LL of the Proxy $transport-proto /= IPPROTO_TCP ; note that this can be any value ; from the IANA protocol registry, ; as per RFC 8990, Section 2.9.5.1, ; Note 3. port-number = selected by Proxy
Here is an example M_FLOOD announcing a proxy at fe80::1, on TCP port 4443.
Example of Proxy Discovery Message [M_FLOOD, 12340815, h'fe800000000000000000000000000001', 180000, [["AN_Proxy", 4, 1, ""], [O_IPv6_LOCATOR, h'fe800000000000000000000000000001', IPPROTO_TCP, 4443]]]
On a small network, the registrar MAY include the GRASP M_FLOOD announcements to locally connected networks. The $transport-proto above indicates the method that the pledge-proxy-registrar will use. The TCP method described here is mandatory, and other proxy methods, such as CoAP methods not defined in this document, are optional. Other methods MUST NOT be enabled unless the Join Registrar ASA indicates support for them in its own announcement.
CoAP Connection to Registrar The use of CoAP to connect from pledge to registrar is out of scope for this document and is described in future work. See .
Proxy Discovery and Communication of Registrar The registrar SHOULD announce itself so that proxies can find it and determine what kind of connections can be terminated. The registrar announces itself using GRASP M_FLOOD messages, with the "AN_join_registrar" objective, within the ACP instance. A registrar may announce any convenient port number, including use of stock port 443. ANI proxies MUST support GRASP discovery of registrars. The M_FLOOD is formatted as follows:
An Example of a Registrar Announcement Message [M_FLOOD, 51804321, h'fda379a6f6ee00000200000064000001', 180000, [["AN_join_registrar", 4, 255, "EST-TLS"], [O_IPv6_LOCATOR, h'fda379a6f6ee00000200000064000001', IPPROTO_TCP, 8443]]]
The formal CDDL definition is:
CDDL Definition for Registrar Announcement Message flood-message = [M_FLOOD, session-id, initiator, ttl, +[objective, (locator-option / [])]] objective = ["AN_join_registrar", objective-flags, loop-count, objective-value] initiator = ACP address to contact registrar objective-flags = sync-only ; as in the GRASP spec sync-only = 4 ; M_FLOOD only requires ; synchronization loop-count = 255 ; mandatory maximum objective-value = text ; name of the (list of) supported ; protocols: "EST-TLS" for RFC 7030.
The M_FLOOD message MUST be sent periodically. The default period SHOULD be 60 seconds, and the value SHOULD be operator configurable but SHOULD NOT be smaller than 60 seconds. The frequency of sending MUST be such that the aggregate amount of periodic M_FLOODs from all flooding sources causes only negligible traffic across the ACP. Here are some examples of locators for illustrative purposes. Only the first one ($transport-protocol = 6, TCP) is defined in this document and is mandatory to implement. locator1 = [O_IPv6_LOCATOR, fd45:1345::6789, 6, 443] locator2 = [O_IPv6_LOCATOR, fd45:1345::6789, 17, 5683] locator3 = [O_IPv6_LOCATOR, fe80::1234, 41, nil] A protocol of 6 indicates that TCP proxying on the indicated port is desired. Registrars MUST announce the set of protocols that they support, and they MUST support TCP traffic. Registrars MUST accept HTTPS/EST traffic on the TCP ports indicated. Registrars MUST support the ANI TLS Circuit Proxy and therefore BRSKI across HTTPS/TLS native across the ACP. In the ANI, the ACP-secured instance of GRASP MUST be used for discovery of ANI registrar ACP addresses and ports by ANI proxies. Therefore, the TCP leg of the proxy connection between the ANI proxy and ANI registrar also runs across the ACP.
Protocol Details (Pledge -- Registrar -- MASA) The pledge MUST initiate BRSKI after boot if it is unconfigured. The pledge MUST NOT automatically initiate BRSKI if it has been configured or is in the process of being configured. BRSKI is described as extensions to EST . The goal of these extensions is to reduce the number of TLS connections and crypto operations required on the pledge. The registrar implements the BRSKI REST interface within the "/.well-known/brski" URI tree and implements the existing EST URIs as described in EST . The communication channel between the pledge and the registrar is referred to as "BRSKI-EST" (see ). The communication channel between the registrar and MASA is a new communication channel, similar to EST, within the newly registered "/.well-known/brski" tree. For clarity, this channel is referred to as "BRSKI-MASA" (see ). The MASA URI is "https://" authority "/.well-known/brski". BRSKI uses existing CMS message formats for existing EST operations. BRSKI uses JSON for all new operations defined here and for voucher formats. In all places where a binary value must be carried in a JSON string, a base64 format () is to be used, as per . While EST () does not insist upon use of HTTP persistent connections (), BRSKI-EST connections SHOULD use persistent connections. The intention of this guidance is to ensure the provisional TLS state occurs only once, and that the subsequent resolution of the provision state is not subject to a Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) attack during a critical phase. If non-persistent connections are used, then both the pledge and the registrar MUST remember the certificates that have been seen and also sent for the first connection. They MUST check each subsequent connection for the same certificates, and each end MUST use the same certificates as well. This places a difficult restriction on rolling certificates on the registrar. Summarized automation extensions for the BRSKI-EST flow are:
  • The pledge either attempts concurrent connections via each discovered proxy or times out quickly and tries connections in series, as explained at the end of .
  • The pledge provisionally accepts the registrar certificate during the TLS handshake as detailed in .
  • The pledge requests a voucher using the new REST calls described below. This voucher is then validated.
  • The pledge completes authentication of the server certificate as detailed in . This moves the BRSKI-EST TLS connection out of the provisional state.
  • Mandatory bootstrap steps conclude with voucher status telemetry (see ).
The BRSKI-EST TLS connection can now be used for EST enrollment. The extensions for a registrar (equivalent to an EST server) are:
  • Client authentication is automated using IDevID as per the EST certificate-based client authentication. The subject field's DN encoding MUST include the "serialNumber" attribute with the device's unique serial number as explained in .
  • The registrar requests and validates the voucher from the MASA.
  • The registrar forwards the voucher to the pledge when requested.
  • The registrar performs log verifications (described in ) in addition to local authorization checks before accepting optional pledge device enrollment requests.
BRSKI-EST TLS Establishment Details The pledge establishes the TLS connection with the registrar through the Circuit Proxy (see ), but the TLS handshake is with the registrar. The BRSKI-EST pledge is the TLS client, and the BRSKI-EST registrar is the TLS server. All security associations established are between the pledge and the registrar regardless of proxy operations. Use of TLS 1.3 (or newer) is encouraged. TLS 1.2 or newer is REQUIRED on the pledge side. TLS 1.3 (or newer) SHOULD be available on the registrar server interface, and the registrar client interface, but TLS 1.2 MAY be used. TLS 1.3 (or newer) SHOULD be available on the MASA server interface, but TLS 1.2 MAY be used. Establishment of the BRSKI-EST TLS connection is as specified in "Bootstrap Distribution of CA Certificates" (Section ) of , wherein the client is authenticated with the IDevID certificate, and the EST server (the registrar) is provisionally authenticated with an unverified server certificate. Configuration or distribution of the trust anchor database used for validating the IDevID certificate is out of scope of this specification. Note that the trust anchors in / excluded from the database will affect which manufacturers' devices are acceptable to the registrar as pledges and can also be used to limit the set of MASAs that are trusted for enrollment. The signature in the certificate MUST be validated even if a signing key cannot (yet) be validated. The certificate (or chain) MUST be retained for later validation. A self-signed certificate for the registrar is acceptable as the voucher can validate it upon successful enrollment. The pledge performs input validation of all data received until a voucher is verified as specified in and the TLS connection leaves the provisional state. Until these operations are complete, the pledge could be communicating with an attacker. The pledge code needs to be written with the assumption that all data is being transmitted at this point to an unauthenticated peer, and that received data, while inside a TLS connection, MUST be considered untrusted. This particularly applies to HTTP headers and CMS structures that make up the voucher. A pledge that can connect to multiple registrars concurrently SHOULD do so. Some devices may be unable to do so for lack of threading, or resource issues. Concurrent connections defeat attempts by a malicious proxy from causing a TCP Slowloris-like attack (see ). A pledge that cannot maintain as many connections as there are eligible proxies will need to rotate among the various choices, terminating connections that do not appear to be making progress. If no connection is making progress after 5 seconds, then the pledge SHOULD drop the oldest connection and go on to a different proxy: the proxy that has been communicated with least recently. If there were no other proxies discovered, the pledge MAY continue to wait, as long as it is concurrently listening for new proxy announcements.
Pledge Requests Voucher from the Registrar When the pledge bootstraps, it makes a request for a voucher from a registrar. This is done with an HTTPS POST using the operation path value of "/.well-known/brski/requestvoucher". The pledge voucher-request Content-Type is as follows.
application/voucher-cms+json:
defines a "YANG-defined JSON document that has been signed using a Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) structure", and the voucher-request described in is created in the same way. The media type is the same as defined in . This is also used for the pledge voucher-request. The pledge MUST sign the request using the credentials in .
Registrar implementations SHOULD anticipate future media types but, of course, will simply fail the request if those types are not yet known. The pledge SHOULD include an "Accept" header field (see ) indicating the acceptable media type for the voucher response. The "application/voucher-cms+json" media type is defined in , but constrained voucher formats are expected in the future. Registrars and MASA are expected to be flexible in what they accept. The pledge populates the voucher-request fields as follows:
created-on:
Pledges that have a real-time clock are RECOMMENDED to populate this field with the current date and time in yang:date-and-time format. This provides additional information to the MASA. Pledges that have no real-time clocks MAY omit this field.
nonce:
The pledge voucher-request MUST contain a cryptographically strong random or pseudo-random number nonce (see ). As the nonce is usually generated very early in the boot sequence, there is a concern that the same nonce might be generated across multiple boots, or after a factory reset. Different nonces MUST be generated for each bootstrapping attempt, whether in series or concurrently. The freshness of this nonce mitigates against the lack of a real-time clock as explained in .
assertion:
The pledge indicates support for the mechanism described in this document, by putting the value "proximity" in the voucher-request, and MUST include the proximity-registrar-cert field (below).
proximity-registrar-cert:
In a pledge voucher-request, this is the first certificate in the TLS server "certificate_list" sequence (see ) presented by the registrar to the pledge. That is, it is the end-entity certificate. This MUST be populated in a pledge voucher-request.
serial-number:
The serial number of the pledge is included in the voucher-request from the pledge. This value is included as a sanity check only, but it is not to be forwarded by the registrar as described in .
All other fields MAY be omitted in the pledge voucher-request. See an example JSON payload of a pledge voucher-request in , Example 1. The registrar confirms that the assertion is "proximity" and that pinned proximity-registrar-cert is the registrar's certificate. If this validation fails, then there is an on-path attacker (MITM), and the connection MUST be closed after the returning of an HTTP 401 error code.
Registrar Authorization of Pledge In a fully automated network, all devices must be securely identified and authorized to join the domain. A registrar accepts or declines a request to join the domain, based on the authenticated identity presented. For different networks, examples of automated acceptance may include the allowance of:
  • any device of a specific type (as determined by the X.509 IDevID),
  • any device from a specific vendor (as determined by the X.509 IDevID),
  • a specific device from a vendor (as determined by the X.509 IDevID) against a domain acceptlist. (The mechanism for checking a shared acceptlist potentially used by multiple registrars is out of scope.)
If validation fails, the registrar SHOULD respond with the HTTP 404 error code. If the voucher-request is in an unknown format, then an HTTP 406 error code is more appropriate. A situation that could be resolved with administrative action (such as adding a vendor to an acceptlist) MAY be responded to with a 403 HTTP error code. If authorization is successful, the registrar obtains a voucher from the MASA service (see ) and returns that MASA-signed voucher to the pledge as described in .
BRSKI-MASA TLS Establishment Details The BRSKI-MASA TLS connection is a "normal" TLS connection appropriate for HTTPS REST interfaces. The registrar initiates the connection and uses the MASA URL that is obtained as described in . The mechanisms in SHOULD be used in authentication of the MASA using a DNS-ID that matches that which is found in the IDevID. Registrars MAY include a mechanism to override the MASA URL on a manufacturer-by-manufacturer basis, and within that override, it is appropriate to provide alternate anchors. This will typically be used by some vendors to establish explicit (or private) trust anchors for validating their MASA that is part of a sales channel integration. Use of TLS 1.3 (or newer) is encouraged. TLS 1.2 or newer is REQUIRED. TLS 1.3 (or newer) SHOULD be available. As described in , the MASA and the registrars SHOULD be prepared to support TLS Client Certificate authentication and/or HTTP Basic, Digest, or Salted Challenge Response Authentication Mechanism (SCRAM) authentication. This connection MAY also have no client authentication at all. Registrars SHOULD permit trust anchors to be preconfigured on a per-vendor (MASA) basis. Registrars SHOULD include the ability to configure a TLS Client Certificate on a per-MASA basis, or to use no Client Certificate. Registrars SHOULD also permit HTTP Basic and Digest authentication to be configured. The authentication of the BRSKI-MASA connection does not change the voucher-request process, as voucher-requests are already signed by the registrar. Instead, this authentication provides access control to the audit-log as described in . Implementers are advised that contacting the MASA establishes a secured API connection with a web service, and that there are a number of authentication models being explored within the industry. Registrars are RECOMMENDED to fail gracefully and generate useful administrative notifications or logs in the advent of unexpected HTTP 401 (Unauthorized) responses from the MASA.
MASA Authentication of Customer Registrar Providing per-customer options requires the customer's registrar to be uniquely identified. This can be done by any stateless method that HTTPS supports such as HTTP Basic or Digest authentication (that is using a password), but the use of TLS Client Certificate authentication is RECOMMENDED. Stateful methods involving API tokens, or HTTP Cookies, are not recommended. It is expected that the setup and configuration of per-customer Client Certificates is done as part of a sales ordering process. The use of public PKI (i.e., WebPKI) end-entity certificates to identify the registrar is reasonable, and if done universally, this would permit a MASA to identify a customer's registrar simply by a Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN). The use of DANE records in DNSSEC-signed zones would also permit use of a FQDN to identify customer registrars. A third (and simplest, but least flexible) mechanism would be for the MASA to simply store the registrar's certificate pinned in a database. A MASA without any supply-chain integration can simply accept registrars without any authentication or on a blind TOFU basis as described in . This document does not make a specific recommendation on how the MASA authenticates the registrar as there are likely different tradeoffs in different environments and product values. Even within the ANIMA ACP applicability, there is a significant difference between supply-chain logistics for $100 CPE devices and $100,000 core routers.
Registrar Requests Voucher from MASA When a registrar receives a pledge voucher-request, it in turn submits a registrar voucher-request to the MASA service via an HTTPS interface . This is done with an HTTP POST using the operation path value of "/.well-known/brski/requestvoucher". The voucher media type "application/voucher-cms+json" is defined in and is also used for the registrar voucher-request. It is a JSON document that has been signed using a CMS structure. The registrar MUST sign the registrar voucher-request. MASA implementations SHOULD anticipate future media ntypes but, of course, will simply fail the request if those types are not yet known. The voucher-request CMS object includes some number of certificates that are input to the MASA as it populates the pinned-domain-cert. As is quite flexible in what may be put into the pinned-domain-cert, the MASA needs some signal as to what certificate would be effective to populate the field with: it may range from the end-entity certificate that the registrar uses to the entire private Enterprise CA certificate. More-specific certificates result in a tighter binding of the voucher to the domain, while less-specific certificates result in more flexibility in how the domain is represented by certificates. A registrar that is seeking a nonceless voucher for later offline use benefits from a less-specific certificate, as it permits the actual key pair used by a future registrar to be determined by the pinned CA. In some cases, a less-specific certificate, such as a public WebPKI CA, could be too open and could permit any entity issued a certificate by that authority to assume ownership of a device that has a voucher pinned. Future work may provide a solution to pin both a certificate and a name that would reduce such risk of malicious ownership assertions. The registrar SHOULD request a voucher with the most specificity consistent with the mode that it is operating in. In order to do this, when the registrar prepares the CMS structure for the signed voucher-request, it SHOULD include only certificates that are a part of the chain that it wishes the MASA to pin. This MAY be as small as only the end-entity certificate (with id-kp-cmcRA set) that it uses as its TLS server certificate, or it MAY be the entire chain, including the domain CA. The registrar SHOULD include an "Accept" header field (see ) indicating the response media types that are acceptable. This list SHOULD be the entire list presented to the registrar in the pledge's original request (see ), but it MAY be a subset. The MASA is expected to be flexible in what it accepts. The registrar populates the voucher-request fields as follows:
created-on:
The registrar SHOULD populate this field with the current date and time when the voucher-request is formed. This field provides additional information to the MASA.
nonce:
This value, if present, is copied from the pledge voucher-request. The registrar voucher-request MAY omit the nonce as per .
serial-number:
The serial number of the pledge the registrar would like a voucher for. The registrar determines this value by parsing the authenticated pledge IDevID certificate; see . The registrar MUST verify that the serial-number field it parsed matches the serial-number field the pledge provided in its voucher-request. This provides a sanity check useful for detecting error conditions and logging. The registrar MUST NOT simply copy the serial-number field from a pledge voucher-request as that field is claimed but not certified.
idevid-issuer:
The Issuer value from the pledge IDevID certificate is included to ensure unique interpretation of the serial-number. In the case of a nonceless (offline) voucher-request, an appropriate value needs to be configured from the same out-of-band source as the serial-number.
prior-signed-voucher-request:
The signed pledge voucher-request SHOULD be included in the registrar voucher-request. The entire CMS-signed structure is to be included and base64 encoded for transport in the JSON structure.
A nonceless registrar voucher-request MAY be submitted to the MASA. Doing so allows the registrar to request a voucher when the pledge is offline, or when the registrar anticipates not being able to connect to the MASA while the pledge is being deployed. Some use cases require the registrar to learn the appropriate IDevID serialNumber field and appropriate "Accept" header field values from the physical device labeling or from the sales channel (which is out of scope for this document). All other fields MAY be omitted in the registrar voucher-request. The proximity-registrar-cert field MUST NOT be present in the registrar voucher-request. See example JSON payloads of registrar voucher-requests in , Examples 2 through 4. The MASA verifies that the registrar voucher-request is internally consistent but does not necessarily authenticate the registrar certificate since the registrar MAY be unknown to the MASA in advance. The MASA performs the actions and validation checks described in the following subsections before issuing a voucher.
MASA Renewal of Expired Vouchers As described in , vouchers are normally short lived to avoid revocation issues. If the request is for a previous (expired) voucher using the same registrar (that is, a registrar with the same domain CA), then the request for a renewed voucher SHOULD be automatically authorized. The MASA has sufficient information to determine this by examining the request, the registrar authentication, and the existing audit-log. The issuance of a renewed voucher is logged as detailed in . To inform the MASA that existing vouchers are not to be renewed, one can update or revoke the registrar credentials used to authorize the request (see Sections and ). More flexible methods will likely involve sales channel integration and authorizations (details are out of scope of this document).
MASA Pinning of Registrar A certificate chain is extracted from the registrar's signed CMS container. This chain may be as short as a single end-entity certificate, up to the entire registrar certificate chain, including the domain CA certificate, as specified in . If the domain's CA is unknown to the MASA, then it is considered a temporary trust anchor for the rest of the steps in this section. The intention is not to authenticate the message as having come from a fully validated origin but to establish the consistency of the domain PKI. The MASA MAY use the certificate in the chain that is farthest from the end-entity certificate of the registrar, as determined by MASA policy. A MASA MAY have a local policy in which it only pins the end-entity certificate. This is consistent with . Details of the policy will typically depend upon the degree of supply-chain integration and the mechanism used by the registrar to authenticate. Such a policy would also determine how the MASA will respond to a request for a nonceless voucher.
MASA Check of the Voucher-Request Signature As described in , the MASA has extracted the registrar's domain CA. This is used to validate the CMS signature on the voucher-request. Normal PKIX revocation checking is assumed during voucher-request signature validation. This CA certificate MAY have Certificate Revocation List (CRL) distribution points or Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP) information . If they are present, the MASA MUST be able to reach the relevant servers belonging to the registrar's domain CA to perform the revocation checks. The use of OCSP Stapling is preferred.
MASA Verification of the Domain Registrar The MASA MUST verify that the registrar voucher-request is signed by a registrar. This is confirmed by verifying that the id-kp-cmcRA extended key usage extension field (as detailed in EST ) exists in the certificate of the entity that signed the registrar voucher-request. This verification is only a consistency check to ensure that the unauthenticated domain CA intended the voucher-request signer to be a registrar. Performing this check provides value to the domain PKI by assuring the domain administrator that the MASA service will only respect claims from authorized registration authorities of the domain. Even when a domain CA is authenticated to the MASA, and there is strong sales channel integration to understand who the legitimate owner is, the above id-kp-cmcRA check prevents arbitrary end-entity certificates (such as an LDevID certificate) from having vouchers issued against them. Other cases of inappropriate voucher issuance are detected by examination of the audit-log. If a nonceless voucher-request is submitted, the MASA MUST authenticate the registrar either as described in EST (see Sections and of ) or by validating the registrar's certificate used to sign the registrar voucher-request using a configured trust anchor. Any of these methods reduce the risk of DDoS attacks and provide an authenticated identity as an input to sales channel integration and authorizations (details are out of scope of this document). In the nonced case, validation of the registrar's identity (via TLS Client Certificate or HTTP authentication) MAY be omitted if the MASA knows that the device policy is to accept audit-only vouchers.
MASA Verification of the Pledge 'prior-signed-voucher-request' The MASA MAY verify that the registrar voucher-request includes the prior-signed-voucher-request field. If so, the prior-signed-voucher-request MUST include a proximity-registrar-cert that is consistent with the certificate used to sign the registrar voucher-request. Additionally, the voucher-request serial-number leaf MUST match the pledge serial-number that the MASA extracts from the signing certificate of the prior-signed-voucher-request. The consistency check described above entails checking that the proximity-registrar-cert Subject Public Key Info (SPKI) Fingerprint exists within the registrar voucher-request CMS signature's certificate chain. This is substantially the same as the pin validation described in . If these checks succeed, the MASA updates the voucher and audit-log assertion leafs with the "proximity" assertion, as defined by .
MASA Nonce Handling The MASA does not verify the nonce itself. If the registrar voucher-request contains a nonce, and the prior-signed-voucher-request exists, then the MASA MUST verify that the nonce is consistent. (Recall from above that the voucher-request might not contain a nonce; see Sections and .) The MASA populates the audit-log with the nonce that was verified. If a nonceless voucher is issued, then the audit-log is to be populated with the JSON value "null".
MASA and Registrar Voucher Response The MASA voucher response to the registrar is forwarded without changes to the pledge; therefore, this section applies to both the MASA and the registrar. The HTTP signaling described applies to both the MASA and registrar responses. When a voucher-request arrives at the registrar, if it has a cached response from the MASA for the corresponding registrar voucher-request, that cached response can be used according to local policy; otherwise, the registrar constructs a new registrar voucher-request and sends it to the MASA. Registrar evaluation of the voucher itself is purely for transparency and audit purposes to further inform log verification (see ); therefore, a registrar could accept future voucher formats that are opaque to the registrar. If the voucher-request is successful, the server (a MASA responding to a registrar or a registrar responding to a pledge) response MUST contain an HTTP 200 response code. The server MUST answer with a suitable 4xx or 5xx HTTP error code when a problem occurs. In this case, the response data from the MASA MUST be a plain text human-readable (UTF-8) error message containing explanatory information describing why the request was rejected. The registrar MAY respond with an HTTP 202 ("the request has been accepted for processing, but the processing has not been completed") as described in EST , wherein the client "MUST wait at least the specified "retry-after" time before repeating the same request" (also see ). The pledge is RECOMMENDED to provide local feedback (blinked LED, etc.) during this wait cycle if mechanisms for this are available. To prevent an attacker registrar from significantly delaying bootstrapping, the pledge MUST limit the Retry-After time to 60 seconds. Ideally, the pledge would keep track of the appropriate Retry-After header field values for any number of outstanding registrars, but this would involve a state table on the pledge. Instead, the pledge MAY ignore the exact Retry-After value in favor of a single hard-coded value (a registrar that is unable to complete the transaction after the first 60 seconds has another chance a minute later). A pledge SHOULD be willing to maintain a 202 retry-state for up to 4 days, which is longer than a long weekend, after which time the enrollment attempt fails, and the pledge returns to Discovery state. This allows time for an alert to get from the registrar to a human operator who can make a decision as to whether or not to proceed with the enrollment. A pledge that retries a request after receiving a 202 message MUST resend the same voucher-request. It MUST NOT sign a new voucher-request each time, and in particular, it MUST NOT change the nonce value. In order to avoid infinite redirect loops, which a malicious registrar might do in order to keep the pledge from discovering the correct registrar, the pledge MUST NOT follow more than one redirection (3xx code) to another web origin. EST supports redirection but requires user input; this change allows the pledge to follow a single redirection without a user interaction. A 403 (Forbidden) response is appropriate if the voucher-request is not signed correctly or is stale or if the pledge has another outstanding voucher that cannot be overridden. A 404 (Not Found) response is appropriate when the request is for a device that is not known to the MASA. A 406 (Not Acceptable) response is appropriate if a voucher of the desired type or that uses the desired algorithms (as indicated by the "Accept" header fields and algorithms used in the signature) cannot be issued as such because the MASA knows the pledge cannot process that type. The registrar SHOULD use this response if it determines the pledge is unacceptable due to inventory control, MASA audit-logs, or any other reason. A 415 (Unsupported Media Type) response is appropriate for a request that has a voucher-request or "Accept" value that is not understood. The voucher response format is as indicated in the submitted "Accept" header fields or based on the MASA's prior understanding of proper format for this pledge. Only the "application/voucher-cms+json" media type is defined at this time. The syntactic details of vouchers are described in detail in . shows a sample of the contents of a voucher.
An Example Voucher { "ietf-voucher:voucher": { "nonce": "62a2e7693d82fcda2624de58fb6722e5", "assertion": "logged", "pinned-domain-cert": "base64encodedvalue==", "serial-number": "JADA123456789" } }
The MASA populates the voucher fields as follows:
nonce:
The nonce from the pledge if available. See .
assertion:
The method used to verify the relationship between the pledge and registrar. See .
pinned-domain-cert:
A certificate; see . This figure is illustrative; for an example, see where an end-entity certificate is used.
serial-number:
The serial-number as provided in the voucher-request. Also see .
domain-cert-revocation-checks:
Set as appropriate for the pledge's capabilities and as documented in . The MASA MAY set this field to "false" since setting it to "true" would require that revocation information be available to the pledge, and this document does not make normative requirements for , , or equivalent integrations.
expires-on:
This is set for nonceless vouchers. The MASA ensures the voucher lifetime is consistent with any revocation or pinned-domain-cert consistency checks the pledge might perform. See . There are three times to consider: (a) a configured voucher lifetime in the MASA, (b) the expiry time for the registrar's certificate, and (c) any CRL lifetime. The expires-on field SHOULD be before the earliest of these three values. Typically, (b) will be some significant time in the future, but (c) will typically be short (on the order of a week or less). The RECOMMENDED period for (a) is on the order of 20 minutes, so it will typically determine the life span of the resulting voucher. 20 minutes is sufficient time to reach the post-provisional state in the pledge, at which point there is an established trust relationship between the pledge and registrar. The subsequent operations can take as long as required from that point onwards. The lifetime of the voucher has no impact on the life span of the ownership relationship.
Whenever a voucher is issued, the MASA MUST update the audit-log sufficiently to generate the response as described in . The internal state requirements to maintain the audit-log are out of scope.
Pledge Voucher Verification The pledge MUST verify the voucher signature using the manufacturer-installed trust anchor(s) associated with the manufacturer's MASA (this is likely included in the pledge's firmware). Management of the manufacturer-installed trust anchor(s) is out of scope of this document; this protocol does not update this trust anchor(s). The pledge MUST verify that the serial-number field of the signed voucher matches the pledge's own serial-number. The pledge MUST verify the nonce information in the voucher. If present, the nonce in the voucher must match the nonce the pledge submitted to the registrar; vouchers with no nonce can also be accepted (according to local policy; see ). The pledge MUST be prepared to parse and fail gracefully from a voucher response that does not contain a pinned-domain-cert field. Such a thing indicates a failure to enroll in this domain, and the pledge MUST attempt joining with other available Join Proxies. The pledge MUST be prepared to ignore additional fields that it does not recognize.
Pledge Authentication of Provisional TLS Connection Following the process described in , the pledge should consider the public key from the pinned-domain-cert as the sole temporary trust anchor. The pledge then evaluates the TLS server certificate chain that it received when the TLS connection was formed using this trust anchor. It is possible that the public key in the pinned-domain-cert directly matches the public key in the end-entity certificate provided by the TLS server. If a registrar's credentials cannot be verified using the pinned-domain-cert trust anchor from the voucher, then the TLS connection is discarded, and the pledge abandons attempts to bootstrap with this discovered registrar. The pledge SHOULD send voucher status telemetry (described below) before closing the TLS connection. The pledge MUST attempt to enroll using any other proxies it has found. It SHOULD return to the same proxy again after unsuccessful attempts with other proxies. Attempts should be made at repeated intervals according to the back-off timer described earlier. Attempts SHOULD be repeated as failure may be the result of a temporary inconsistency (an inconsistently rolled registrar key, or some other misconfiguration). The inconsistency could also be the result of an active MITM attack on the EST connection. The registrar MUST use a certificate that chains to the pinned-domain-cert as its TLS server certificate. The pledge's PKIX path validation of a registrar certificate's validity period information is as described in . Once the PKIX path validation is successful, the TLS connection is no longer provisional. The pinned-domain-cert MAY be installed as a trust anchor for future operations such as enrollment (e.g., as recommended per ) or trust anchor management or raw protocols that do not need full PKI-based key management. It can be used to authenticate any dynamically discovered EST server that contains the id-kp-cmcRA extended key usage extension as detailed in EST (see ); but to reduce system complexity, the pledge SHOULD avoid additional discovery operations. Instead, the pledge SHOULD communicate directly with the registrar as the EST server. The pinned-domain-cert is not a complete distribution of the CA certificate response, as described in , which is an additional justification for the recommendation to proceed with EST key management operations. Once a full CA certificate response is obtained, it is more authoritative for the domain than the limited pinned-domain-cert response.
Pledge BRSKI Status Telemetry The domain is expected to provide indications to the system administrators concerning device life-cycle status. To facilitate this, it needs telemetry information concerning the device's status. The pledge MUST indicate its pledge status regarding the voucher. It does this by sending a status message to the registrar. The posted data media type: application/json The client sends an HTTP POST to the server at the URI ".well-known/brski/voucher_status". The format and semantics described below are for version 1. A version field is included to permit significant changes to this feedback in the future. A registrar that receives a status message with a version larger than it knows about SHOULD log the contents and alert a human. The status field indicates if the voucher was acceptable. Boolean values are acceptable, where "true" indicates the voucher was acceptable. If the voucher was not acceptable, the Reason string indicates why. In a failure case, this message may be sent to an unauthenticated, potentially malicious registrar; therefore, the Reason string SHOULD NOT provide information beneficial to an attacker. The operational benefit of this telemetry information is balanced against the operational costs of not recording that a voucher was ignored by a client that the registrar expected was going to continue joining the domain. The reason-context attribute is an arbitrary JSON object (literal value or hash of values) that provides additional information specific to this pledge. The contents of this field are not subject to standardization. The version and status fields MUST be present. The Reason field SHOULD be present whenever the status field is false. The Reason-Context field is optional. In the case of a SUCCESS, the Reason string MAY be omitted. The keys to this JSON object are case sensitive and MUST be lowercase. shows an example JSON.
CDDL for Voucher Status POST voucherstatus-post = { "version": uint, "status": bool, ? "reason": text, ? "reason-context" : { $$arbitrary-map } } }
Example Status Telemetry { "version": 1, "status":false, "reason":"Informative human-readable message", "reason-context": { "additional" : "JSON" } }
The server SHOULD respond with an HTTP 200 but MAY simply fail with an HTTP 404 error. The client ignores any response. The server SHOULD capture this telemetry information within the server logs. Additional standard JSON fields in this POST MAY be added; see . A server that sees unknown fields should log them, but otherwise ignore them.
Registrar Audit-Log Request After receiving the pledge status telemetry (see ), the registrar SHOULD request the MASA audit-log from the MASA service. This is done with an HTTP POST using the operation path value of "/.well-known/brski/requestauditlog". The registrar SHOULD HTTP POST the same registrar voucher-request as it did when requesting a voucher (using the same Content-Type). It is posted to the /requestauditlog URI instead. The idevid-issuer and serial-number informs the MASA which log is requested, so the appropriate log can be prepared for the response. Using the same media type and message minimizes cryptographic and message operations, although it results in additional network traffic. The relying MASA implementation MAY leverage internal state to associate this request with the original, and by now already validated, voucher-request so as to avoid an extra crypto validation. A registrar MAY request logs at future times. If the registrar generates a new request, then the MASA is forced to perform the additional cryptographic operations to verify the new request. A MASA that receives a request for a device that does not exist, or for which the requesting owner was never an owner, returns an HTTP 404 ("Not found") code. It is reasonable for a registrar, that the MASA does not believe to be the current owner, to request the audit-log. There are probably reasons for this, which are hard to predict in advance. For instance, such a registrar may not be aware that the device has been resold; it may be that the device has been resold inappropriately, and this is how the original owner will learn of the occurrence. It is also possible that the device legitimately spends time in two different networks. Rather than returning the audit-log as a response to the POST (with a return code 200), the MASA MAY instead return a 201 ("Created") response (, Sections and ), with the URL to the prepared (and idempotent, therefore cachable) audit response in the "Location" header field. In order to avoid enumeration of device audit-logs, a MASA that returns URLs SHOULD take care to make the returned URL unguessable. provides very good additional guidance. For instance, rather than returning URLs containing a database number such as https://example.com/auditlog/1234 or the Extended Unique Identifier (EUI) of the device such https://example.com/auditlog/10-00-00-11-22-33, the MASA SHOULD return a randomly generated value (a "slug" in web parlance). The value is used to find the relevant database entry. A MASA that returns a code 200 MAY also include a "Location" header for future reference by the registrar.
MASA Audit-Log Response A log data file is returned consisting of all log entries associated with the device selected by the IDevID presented in the request. The audit-log may be abridged by removal of old or repeated values as explained below. The returned data is in JSON format , and the Content-Type SHOULD be "application/json". The following CDDL explains the structure of the JSON format audit-log response:
CDDL for Audit-Log Response audit-log-response = { "version": uint, "events": [ + event ] "truncation": { ? "nonced duplicates": uint, ? "nonceless duplicates": uint, ? "arbitrary": uint, } } event = { "date": text, "domainID": text, "nonce": text / null, "assertion": "verified" / "logged" / "proximity", ? "truncated": uint, }
An example:
Example of an Audit-Log Response { "version":"1", "events":[ { "date":"2019-05-15T17:25:55.644-04:00", "domainID":"BduJhdHPpfhQLyponf48JzXSGZ8=", "nonce":"VOUFT-WwrEv0NuAQEHoV7Q", "assertion":"proximity", "truncated":"0" }, { "date":"2017-05-15T17:25:55.644-04:00", "domainID":"BduJhdHPpfhQLyponf48JzXSGZ8=", "nonce":"f4G6Vi1t8nKo/FieCVgpBg==", "assertion":"proximity" } ], "truncation": { "nonced duplicates": "0", "nonceless duplicates": "1", "arbitrary": "2" } }
The domainID is a binary SubjectKeyIdentifier value calculated according to . It is encoded once in base64 in order to be transported in this JSON container. The date is formatted per , which is consistent with typical JavaScript usage of JSON. The truncation structure MAY be omitted if all values are zero. Any counter missing from the truncation structure is assumed to be zero. The nonce is a string, as provided in the voucher-request, and is used in the voucher. If no nonce was placed in the resulting voucher, then a value of null SHOULD be used in preference to omitting the entry. While the nonce is often created as a base64-encoded random series of bytes, this should not be assumed. Distribution of a large log is less than ideal. This structure can be optimized as follows: nonced or nonceless entries for the same domainID MAY be abridged from the log leaving only the single most recent nonced or nonceless entry for that domainID. In the case of truncation, the "event" truncation value SHOULD contain a count of the number of events for this domainID that were omitted. The log SHOULD NOT be further reduced, but an operational situation could exist where maintaining the full log is not possible. In such situations, the log MAY be arbitrarily abridged for length, with the number of removed entries indicated as "arbitrary". If the truncation count exceeds 1024, then the MASA MAY use this value without further incrementing it. A log where duplicate entries for the same domain have been omitted ("nonced duplicates" and/or "nonceless duplicates") could still be acceptable for informed decisions. A log that has had "arbitrary" truncations is less acceptable, but manufacturer transparency is better than hidden truncations. A registrar that sees a version value greater than 1 indicates an audit-log format that has been enhanced with additional information. No information will be removed in future versions; should an incompatible change be desired in the future, then a new HTTP endpoint will be used. This document specifies a simple log format as provided by the MASA service to the registrar. This format could be improved by distributed consensus technologies that integrate vouchers with technologies such as block-chain or hash trees or optimized logging approaches. Doing so is out of the scope of this document but is an anticipated improvement for future work. As such, the registrar SHOULD anticipate new kinds of responses and SHOULD provide operator controls to indicate how to process unknown responses.
Calculation of domainID The domainID is a binary value (a BIT STRING) that uniquely identifies a registrar by the pinned-domain-cert. If the pinned-domain-cert certificate includes the SubjectKeyIdentifier (), then it is used as the domainID. If not, the SPKI Fingerprint as described in is used. This value needs to be calculated by both the MASA (to populate the audit-log) and the registrar (to recognize itself in the audit-log). does not mandate that the SubjectKeyIdentifier extension be present in non-CA certificates. It is RECOMMENDED that registrar certificates (even if self-signed) always include the SubjectKeyIdentifier to be used as a domainID. The domainID is determined from the certificate chain associated with the pinned-domain-cert and is used to update the audit-log.
Registrar Audit-Log Verification Each time the MASA issues a voucher, it appends details of the assignment to an internal audit-log for that device. The internal audit-log is processed when responding to requests for details as described in . The contents of the audit-log can express a variety of trust levels, and this section explains what kind of trust a registrar can derive from the entries. While the audit-log provides a list of vouchers that were issued by the MASA, the vouchers are issued in response to voucher-requests, and it is the content of the voucher-requests that determines how meaningful the audit-log entries are. A registrar SHOULD use the log information to make an informed decision regarding the continued bootstrapping of the pledge. The exact policy is out of scope of this document as it depends on the security requirements within the registrar domain. Equipment that is purchased preowned can be expected to have an extensive history. The following discussion is provided to help explain the value of each log element:
date:
The date field provides the registrar an opportunity to divide the log around known events such as the purchase date. Depending on the context known to the registrar or administrator, events before/after certain dates can have different levels of importance. For example, for equipment that is expected to be new, and thus has no history, it would be a surprise to find prior entries.
domainID:
If the log includes an unexpected domainID, then the pledge could have imprinted on an unexpected domain. The registrar can be expected to use a variety of techniques to define "unexpected" ranging from acceptlists of prior domains to anomaly detection (e.g., "this device was previously bound to a different domain than any other device deployed"). Log entries can also be compared against local history logs in search of discrepancies (e.g., "this device was re-deployed some number of times internally, but the external audit-log shows additional re-deployments our internal logs are unaware of").
nonce:
Nonceless entries mean the logged domainID could theoretically trigger a reset of the pledge and then take over management by using the existing nonceless voucher.
assertion:
The assertion leaf in the voucher and audit-log indicates why the MASA issued the voucher. A "verified" entry means that the MASA issued the associated voucher as a result of positive verification of ownership. However, this entry does not indicate whether or not the pledge was actually deployed in the prior domain. A "logged" assertion informs the registrar that the prior vouchers were issued with minimal verification. A "proximity" assertion assures the registrar that the pledge was truly communicating with the prior domain and thus provides assurance that the prior domain really has deployed the pledge.
A relatively simple policy is to acceptlist known (internal or external) domainIDs and require all vouchers to have a nonce. An alternative is to require that all nonceless vouchers be from a subset (e.g., only internal) of domainIDs. If the policy is violated, a simple action is to revoke any locally issued credentials for the pledge in question or to refuse to forward the voucher. The registrar MUST then refuse any EST actions and SHOULD inform a human via a log. A registrar MAY be configured to ignore (i.e., override the above policy) the history of the device, but it is RECOMMENDED that this only be configured if hardware-assisted (i.e., Transport Performance Metrics (TPM) anchored) Network Endpoint Assessment (NEA) is supported.
EST Integration for PKI Bootstrapping The pledge SHOULD follow the BRSKI operations with EST enrollment operations including "CA Certificates Request", "CSR Attributes Request", and "Client Certificate Request" or "Server-Side Key Generation", etc. This is a relatively seamless integration since BRSKI API calls provide an automated alternative to the manual bootstrapping method described in . As noted above, use of HTTP-persistent connections simplifies the pledge state machine. Although EST allows clients to obtain multiple certificates by sending multiple Certificate Signing Requests (CSRs), BRSKI does not support this mechanism directly. This is because BRSKI pledges MUST use the CSR Attributes request (). The registrar MUST validate the CSR against the expected attributes. This implies that client requests will "look the same" and therefore result in a single logical certificate being issued even if the client were to make multiple requests. Registrars MAY contain more complex logic, but doing so is out of scope of this specification. BRSKI does not signal any enhancement or restriction to this capability.
EST Distribution of CA Certificates The pledge SHOULD request the full EST Distribution of CA certificate messages; see . This ensures that the pledge has the complete set of current CA certificates beyond the pinned-domain-cert (see for a discussion of the limitations inherent in having a single certificate instead of a full CA certificate response). Although these limitations are acceptable during initial bootstrapping, they are not appropriate for ongoing PKIX end-entity certificate validation.
EST CSR Attributes Automated bootstrapping occurs without local administrative configuration of the pledge. In some deployments, it is plausible that the pledge generates a certificate request containing only identity information known to the pledge (essentially the X.509 IDevID information) and ultimately receives a certificate containing domain-specific identity information. Conceptually, the CA has complete control over all fields issued in the end-entity certificate. Realistically, this is operationally difficult with the current status of PKI CA deployments, where the CSR is submitted to the CA via a number of non-standard protocols. Even with all standardized protocols used, it could operationally be problematic to expect that service-specific certificate fields can be created by a CA that is likely operated by a group that has no insight into different network services/protocols used. For example, the CA could even be outsourced. To alleviate these operational difficulties, the pledge MUST request the EST "CSR Attributes" from the EST server, and the EST server needs to be able to reply with the attributes necessary for use of the certificate in its intended protocols/services. This approach allows for minimal CA integrations, and instead, the local infrastructure (EST server) informs the pledge of the proper fields to include in the generated CSR (such as rfc822Name). This approach is beneficial to automated bootstrapping in the widest number of environments. In networks using the BRSKI enrolled certificate to authenticate the ACP, the EST CSR Attributes MUST include the ACP domain information fields defined in . The registrar MUST also confirm that the resulting CSR is formatted as indicated before forwarding the request to a CA. If the registrar is communicating with the CA using a protocol such as full Certificate Management over CMS (CMC), which provides mechanisms to override the CSR Attributes, then these mechanisms MAY be used even if the client ignores the guidance for the CSR Attributes.
EST Client Certificate Request The pledge MUST request a new Client Certificate; see .
Enrollment Status Telemetry For automated bootstrapping of devices, the administrative elements that provide bootstrapping also provide indications to the system administrators concerning device life-cycle status. This might include information concerning attempted bootstrapping messages seen by the client. The MASA provides logs and the status of credential enrollment. Since an end user is assumed per , a final success indication back to the server is not included. This is insufficient for automated use cases. The client MUST send an indicator to the registrar about its enrollment status. It does this by using an HTTP POST of a JSON dictionary with the attributes described below to the new EST endpoint at "/.well-known/brski/enrollstatus". When indicating a successful enrollment, the client SHOULD first re-establish the EST TLS session using the newly obtained credentials. TLS 1.3 supports doing this in-band, but TLS 1.2 does not. The client SHOULD therefore always close the existing TLS connection and start a new one, using the same Join Proxy. In the case of a failed enrollment, the client MUST send the telemetry information over the same TLS connection that was used for the enrollment attempt, with a Reason string indicating why the most recent enrollment failed. (For failed attempts, the TLS connection is the most reliable way to correlate server-side information with what the client provides.) The version and status fields MUST be present. The Reason field SHOULD be present whenever the status field is false. In the case of a SUCCESS, the Reason string MAY be omitted. The reason-context attribute is an arbitrary JSON object (literal value or hash of values) that provides additional information specific to the failure to unroll from this pledge. The contents of this field are not subject to standardization. This is represented by the group-socket "$$arbitrary-map" in the CDDL.
CDDL for Enrollment Status POST enrollstatus-post = { "version": uint, "status": bool, ? "reason": text, ? "reason-context" : { $$arbitrary-map } } }
An example status report can be seen below. It is sent with the media type: application/json
Example of Enrollment Status POST { "version": 1, "status":true, "reason":"Informative human readable message", "reason-context": { "additional" : "JSON" } }
The server SHOULD respond with an HTTP 200 but MAY simply fail with an HTTP 404 error. Within the server logs, the server MUST capture if this message was received over a TLS session with a matching Client Certificate.
Multiple Certificates Pledges that require multiple certificates could establish direct EST connections to the registrar.
EST over CoAP This document describes extensions to EST for the purpose of bootstrapping remote key infrastructures. Bootstrapping is relevant for CoAP enrollment discussions as well. The definition of EST and BRSKI over CoAP is not discussed within this document beyond ensuring proxy support for CoAP operations. Instead, it is anticipated that a definition of CoAP mappings will occur in subsequent documents such as and that CoAP mappings for BRSKI will be discussed either there or in future work.
Clarification of Transfer-Encoding defines endpoints to include a "Content-Transfer-Encoding" heading and payloads to be base64-encoded DER . When used within BRSKI, the original EST endpoints remain base64 encoded (as clarified by ), but the new BRSKI endpoints that send and receive binary artifacts (specifically, "/.well-known/brski/requestvoucher") are binary. That is, no encoding is used. In the BRSKI context, the EST "Content-Transfer-Encoding" header field SHOULD be ignored if present. This header field does not need to be included.
Reduced Security Operational Modes A common requirement of bootstrapping is to support less secure operational modes for support-specific use cases. This section suggests a range of mechanisms that would alter the security assurance of BRSKI to accommodate alternative deployment architectures and mitigate life-cycle management issues identified in . They are presented here as informative (non-normative) design guidance for future standardization activities. provides standardization applicability statements for the ANIMA ACP. Other users would expect that subsets of these mechanisms could be profiled with accompanying applicability statements similar to the one described in . This section is considered non-normative in the generality of the protocol. Use of the suggested mechanisms here MUST be detailed in specific profiles of BRSKI, such as in .
Trust Model This section explains the trust relationships detailed in :
Elements of BRSKI Trust Model +--------+ +---------+ +------------+ +------------+ | Pledge | | Join | | Domain | |Manufacturer| | | | Proxy | | Registrar | | Service | | | | | | | | (Internet) | +--------+ +---------+ +------------+ +------------+
Pledge:
The pledge could be compromised and provide an attack vector for malware. The entity is trusted to only imprint using secure methods described in this document. Additional endpoint assessment techniques are RECOMMENDED but are out of scope of this document.
Join Proxy:
Provides proxy functionalities but is not involved in security considerations.
Registrar:
When interacting with a MASA, a registrar makes all decisions. For Ownership Audit Vouchers (see ), the registrar is provided an opportunity to accept MASA decisions.
Vendor Service, MASA:
This form of manufacturer service is trusted to accurately log all claim attempts and to provide authoritative log information to registrars. The MASA does not know which devices are associated with which domains. These claims could be strengthened by using cryptographic log techniques to provide append only, cryptographic assured, publicly auditable logs.
Vendor Service, Ownership Validation:
This form of manufacturer service is trusted to accurately know which device is owned by which domain.
Pledge Security Reductions The following is a list of alternative behaviors that the pledge can be programmed to implement. These behaviors are not mutually exclusive, nor are they dependent upon each other. Some of these methods enable offline and emergency (touch-based) deployment use cases. Normative language is used as these behaviors are referenced in later sections in a normative fashion.
  1. The pledge MUST accept nonceless vouchers. This allows for a use case where the registrar cannot connect to the MASA at the deployment time. Logging and validity periods address the security considerations of supporting these use cases.
  2. Many devices already support "trust on first use" for physical interfaces such as console ports. This document does not change that reality. Devices supporting this protocol MUST NOT support "trust on first use" on network interfaces. This is because "trust on first use" over network interfaces would undermine the logging based security protections provided by this specification.
  3. The pledge MAY have an operational mode where it skips voucher validation one time, for example, if a physical button is depressed during the bootstrapping operation. This can be useful if the manufacturer service is unavailable. This behavior SHOULD be available via local configuration or physical presence methods (such as use of a serial/craft console) to ensure new entities can always be deployed even when autonomic methods fail. This allows for unsecured imprint.
  4. A craft/serial console could include a command such as "est-enroll [2001:db8:0:1]:443" that begins the EST process from the point after the voucher is validated. This process SHOULD include server certificate verification using an on-screen fingerprint.
It is RECOMMENDED that "trust on first use" or any method of skipping voucher validation (including use of a craft serial console) only be available if hardware-assisted Network Endpoint Assessment (NEA) is supported. This recommendation ensures that domain network monitoring can detect inappropriate use of offline or emergency deployment procedures when voucher-based bootstrapping is not used.
Registrar Security Reductions A registrar can choose to accept devices using less secure methods. They MUST NOT be the default behavior. These methods may be acceptable in situations where threat models indicate that low security is adequate. This includes situations where security decisions are being made by the local administrator:
  1. A registrar MAY choose to accept all devices, or all devices of a particular type. The administrator could make this choice in cases where it is operationally difficult to configure the registrar with the unique identifier of each new device expected.
  2. A registrar MAY choose to accept devices that claim a unique identity without the benefit of authenticating that claimed identity. This could occur when the pledge does not include an X.509 IDevID factory-installed credential. New entities without an X.509 IDevID credential MAY form the request per using the format per to ensure the pledge's serial number information is provided to the registrar (this includes the IDevID AuthorityKeyIdentifier value, which would be statically configured on the pledge). The pledge MAY refuse to provide a TLS Client Certificate (as one is not available). The pledge SHOULD support HTTP-based or certificate-less TLS authentication as described in EST . A registrar MUST NOT accept unauthenticated new entities unless it has been configured to do so by an administrator that has verified that only expected new entities can communicate with a registrar (presumably via a physically secured perimeter.)
  3. A registrar MAY submit a nonceless voucher-request to the MASA service (by not including a nonce in the voucher-request). The resulting vouchers can then be stored by the registrar until they are needed during bootstrapping operations. This is for use cases where the target network is protected by an air gap and therefore cannot contact the MASA service during pledge deployment.
  4. A registrar MAY ignore unrecognized nonceless log entries. This could occur when used equipment is purchased with a valid history of being deployed in air gap networks that required offline vouchers.
  5. A registrar MAY accept voucher formats of future types that cannot be parsed by the registrar. This reduces the registrar's visibility into the exact voucher contents but does not change the protocol operations.
MASA Security Reductions Lower security modes chosen by the MASA service affect all device deployments unless the lower security behavior is tied to specific device identities. The modes described below can be applied to specific devices via knowledge of what devices were sold. They can also be bound to specific customers (independent of the device identity) by authenticating the customer's registrar.
Issuing Nonceless Vouchers A MASA has the option of not including a nonce in the voucher and/or not requiring one to be present in the voucher-request. This results in distribution of a voucher that may never expire and, in effect, makes the specified domain an always trusted entity to the pledge during any subsequent bootstrapping attempts. The log information captures when a nonceless voucher is issued so that the registrar can make appropriate security decisions when a pledge joins the domain. Nonceless vouchers are useful to support use cases where registrars might not be online during actual device deployment. While a nonceless voucher may include an expiry date, a typical use for a nonceless voucher is for it to be long lived. If the device can be trusted to have an accurate clock (the MASA will know), then a nonceless voucher CAN be issued with a limited lifetime. A more typical case for a nonceless voucher is for use with offline onboarding scenarios where it is not possible to pass a fresh voucher-request to the MASA. The use of a long-lived voucher also eliminates concern about the availability of the MASA many years in the future. Thus, many nonceless vouchers will have no expiry dates. Thus, the long-lived nonceless voucher does not require proof that the device is online. Issuing such a thing is only accepted when the registrar is authenticated by the MASA and the MASA is authorized to provide this functionality to this customer. The MASA is RECOMMENDED to use this functionality only in concert with an enhanced level of ownership tracking, the details of which are out of scope for this document. If the pledge device is known to have a real-time clock that is set from the factory, use of a voucher validity period is RECOMMENDED.
Trusting Owners on First Use A MASA has the option of not verifying ownership before responding with a voucher. This is expected to be a common operational model because doing so relieves the manufacturer providing MASA services from having to track ownership during shipping and throughout the supply chain, and it allows for a very low overhead MASA service. A registrar uses the audit-log information as an in-depth defense strategy to ensure that this does not occur unexpectedly (for example, when purchasing new equipment, the registrar would throw an error if any audit-log information is reported). The MASA SHOULD verify the prior-signed-voucher-request information for pledges that support that functionality. This provides a proof-of-proximity check that reduces the need for ownership verification. The proof-of-proximity comes from the assumption that the pledge and Join Proxy are on the same link-local connection. A MASA that practices TOFU for registrar identity may wish to annotate the origin of the connection by IP address or netblock and restrict future use of that identity from other locations. A MASA that does this SHOULD take care to not create nuisance situations for itself when a customer has multiple registrars or uses outgoing IPv4-to-IPv4 NAT (NAT44) connections that change frequently.
Updating or Extending Voucher Trust Anchors This section deals with two problems: A MASA that is no longer available due to a failed business and a MASA that is uncooperative to a secondary sale. A manufacturer could offer a management mechanism that allows the list of voucher verification trust anchors to be extended. describes one such interface that could be implemented using YANG. Pretty much any configuration mechanism used today could be extended to provide the needed additional update. A manufacturer could even decide to install the domain CA trust anchors received during the EST "cacerts" step as voucher verification anchors. Some additional signals will be needed to clearly identify which keys have voucher validation authority from among those signed by the domain CA. This is future work. With the above change to the list of anchors, vouchers can be issued by an alternate MASA. This could be the previous owner (the seller) or some other trusted third party who is mediating the sale. If it is a third party, the seller would need to take steps to introduce the third-party configuration to the device prior to disconnection. The third party (e.g., a wholesaler of used equipment) could, however, use a mechanism described in to take control of the device after receiving it physically. This would permit the third party to act as the MASA for future onboarding actions. As the IDevID certificate probably cannot be replaced, the new owner's registrar would have to support an override of the MASA URL. To be useful for resale or other transfers of ownership, one of two situations will need to occur. The simplest is that the device is not put through any kind of factory default/reset before going through onboarding again. Some other secure, physical signal would be needed to initiate it. This is most suitable for redeploying a device within the same enterprise. This would entail having previous configuration in the system until entirely replaced by the new owner, and it represents some level of risk. For the second scenario, there would need to be two levels of factory reset. One would take the system back entirely to manufacturer state, including removing any added trust anchors, and the other (more commonly used) one would just restore the configuration back to a known default without erasing trust anchors. This weaker factory reset might leave valuable credentials on the device, and this may be unacceptable to some owners. As a third option, the manufacturer's trust anchors could be entirely overwritten with local trust anchors. A factory default would never restore those anchors. This option comes with a lot of power but is also a lot of responsibility: if access to the private part of the new anchors are lost, the manufacturer may be unable to help.
IANA Considerations Per this document, IANA has completed the following actions.
The IETF XML Registry This document registers a URI in the "IETF XML Registry" . IANA has registered the following:
URI:
urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-voucher-request
Registrant Contact:
The ANIMA WG of the IETF.
XML:
N/A; the requested URI is an XML namespace.
YANG Module Names Registry This document registers a YANG module in the "YANG Module Names" registry . IANA has registered the following:
Name:
ietf-voucher-request
Namespace:
urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-voucher-request
Prefix:
vch
Reference:
RFC 8995
BRSKI Well-Known Considerations
BRSKI .well-known Registration To the "Well-Known URIs" registry at , this document registers the well-known name "brski" with the following filled-in template from :
URI Suffix:
brski
Change Controller:
IETF
IANA has changed the registration of "est" to now only include and no longer this document. Earlier draft versions of this document used "/.well-known/est" rather than "/.well-known/brski".
BRSKI .well-known Registry IANA has created a new registry entitled: "BRSKI Well-Known URIs". The registry has three columns: URI, Description, and Reference. New items can be added using the Specification Required process. The initial contents of this registry are: BRSKI Well-Known URIs
URI Description Reference
requestvoucher pledge to registrar, and from registrar to MASA RFC 8995
voucher_status pledge to registrar RFC 8995
requestauditlog registrar to MASA RFC 8995
enrollstatus pledge to registrar RFC 8995
PKIX Registry IANA has registered the following: a number for id-mod-MASAURLExtn2016(96) from the pkix(7) id-mod(0) Registry. IANA has assigned a number from the id-pe registry (Structure of Management Information (SMI) Security for PKIX Certificate Extension) for id-pe-masa-url with the value 32, resulting in an OID of 1.3.6.1.5.5.7.1.32.
Pledge BRSKI Status Telemetry IANA has created a new registry entitled "BRSKI Parameters" and has created, within that registry, a table called: "Pledge BRSKI Status Telemetry Attributes". New items can be added using the Specification Required process. The following items are in the initial registration, with this document (see ) as the reference:
  • version
  • Status
  • Reason
  • reason-context
DNS Service Names IANA has registered the following service names:
Service Name:
brski-proxy
Transport Protocol(s):
tcp
Assignee:
IESG <iesg@ietf.org>
Contact:
IESG <iesg@ietf.org>
Description:
The Bootstrapping Remote Secure Key Infrastructure Proxy
Reference:
RFC 8995
Service Name:
brski-registrar
Transport Protocol(s):
tcp
Assignee:
IESG <iesg@ietf.org>
Contact:
IESG <iesg@ietf.org>
Description:
The Bootstrapping Remote Secure Key Infrastructure Registrar
Reference:
RFC 8995
GRASP Objective Names IANA has registered the following GRASP Objective Names: IANA has registered the value "AN_Proxy" (without quotes) to the "GRASP Objective Names" table in the GRASP Parameter registry. The specification for this value is of this document. The IANA has registered the value "AN_join_registrar" (without quotes) to the "GRASP Objective Names" table in the GRASP Parameter registry. The specification for this value is of this document.
Applicability to the Autonomic Control Plane (ACP) This document provides a solution to the requirements for secure bootstrapping as defined in "" , "A Reference Model for Autonomic Networking" , and specifically "An Autonomic Control Plane (ACP)" ; see Sections ("Secure Bootstrap over an Unconfigured Network") and ("ACP Domain, Certificate, and Network"). The protocol described in this document has appeal in a number of other non-ANIMA use cases. Such uses of the protocol will be deployed into other environments with different tradeoffs of privacy, security, reliability, and autonomy from manufacturers. As such, those use cases will need to provide their own applicability statements and will need to address unique privacy and security considerations for the environments in which they are used. The ACP that is bootstrapped by the BRSKI protocol is typically used in medium to large Internet service provider organizations. Equivalent enterprises that have significant Layer 3 router connectivity also will find significant benefit, particularly if the enterprise has many sites. (A network consisting of primarily Layer 2 is not excluded, but the adjacencies that the ACP will create and maintain will not reflect the topology until all devices participate in the ACP.) In the ACP, the Join Proxy is found to be proximal because communication between the pledge and the Join Proxy is exclusively on IPv6 link-local addresses. The proximity of the Join Proxy to the registrar is validated by the registrar using ANI ACP IPv6 ULAs. ULAs are not routable over the Internet, so as long as the Join Proxy is operating correctly, the proximity assertion is satisfied. Other uses of BRSKI will need similar analysis if they use proximity assertions. As specified in the ANIMA charter, this work "focuses on professionally-managed networks." Such a network has an operator and can do things like install, configure, and operate the registrar function. The operator makes purchasing decisions and is aware of what manufacturers it expects to see on its network. Such an operator is also capable of performing bootstrapping of a device using a serial console (craft console). The zero-touch mechanism presented in this and the ACP document represents a significant efficiency: in particular, it reduces the need to put senior experts on airplanes to configure devices in person. As the technology evolves, there is recognition that not every situation may work out, and occasionally a human may still have to visit. Given this, some mechanisms are presented in . The manufacturer MUST provide at least one of the one-touch mechanisms described that permit enrollment to proceed without the availability of any manufacturer server (such as the MASA). The BRSKI protocol is going into environments where there have already been quite a number of vendor proprietary management systems. Those are not expected to go away quickly but rather to leverage the secure credentials that are provisioned by BRSKI. The connectivity requirements of the said management systems are provided by the ACP.
Operational Requirements This section collects operational requirements based upon the three roles involved in BRSKI: the MASA, the (domain) owner, and the device. It should be recognized that the manufacturer may be involved in two roles, as it creates the software/firmware for the device and may also be the operator of the MASA. The requirements in this section are presented using BCP 14 language . These do not represent new normative statements, just a review of a few such things in one place by role. They also apply specifically to the ANIMA ACP use case. Other use cases likely have similar, but MAY have different, requirements.
MASA Operational Requirements The manufacturer MUST arrange for an online service called the MASA to be available. It MUST be available at the URL that is encoded in the IDevID certificate extensions described in . The online service MUST have access to a private key with which to sign voucher artifacts . The public key, certificate, or certificate chain MUST be built into the device as part of the firmware. It is RECOMMENDED that the manufacturer arrange for this signing key (or keys) to be escrowed according to typical software source code escrow practices . The MASA accepts voucher-requests from domain owners according to an operational practice appropriate for the device. This can range from any domain owner (first-come first-served, on a TOFU-like basis), to full sales channel integration where domain owners need to be positively identified by TLS pinned Client Certificates or an HTTP authentication process. The MASA creates signed voucher artifacts according to its internally defined policies. The MASA MUST operate an audit-log for devices that is accessible. The audit-log is designed to be easily cacheable, and the MASA MAY find it useful to put this content on a Content Delivery Network (CDN).
Domain Owner Operational Requirements The domain owner MUST operate an EST server with the extensions described in this document. This is the JRC or registrar. This JRC/EST server MUST announce itself using GRASP within the ACP. This EST server will typically reside with the Network Operations Center for the organization. The domain owner MAY operate an internal CA that is separate from the EST server, or it MAY combine all activities into a single device. The determination of the architecture depends upon the scale and resiliency requirements of the organization. Multiple JRC instances MAY be announced into the ACP from multiple locations to achieve an appropriate level of redundancy. In order to recognize which devices and which manufacturers are welcome on the domain owner's network, the domain owner SHOULD maintain an acceptlist of manufacturers. This MAY extend to integration with purchasing departments to know the serial numbers of devices. The domain owner SHOULD use the resulting overlay ACP network to manage devices, replacing legacy out-of-band mechanisms. The domain owner SHOULD operate one or more EST servers that can be used to renew the domain certificates (LDevIDs), which are deployed to devices. These servers MAY be the same as the JRC or MAY be a distinct set of devices, as appropriate for resiliency. The organization MUST take appropriate precautions against loss of access to the CA private key. Hardware security modules and/or secret splitting are appropriate.
Device Operational Requirements Devices MUST come with built-in trust anchors that permit the device to validate vouchers from the MASA. Devices MUST come with (unique, per-device) IDevID certificates that include their serial numbers and the MASA URL extension. Devices are expected to find Join Proxies using GRASP, and then connect to the JRC using the protocol described in this document. Once a domain owner has been validated with the voucher, devices are expected to enroll into the domain using EST. Devices are then expected to form ACPs using IPsec over IPv6 link-local addresses as described in . Once a device has been enrolled, it SHOULD listen for the address of the JRC using GRASP, and it SHOULD enable itself as a Join Proxy and announce itself on all links/interfaces using GRASP DULL. Devices are expected to renew their certificates before they expire.
Privacy Considerations
MASA Audit-Log The MASA audit-log includes the domainID for each domain a voucher has been issued to. This information is closely related to the actual domain identity. A MASA may need additional defenses against Denial-of-Service attacks (), and this may involve collecting additional (unspecified here) information. This could provide sufficient information for the MASA service to build a detailed understanding of the devices that have been provisioned within a domain. There are a number of design choices that mitigate this risk. The domain can maintain some privacy since it has not necessarily been authenticated and is not authoritatively bound to the supply chain. Additionally, the domainID captures only the unauthenticated subject key identifier of the domain. A privacy-sensitive domain could theoretically generate a new domainID for each device being deployed. Similarly, a privacy-sensitive domain would likely purchase devices that support proximity assertions from a manufacturer that does not require sales channel integrations. This would result in a significant level of privacy while maintaining the security characteristics provided by the registrar-based audit-log inspection.
What BRSKI-EST Reveals During the provisional phase of the BRSKI-EST connection between the pledge and the registrar, each party reveals its certificates to each other. For the pledge, this includes the serialNumber attribute, the MASA URL, and the identity that signed the IDevID certificate. TLS 1.2 reveals the certificate identities to on-path observers, including the Join Proxy. TLS 1.3 reveals the certificate identities only to the end parties, but as the connection is provisional; an on-path attacker (MITM) can see the certificates. This includes not just malicious attackers but also registrars that are visible to the pledge but are not part of the intended domain. The certificate of the registrar is rather arbitrary from the point of view of the BRSKI protocol. As no validations are expected to be done, the contents could be easily pseudonymized. Any device that can see a Join Proxy would be able to connect to the registrar and learn the identity of the network in question. Even if the contents of the certificate are pseudonymized, it would be possible to correlate different connections in different locations that belong to the same entity. This is unlikely to present a significant privacy concern to ANIMA ACP uses of BRSKI, but it may be a concern to other users of BRSKI. The certificate of the pledge could be revealed by a malicious Join Proxy that performed a MITM attack on the provisional TLS connection. Such an attacker would be able to reveal the identity of the pledge to third parties if it chose to do so. Research into a mechanism to do multistep, multiparty authenticated key agreement, incorporating some kind of zero-knowledge proof, would be valuable. Such a mechanism would ideally avoid disclosing identities until the pledge, registrar, and MASA agree to the transaction. Such a mechanism would need to discover the location of the MASA without knowing the identity of the pledge or the identity of the MASA. This part of the problem may be unsolvable.
What BRSKI-MASA Reveals to the Manufacturer With consumer-oriented devices, the "call-home" mechanism in IoT devices raises significant privacy concerns. See and for exemplars. The ACP usage of BRSKI is not targeted at individual usage of IoT devices but rather at the enterprise and ISP creation of networks in a zero-touch fashion where the "call-home" represents a different class of privacy and life-cycle management concerns. It needs to be reiterated that the BRSKI-MASA mechanism only occurs once during the commissioning of the device. It is well defined, and although encrypted with TLS, it could in theory be made auditable as the contents are well defined. This connection does not occur when the device powers on or is restarted for normal routines. (It is conceivable, but remarkably unusual, that a device could be forced to go through a full factory reset during an exceptional firmware update situation, after which enrollment would have to be repeated, and a new connection would occur.) The BRSKI call-home mechanism is mediated via the owner's registrar, and the information that is transmitted is directly auditable by the device owner. This is in stark contrast to many "call-home" protocols where the device autonomously calls home and uses an undocumented protocol. While the contents of the signed part of the pledge voucher-request cannot be changed, they are not encrypted at the registrar. The ability to audit the messages by the owner of the network is a mechanism to defend against exfiltration of data by a nefarious pledge. Both are, to reiterate, encrypted by TLS while in transit. The BRSKI-MASA exchange reveals the following information to the manufacturer:
  • the identity of the device being enrolled. This is revealed by transmission of a signed voucher-request containing the serial-number. The manufacturer can usually link the serial number to a device model.
  • an identity of the domain owner in the form of the domain trust anchor. However, this is not a global PKI-anchored name within the WebPKI, so this identity could be pseudonymous. If there is sales channel integration, then the MASA will have authenticated the domain owner, via either a pinned certificate or perhaps another HTTP authentication method, as per .
  • the time the device is activated.
  • the IP address of the domain owner's registrar. For ISPs and enterprises, the IP address provides very clear geolocation of the owner. No amount of IP address privacy extensions can do anything about this, as a simple whois lookup likely identifies the ISP or enterprise from the upper bits anyway. A passive attacker who observes the connection definitely may conclude that the given enterprise/ISP is a customer of the particular equipment vendor. The precise model that is being enrolled will remain private.
Based upon the above information, the manufacturer is able to track a specific device from pseudonymous domain identity to the next pseudonymous domain identity. If there is sales-channel integration, then the identities are not pseudonymous. The manufacturer knows the IP address of the registrar, but it cannot see the IP address of the device itself. The manufacturer cannot track the device to a detailed physical or network location, only to the location of the registrar. That is likely to be at the enterprise or ISP's headquarters. The above situation is to be distinguished from a residential/individual person who registers a device from a manufacturer. Individuals do not tend to have multiple offices, and their registrar is likely on the same network as the device. A manufacturer that sells switching/routing products to enterprises should hardly be surprised if additional purchases of switching/routing products are made. Deviations from a historical trend or an established baseline would, however, be notable. The situation is not improved by the enterprise/ISP using anonymization services such as Tor , as a TLS 1.2 connection will reveal the ClientCertificate used, clearly identifying the enterprise/ISP involved. TLS 1.3 is better in this regard, but an active attacker can still discover the parties involved by performing a MITM attack on the first attempt (breaking/killing it with a TCP reset (RST)), and then letting subsequent connection pass through. A manufacturer could attempt to mix the BRSKI-MASA traffic in with general traffic on their site by hosting the MASA behind the same (set) of load balancers that the company's normal marketing site is hosted behind. This makes a lot of sense from a straight capacity planning point of view as the same set of services (and the same set of Distributed Denial-of-Service mitigations) may be used. Unfortunately, as the BRSKI-MASA connections include TLS ClientCertificate exchanges, this may easily be observed in TLS 1.2, and a traffic analysis may reveal it even in TLS 1.3. This does not make such a plan irrelevant. There may be other organizational reasons to keep the marketing site (which is often subject to frequent redesigns, outsourcing, etc.) separate from the MASA, which may need to operate reliably for decades.
Manufacturers and Used or Stolen Equipment As explained above, the manufacturer receives information each time a device that is in factory-default mode does a zero-touch bootstrap and attempts to enroll into a domain owner's registrar. The manufacturer is therefore in a position to decline to issue a voucher if it detects that the new owner is not the same as the previous owner.
  1. This can be seen as a feature if the equipment is believed to have been stolen. If the legitimate owner notifies the manufacturer of the theft, then when the new owner brings the device up, if they use the zero-touch mechanism, the new (illegitimate) owner reveals their location and identity.
  2. In the case of used equipment, the initial owner could inform the manufacturer of the sale, or the manufacturer may just permit resales unless told otherwise. In which case, the transfer of ownership simply occurs.
  3. A manufacturer could, however, decide not to issue a new voucher in response to a transfer of ownership. This is essentially the same as the stolen case, with the manufacturer having decided that the sale was not legitimate.
  4. There is a fourth case, if the manufacturer is providing protection against stolen devices. The manufacturer then has a responsibility to protect the legitimate owner against fraudulent claims that the equipment was stolen. In the absence of such manufacturer protection, such a claim would cause the manufacturer to refuse to issue a new voucher. Should the device go through a deep factory reset (for instance, replacement of a damaged main board component), the device would not bootstrap.
  5. Finally, there is a fifth case: the manufacturer has decided to end-of-line the device, or the owner has not paid a yearly support amount, and the manufacturer refuses to issue new vouchers at that point. This last case is not new to the industry: many license systems are already deployed that have a significantly worse effect.
This section has outlined five situations in which a manufacturer could use the voucher system to enforce what are clearly license terms. A manufacturer that attempted to enforce license terms via vouchers would find it rather ineffective as the terms would only be enforced when the device is enrolled, and this is not (to repeat) a daily or even monthly occurrence.
Manufacturers and Grey Market Equipment Manufacturers of devices often sell different products into different regional markets. Which product is available in which market can be driven by price differentials, support issues (some markets may require manuals and tech support to be done in the local language), and government export regulation (such as whether strong crypto is permitted to be exported or permitted to be used in a particular market). When a domain owner obtains a device from a different market (they can be new) and transfers it to a different location, this is called a Grey Market. A manufacturer could decide not to issue a voucher to an enterprise/ISP based upon their location. There are a number of ways that this could be determined: from the geolocation of the registrar, from sales channel knowledge about the customer, and from what products are available or unavailable in that market. If the device has a GPS, the coordinates of the device could even be placed into an extension of the voucher. The above actions are not illegal, and not new. Many manufacturers have shipped crypto-weak (exportable) versions of firmware as the default on equipment for decades. The first task of an enterprise/ISP has always been to login to a manufacturer system, show one's "entitlement" (country information, proof that support payments have been made), and receive either a new updated firmware or a license key that will activate the correct firmware. BRSKI permits the above process to be automated (in an autonomic fashion) and therefore perhaps encourages this kind of differentiation by reducing the cost of doing it. An issue that manufacturers will need to deal with in the above automated process is when a device is shipped to one country with one set of rules (or laws or entitlements), but the domain registry is in another one. Which rules apply is something that will have to be worked out: the manufacturer could believe they are dealing with Grey Market equipment when they are simply dealing with a global enterprise.
Some Mitigations for Meddling by Manufacturers The most obvious mitigation is not to buy the product. Pick manufacturers that are up front about their policies and who do not change them gratuitously. describes some ways in which a manufacturer could provide a mechanism to manage the trust anchors and built-in certificates (IDevID) as an extension. There are a variety of mechanisms, and some may take a substantial amount of work to get exactly correct. These mechanisms do not change the flow of the protocol described here but rather allow the starting trust assumptions to be changed. This is an area for future standardization work. Replacement of the voucher validation anchors (usually pointing to the original manufacturer's MASA) with those of the new owner permits the new owner to issue vouchers to subsequent owners. This would be done by having the selling (old) owner run a MASA. The BRSKI protocol depends upon a trust anchor and an identity on the device. Management of these entities facilitates a few new operational modes without making any changes to the BRSKI protocol. Those modes include: offline modes where the domain owner operates an internal MASA for all devices, resell modes where the first domain owner becomes the MASA for the next (resold-to) domain owner, and services where an aggregator acquires a large variety of devices and then acts as a pseudonymized MASA for a variety of devices from a variety of manufacturers. Although replacement of the IDevID is not required for all modes described above, a manufacturer could support such a thing. Some may wish to consider replacement of the IDevID as an indication that the device's warranty is terminated. For others, the privacy requirements of some deployments might consider this a standard operating practice. As discussed at the end of , new work could be done to use a distributed consensus technology for the audit-log. This would permit the audit-log to continue to be useful, even when there is a chain of MASA due to changes of ownership.
Death of a Manufacturer A common concern has been that a manufacturer could go out of business, leaving owners of devices unable to get new vouchers for existing products. Said products might have been previously deployed but need to be reinitialized, used, or kept in a warehouse as long-term spares. The MASA was named the Manufacturer *Authorized* Signing Authority to emphasize that it need not be the manufacturer itself that performs this. It is anticipated that specialist service providers will come to exist that deal with the creation of vouchers in much the same way that many companies have outsourced email, advertising, and janitorial services. Further, it is expected that as part of any service agreement, the manufacturer would arrange to escrow appropriate private keys such that a MASA service could be provided by a third party. This has routinely been done for source code for decades.
Security Considerations This document details a protocol for bootstrapping that balances operational concerns against security concerns. As detailed in the introduction, and touched on again in , the protocol allows for reduced security modes. These attempt to deliver additional control to the local administrator and owner in cases where less security provides operational benefits. This section goes into more detail about a variety of specific considerations. To facilitate logging and administrative oversight, in addition to triggering registrar verification of MASA logs, the pledge reports on the voucher parsing status to the registrar. In the case of a failure, this information is informative to a potentially malicious registrar. This is mandated anyway because of the operational benefits of an informed administrator in cases where the failure is indicative of a problem. The registrar is RECOMMENDED to verify MASA logs if voucher status telemetry is not received. To facilitate truly limited clients, EST requires that the client MUST support a client authentication model (see ); updates these requirements by stating that the registrar MAY choose to accept devices that fail cryptographic authentication. This reflects current (poor) practices in shipping devices without a cryptographic identity that are NOT RECOMMENDED. During the provisional period of the connection, the pledge MUST treat all HTTP header and content data as untrusted data. HTTP libraries are regularly exposed to non-secured HTTP traffic: mature libraries should not have any problems. Pledges might chose to engage in protocol operations with multiple discovered registrars in parallel. As noted above, they will only do so with distinct nonce values, but the end result could be multiple vouchers issued from the MASA if all registrars attempt to claim the device. This is not a failure, and the pledge chooses whichever voucher to accept based on internal logic. The registrars verifying log information will see multiple entries and take this into account for their analytic purposes.
Denial of Service (DoS) against MASA There are use cases where the MASA could be unavailable or uncooperative to the registrar. They include active DoS attacks, planned and unplanned network partitions, changes to MASA policy, or other instances where MASA policy rejects a claim. These introduce an operational risk to the registrar owner in that MASA behavior might limit the ability to bootstrap a pledge device. For example, this might be an issue during disaster recovery. This risk can be mitigated by registrars that request and maintain long-term copies of "nonceless" vouchers. In that way, they are guaranteed to be able to bootstrap their devices. The issuance of nonceless vouchers themselves creates a security concern. If the registrar of a previous domain can intercept protocol communications, then it can use a previously issued nonceless voucher to establish management control of a pledge device even after having sold it. This risk is mitigated by recording the issuance of such vouchers in the MASA audit-log that is verified by the subsequent registrar and by pledges only bootstrapping when in a factory default state. This reflects a balance between enabling MASA independence during future bootstrapping and the security of bootstrapping itself. Registrar control over requesting and auditing nonceless vouchers allows device owners to choose an appropriate balance. The MASA is exposed to DoS attacks wherein attackers claim an unbounded number of devices. Ensuring a registrar is representative of a valid manufacturer customer, even without validating ownership of specific pledge devices, helps to mitigate this. Pledge signatures on the pledge voucher-request, as forwarded by the registrar in the prior-signed-voucher-request field of the registrar voucher-request, significantly reduce this risk by ensuring the MASA can confirm proximity between the pledge and the registrar making the request. Supply-chain integration ("know your customer") is an additional step that MASA providers and device vendors can explore.
DomainID Must Be Resistant to Second-Preimage Attacks The domainID is used as the reference in the audit-log to the domain. The domainID is expected to be calculated by a hash that is resistant to a second-preimage attack. Such an attack would allow a second registrar to create audit-log entries that are fake.
Availability of Good Random Numbers The nonce used by the pledge in the voucher-request SHOULD be generated by a Strong Cryptographic Sequence (). TLS has a similar requirement. In particular, implementations should pay attention to the advance in ; see Sections and, in particular, . The random seed used by a device at boot MUST be unique across all devices and all bootstraps. Resetting a device to factory default state does not obviate this requirement.
Freshness in Voucher-Requests A concern has been raised that the pledge voucher-request should contain some content (a nonce) provided by the registrar and/or MASA in order for those actors to verify that the pledge voucher-request is fresh. There are a number of operational problems with getting a nonce from the MASA to the pledge. It is somewhat easier to collect a random value from the registrar, but as the registrar is not yet vouched for, such a registrar nonce has little value. There are privacy and logistical challenges to addressing these operational issues, so if such a thing were to be considered, it would have to provide some clear value. This section examines the impacts of not having a fresh pledge voucher-request. Because the registrar authenticates the pledge, a full MITM attack is not possible, despite the provisional TLS authentication by the pledge (see .) Instead, we examine the case of a fake registrar (Rm) that communicates with the pledge in parallel or in close-time proximity with the intended registrar. (This scenario is intentionally supported as described in .) The fake registrar (Rm) can obtain a voucher signed by the MASA either directly or through arbitrary intermediaries. Assuming that the MASA accepts the registrar voucher-request (because either the Rm is collaborating with a legitimate registrar according to supply-chain information or the MASA is in audit-log only mode), then a voucher linking the pledge to the registrar Rm is issued. Such a voucher, when passed back to the pledge, would link the pledge to registrar Rm and permit the pledge to end the provisional state. It now trusts the Rm and, if it has any security vulnerabilities leverageable by an Rm with full administrative control, can be assumed to be a threat against the intended registrar. This flow is mitigated by the intended registrar verifying the audit-logs available from the MASA as described in . The Rm might chose to collect a voucher-request but wait until after the intended registrar completes the authorization process before submitting it. This pledge voucher-request would be "stale" in that it has a nonce that no longer matches the internal state of the pledge. In order to successfully use any resulting voucher, the Rm would need to remove the stale nonce or anticipate the pledge's future nonce state. Reducing the possibility of this is why the pledge is mandated to generate a strong random or pseudo-random number nonce. Additionally, in order to successfully use the resulting voucher, the Rm would have to attack the pledge and return it to a bootstrapping-enabled state. This would require wiping the pledge of current configuration and triggering a rebootstrapping of the pledge. This is no more likely than simply taking control of the pledge directly, but if this is a consideration, it is RECOMMENDED that the target network take the following steps:
  • Ongoing network monitoring for unexpected bootstrapping attempts by pledges.
  • Retrieval and examination of MASA log information upon the occurrence of any such unexpected events. The Rm will be listed in the logs along with nonce information for analysis.
Trusting Manufacturers The BRSKI extensions to EST permit a new pledge to be completely configured with domain-specific trust anchors. The link from built-in manufacturer-provided trust anchors to domain-specific trust anchors is mediated by the signed voucher artifact. If the manufacturer's IDevID signing key is not properly validated, then there is a risk that the network will accept a pledge that should not be a member of the network. As the address of the manufacturer's MASA is provided in the IDevID using the extension from , the malicious pledge will have no problem collaborating with its MASA to produce a completely valid voucher. BRSKI does not, however, fundamentally change the trust model from domain owner to manufacturer. Assuming that the pledge used its IDevID with EST and BRSKI, the domain (registrar) still needs to trust the manufacturer. Establishing this trust between domain and manufacturer is outside the scope of BRSKI. There are a number of mechanisms that can be adopted including:
  • Manually configuring each manufacturer's trust anchor.
  • A TOFU mechanism. A human would be queried upon seeing a manufacturer's trust anchor for the first time, and then the trust anchor would be installed to the trusted store. There are risks with this; even if the key to name mapping is validated using something like the WebPKI, there remains the possibility that the name is a look alike: e.g., dem0.example. vs. demO.example.
  • scanning the trust anchor from a QR code that came with the packaging (this is really a manual TOFU mechanism).
  • some sales integration processing where trust anchors are provided as part of the sales process, probably included in a digital packing "slip", or a sales invoice.
  • consortium membership, where all manufacturers of a particular device category (e.g, a light bulb or a cable modem) are signed by a CA specifically for this. This is done by CableLabs today. It is used for authentication and authorization as part of and .
The existing WebPKI provides a reasonable anchor between manufacturer name and public key. It authenticates the key. It does not provide a reasonable authorization for the manufacturer, so it is not directly usable on its own.
Manufacturer Maintenance of Trust Anchors BRSKI depends upon the manufacturer building in trust anchors to the pledge device. The voucher artifact that is signed by the MASA will be validated by the pledge using that anchor. This implies that the manufacturer needs to maintain access to a signing key that the pledge can validate. The manufacturer will need to maintain the ability to make signatures that can be validated for the lifetime that the device could be onboarded. Whether this onboarding lifetime is less than the device lifetime depends upon how the device is used. An inventory of devices kept in a warehouse as spares might not be onboarded for many decades. There are good cryptographic hygiene reasons why a manufacturer would not want to maintain access to a private key for many decades. A manufacturer in that situation can leverage a long-term CA anchor, built-in to the pledge, and then a certificate chain may be incorporated using the normal CMS certificate set. This may increase the size of the voucher artifacts, but that is not a significant issue in non-constrained environments. There are a few other operational variations that manufacturers could consider. For instance, there is no reason that every device need have the same set of trust anchors preinstalled. Devices built in different factories, or on different days, or in any other consideration, could have different trust anchors built in, and the record of which batch the device is in would be recorded in the asset database. The manufacturer would then know which anchor to sign an artifact against. Aside from the concern about long-term access to private keys, a major limiting factor for the shelf life of many devices will be the age of the cryptographic algorithms included. A device produced in 2019 will have hardware and software capable of validating algorithms common in 2019 and will have no defense against attacks (both quantum and von Neumann brute-force attacks) that have not yet been invented. This concern is orthogonal to the concern about access to private keys, but this concern likely dominates and limits the life span of a device in a warehouse. If any update to the firmware to support new cryptographic mechanisms were possible (while the device was in a warehouse), updates to trust anchors would also be done at the same time. The set of standard operating procedures for maintaining high-value private keys is well documented. For instance, the WebPKI provides a number of options for audits in , and the DNSSEC root operations are well documented in . It is not clear if manufacturers will take this level of precaution, or how strong the economic incentives are to maintain an appropriate level of security. The next section examines the risk due to a compromised manufacturer IDevID signing key. This is followed by examination of the risk due to a compromised MASA key. The third section below examines the situation where a MASA web server itself is under attacker control, but the MASA signing key itself is safe in a not-directly connected hardware module.
Compromise of Manufacturer IDevID Signing Keys An attacker that has access to the key that the manufacturer uses to sign IDevID certificates can create counterfeit devices. Such devices can claim to be from a particular manufacturer but can be entirely different devices: Trojan horses in effect. As the attacker controls the MASA URL in the certificate, the registrar can be convinced to talk to the attacker's MASA. The registrar does not need to be in any kind of promiscuous mode to be vulnerable. In addition to creating fake devices, the attacker may also be able to issue revocations for existing certificates if the IDevID certificate process relies upon CRL lists that are distributed. There does not otherwise seem to be any risk from this compromise to devices that are already deployed or that are sitting locally in boxes waiting for deployment (local spares). The issue is that operators will be unable to trust devices that have been in an uncontrolled warehouse as they do not know if those are real devices.
Compromise of MASA Signing Keys There are two periods of time in which to consider: when the MASA key has fallen into the hands of an attacker and after the MASA recognizes that the key has been compromised.
Attacker Opportunities with a Compromised MASA Key An attacker that has access to the MASA signing key could create vouchers. These vouchers could be for existing deployed devices or for devices that are still in a warehouse. In order to exploit these vouchers, two things need to occur: the device has to go through a factory default boot cycle, and the registrar has to be convinced to contact the attacker's MASA. If the attacker controls a registrar that is visible to the device, then there is no difficulty in delivery of the false voucher. A possible practical example of an attack like this would be in a data center, at an ISP peering point (whether a public IX or a private peering point). In such a situation, there are already cables attached to the equipment that lead to other devices (the peers at the IX), and through those links, the false voucher could be delivered. The difficult part would be to put the device through a factory reset. This might be accomplished through social engineering of data center staff. Most locked cages have ventilation holes, and possibly a long "paperclip" could reach through to depress a factory reset button. Once such a piece of ISP equipment has been compromised, it could be used to compromise equipment that it was connected to (through long haul links even), assuming that those pieces of equipment could also be forced through a factory reset. The above scenario seems rather unlikely as it requires some element of physical access; but if there was a remote exploit that did not cause a direct breach, but rather a fault that resulted in a factory reset, this could provide a reasonable path. The above deals with ANI uses of BRSKI. For cases where IEEE 802.11 or 802.15.4 is involved, the need to connect directly to the device is eliminated, but the need to do a factory reset is not. Physical possession of the device is not required as above, provided that there is some way to force a factory reset. With some consumer devices that have low overall implementation quality, end users might be familiar with the need to reset the device regularly. The authors are unable to come up with an attack scenario where a compromised voucher signature enables an attacker to introduce a compromised pledge into an existing operator's network. This is the case because the operator controls the communication between registrar and MASA, and there is no opportunity to introduce the fake voucher through that conduit.
Risks after Key Compromise is Known Once the operator of the MASA realizes that the voucher signing key has been compromised, it has to do a few things. First, it MUST issue a firmware update to all devices that had that key as a trust anchor, such that they will no longer trust vouchers from that key. This will affect devices in the field that are operating, but those devices, being in operation, are not performing onboarding operations, so this is not a critical patch. Devices in boxes (in warehouses) are vulnerable and remain vulnerable until patched. An operator would be prudent to unbox the devices, onboard them in a safe environment, and then perform firmware updates. This does not have to be done by the end-operator; it could be done by a distributor that stores the spares. A recommended practice for high-value devices (which typically have a <4hr service window) may be to validate the device operation on a regular basis anyway. If the onboarding process includes attestations about firmware versions, then through that process, the operator would be advised to upgrade the firmware before going into production. Unfortunately, this does not help against situations where the attacker operates their own registrar (as listed above). The need for short-lived vouchers is explained in . The nonce guarantees freshness, and the short-lived nature of the voucher means that the window to deliver a fake voucher is very short. A nonceless, long-lived voucher would be the only option for the attacker, and devices in the warehouse would be vulnerable to such a thing. A key operational recommendation is for manufacturers to sign nonceless, long-lived vouchers with a different key than what is used to sign short-lived vouchers. That key needs significantly better protection. If both keys come from a common trust-anchor (the manufacturer's CA), then a compromise of the manufacturer's CA would compromise both keys. Such a compromise of the manufacturer's CA likely compromises all keys outlined in this section.
Compromise of MASA Web Service An attacker that takes over the MASA web service can inflict a number of attacks. The most obvious one is simply to take the database listing of customers and devices and sell the data to other attackers who will now know where to find potentially vulnerable devices. The second most obvious thing that the attacker can do is to kill the service, or make it operate unreliably, making customers frustrated. This could have a serious effect on the ability to deploy new services by customers and would be a significant issue during disaster recovery. While the compromise of the MASA web service may lead to the compromise of the MASA voucher signing key, if the signing occurs offboard (such as in a hardware signing module (HSM)), then the key may well be safe, but control over it resides with the attacker. Such an attacker can issue vouchers for any device presently in service. Said device still needs to be convinced to go through a factory reset process before an attack. If the attacker has access to a key that is trusted for long-lived nonceless vouchers, then they could issue vouchers for devices that are not yet in service. This attack may be very hard to verify as it would involve doing firmware updates on every device in warehouses (a potentially ruinously expensive process); a manufacturer might be reluctant to admit this possibility.
YANG Module Security Considerations As described in Section (Security Considerations) of , the YANG module specified in this document defines the schema for data that is subsequently encapsulated by a CMS signed-data content type, as described in . As such, all of the YANG-modeled data is protected from modification. The use of YANG to define data structures, via the "yang-data" statement, is relatively new and distinct from the traditional use of YANG to define an API accessed by network management protocols such as NETCONF and RESTCONF . For this reason, these guidelines do not follow the template described by .
References Normative References IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks - Secure Device Identity IEEE IEEE 802.1AR Information Technology - ASN.1 encoding rules: Specification of Basic Encoding Rules (BER), Canonical Encoding Rules (CER) and Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER) ITU-T ITU-T Recommendation X.690 ISO/IEC 8825-1:2015 Architectural Styles and the Design of Network-based Software Architectures University of California, Irvine Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels In many standards track documents several words are used to signify the requirements in the specification. These words are often capitalized. This document defines these words as they should be interpreted in IETF documents. This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the Internet Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. Date and Time on the Internet: Timestamps This document defines a date and time format for use in Internet protocols that is a profile of the ISO 8601 standard for representation of dates and times using the Gregorian calendar. The IETF XML Registry This document describes an IANA maintained registry for IETF standards which use Extensible Markup Language (XML) related items such as Namespaces, Document Type Declarations (DTDs), Schemas, and Resource Description Framework (RDF) Schemas. Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) This document defines the Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP), an authentication framework which supports multiple authentication methods. EAP typically runs directly over data link layers such as Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) or IEEE 802, without requiring IP. EAP provides its own support for duplicate elimination and retransmission, but is reliant on lower layer ordering guarantees. Fragmentation is not supported within EAP itself; however, individual EAP methods may support this. This document obsoletes RFC 2284. A summary of the changes between this document and RFC 2284 is available in Appendix A. [STANDARDS-TRACK] Dynamic Configuration of IPv4 Link-Local Addresses To participate in wide-area IP networking, a host needs to be configured with IP addresses for its interfaces, either manually by the user or automatically from a source on the network such as a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server. Unfortunately, such address configuration information may not always be available. It is therefore beneficial for a host to be able to depend on a useful subset of IP networking functions even when no address configuration is available. This document describes how a host may automatically configure an interface with an IPv4 address within the 169.254/16 prefix that is valid for communication with other devices connected to the same physical (or logical) link. IPv4 Link-Local addresses are not suitable for communication with devices not directly connected to the same physical (or logical) link, and are only used where stable, routable addresses are not available (such as on ad hoc or isolated networks). This document does not recommend that IPv4 Link-Local addresses and routable addresses be configured simultaneously on the same interface. [STANDARDS-TRACK] Randomness Requirements for Security Security systems are built on strong cryptographic algorithms that foil pattern analysis attempts. However, the security of these systems is dependent on generating secret quantities for passwords, cryptographic keys, and similar quantities. The use of pseudo-random processes to generate secret quantities can result in pseudo-security. A sophisticated attacker may find it easier to reproduce the environment that produced the secret quantities and to search the resulting small set of possibilities than to locate the quantities in the whole of the potential number space. Choosing random quantities to foil a resourceful and motivated adversary is surprisingly difficult. This document points out many pitfalls in using poor entropy sources or traditional pseudo-random number generation techniques for generating such quantities. It recommends the use of truly random hardware techniques and shows that the existing hardware on many systems can be used for this purpose. It provides suggestions to ameliorate the problem when a hardware solution is not available, and it gives examples of how large such quantities need to be for some applications. This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the Internet Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP): Schema for User Applications This document is an integral part of the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) technical specification. It provides a technical specification of attribute types and object classes intended for use by LDAP directory clients for many directory services, such as White Pages. These objects are widely used as a basis for the schema in many LDAP directories. This document does not cover attributes used for the administration of directory servers, nor does it include directory objects defined for specific uses in other documents. [STANDARDS-TRACK] The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings This document describes the commonly used base 64, base 32, and base 16 encoding schemes. It also discusses the use of line-feeds in encoded data, use of padding in encoded data, use of non-alphabet characters in encoded data, use of different encoding alphabets, and canonical encodings. [STANDARDS-TRACK] IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration This document specifies the steps a host takes in deciding how to autoconfigure its interfaces in IP version 6. The autoconfiguration process includes generating a link-local address, generating global addresses via stateless address autoconfiguration, and the Duplicate Address Detection procedure to verify the uniqueness of the addresses on a link. [STANDARDS-TRACK] Certificate Management over CMS (CMC) This document defines the base syntax for CMC, a Certificate Management protocol using the Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS). This protocol addresses two immediate needs within the Internet Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) community: 1. The need for an interface to public key certification products and services based on CMS and PKCS #10 (Public Key Cryptography Standard), and 2. The need for a PKI enrollment protocol for encryption only keys due to algorithm or hardware design. CMC also requires the use of the transport document and the requirements usage document along with this document for a full definition. [STANDARDS-TRACK] Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile This memo profiles the X.509 v3 certificate and X.509 v2 certificate revocation list (CRL) for use in the Internet. An overview of this approach and model is provided as an introduction. The X.509 v3 certificate format is described in detail, with additional information regarding the format and semantics of Internet name forms. Standard certificate extensions are described and two Internet-specific extensions are defined. A set of required certificate extensions is specified. The X.509 v2 CRL format is described in detail along with standard and Internet-specific extensions. An algorithm for X.509 certification path validation is described. An ASN.1 module and examples are provided in the appendices. [STANDARDS-TRACK] Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) This document describes the Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS). This syntax is used to digitally sign, digest, authenticate, or encrypt arbitrary message content. [STANDARDS-TRACK] YANG - A Data Modeling Language for the Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF) YANG is a data modeling language used to model configuration and state data manipulated by the Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF), NETCONF remote procedure calls, and NETCONF notifications. [STANDARDS-TRACK] Representation and Verification of Domain-Based Application Service Identity within Internet Public Key Infrastructure Using X.509 (PKIX) Certificates in the Context of Transport Layer Security (TLS) Many application technologies enable secure communication between two entities by means of Internet Public Key Infrastructure Using X.509 (PKIX) certificates in the context of Transport Layer Security (TLS). This document specifies procedures for representing and verifying the identity of application services in such interactions. [STANDARDS-TRACK] Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF) The Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF) defined in this document provides mechanisms to install, manipulate, and delete the configuration of network devices. It uses an Extensible Markup Language (XML)-based data encoding for the configuration data as well as the protocol messages. The NETCONF protocol operations are realized as remote procedure calls (RPCs). This document obsoletes RFC 4741. [STANDARDS-TRACK] Multicast DNS As networked devices become smaller, more portable, and more ubiquitous, the ability to operate with less configured infrastructure is increasingly important. In particular, the ability to look up DNS resource record data types (including, but not limited to, host names) in the absence of a conventional managed DNS server is useful. Multicast DNS (mDNS) provides the ability to perform DNS-like operations on the local link in the absence of any conventional Unicast DNS server. In addition, Multicast DNS designates a portion of the DNS namespace to be free for local use, without the need to pay any annual fee, and without the need to set up delegations or otherwise configure a conventional DNS server to answer for those names. The primary benefits of Multicast DNS names are that (i) they require little or no administration or configuration to set them up, (ii) they work when no infrastructure is present, and (iii) they work during infrastructure failures. DNS-Based Service Discovery This document specifies how DNS resource records are named and structured to facilitate service discovery. Given a type of service that a client is looking for, and a domain in which the client is looking for that service, this mechanism allows clients to discover a list of named instances of that desired service, using standard DNS queries. This mechanism is referred to as DNS-based Service Discovery, or DNS-SD. Enrollment over Secure Transport This document profiles certificate enrollment for clients using Certificate Management over CMS (CMC) messages over a secure transport. This profile, called Enrollment over Secure Transport (EST), describes a simple, yet functional, certificate management protocol targeting Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) clients that need to acquire client certificates and associated Certification Authority (CA) certificates. It also supports client-generated public/private key pairs as well as key pairs generated by the CA. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Message Syntax and Routing The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a stateless application-level protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypertext information systems. This document provides an overview of HTTP architecture and its associated terminology, defines the "http" and "https" Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) schemes, defines the HTTP/1.1 message syntax and parsing requirements, and describes related security concerns for implementations. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Semantics and Content The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a stateless \%application- level protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypertext information systems. This document defines the semantics of HTTP/1.1 messages, as expressed by request methods, request header fields, response status codes, and response header fields, along with the payload of messages (metadata and body content) and mechanisms for content negotiation. Public Key Pinning Extension for HTTP This document defines a new HTTP header that allows web host operators to instruct user agents to remember ("pin") the hosts' cryptographic identities over a period of time. During that time, user agents (UAs) will require that the host presents a certificate chain including at least one Subject Public Key Info structure whose fingerprint matches one of the pinned fingerprints for that host. By effectively reducing the number of trusted authorities who can authenticate the domain during the lifetime of the pin, pinning may reduce the incidence of man-in-the-middle attacks due to compromised Certification Authorities. The YANG 1.1 Data Modeling Language YANG is a data modeling language used to model configuration data, state data, Remote Procedure Calls, and notifications for network management protocols. This document describes the syntax and semantics of version 1.1 of the YANG language. YANG version 1.1 is a maintenance release of the YANG language, addressing ambiguities and defects in the original specification. There are a small number of backward incompatibilities from YANG version 1. This document also specifies the YANG mappings to the Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF). JSON Encoding of Data Modeled with YANG This document defines encoding rules for representing configuration data, state data, parameters of Remote Procedure Call (RPC) operations or actions, and notifications defined using YANG as JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) text. RESTCONF Protocol This document describes an HTTP-based protocol that provides a programmatic interface for accessing data defined in YANG, using the datastore concepts defined in the Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF). Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words RFC 2119 specifies common key words that may be used in protocol specifications. This document aims to reduce the ambiguity by clarifying that only UPPERCASE usage of the key words have the defined special meanings. The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data Interchange Format JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) is a lightweight, text-based, language-independent data interchange format. It was derived from the ECMAScript Programming Language Standard. JSON defines a small set of formatting rules for the portable representation of structured data. This document removes inconsistencies with other specifications of JSON, repairs specification errors, and offers experience-based interoperability guidance. A Voucher Artifact for Bootstrapping Protocols This document defines a strategy to securely assign a pledge to an owner using an artifact signed, directly or indirectly, by the pledge's manufacturer. This artifact is known as a "voucher". This document defines an artifact format as a YANG-defined JSON document that has been signed using a Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) structure. Other YANG-derived formats are possible. The voucher artifact is normally generated by the pledge's manufacturer (i.e., the Manufacturer Authorized Signing Authority (MASA)). This document only defines the voucher artifact, leaving it to other documents to describe specialized protocols for accessing it. Using an Autonomic Control Plane for Stable Connectivity of Network Operations, Administration, and Maintenance (OAM) Operations, Administration, and Maintenance (OAM), as per BCP 161, for data networks is often subject to the problem of circular dependencies when relying on connectivity provided by the network to be managed for the OAM purposes. Provisioning while bringing up devices and networks tends to be more difficult to automate than service provisioning later on. Changes in core network functions impacting reachability cannot be automated because of ongoing connectivity requirements for the OAM equipment itself, and widely used OAM protocols are not secure enough to be carried across the network without security concerns. This document describes how to integrate OAM processes with an autonomic control plane in order to provide stable and secure connectivity for those OAM processes. This connectivity is not subject to the aforementioned circular dependencies. Guidelines for Authors and Reviewers of Documents Containing YANG Data Models This memo provides guidelines for authors and reviewers of specifications containing YANG modules. Recommendations and procedures are defined, which are intended to increase interoperability and usability of Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF) and RESTCONF protocol implementations that utilize YANG modules. This document obsoletes RFC 6087. The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.3 This document specifies version 1.3 of the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol. TLS allows client/server applications to communicate over the Internet in a way that is designed to prevent eavesdropping, tampering, and message forgery. This document updates RFCs 5705 and 6066, and obsoletes RFCs 5077, 5246, and 6961. This document also specifies new requirements for TLS 1.2 implementations. Concise Data Definition Language (CDDL): A Notational Convention to Express Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) and JSON Data Structures This document proposes a notational convention to express Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) data structures (RFC 7049). Its main goal is to provide an easy and unambiguous way to express structures for protocol messages and data formats that use CBOR or JSON. Clarification of Enrollment over Secure Transport (EST): Transfer Encodings and ASN.1 This document updates RFC 7030: Enrollment over Secure Transport to resolve some errata that were reported and that have proven to cause interoperability issues when RFC 7030 was extended. This document deprecates the specification of "Content-Transfer-Encoding" headers for Enrollment over Secure Transport (EST) endpoints. This document fixes some syntactical errors in ASN.1 that were present. Temporary Address Extensions for Stateless Address Autoconfiguration in IPv6 This document describes an extension to IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration that causes hosts to generate temporary addresses with randomized interface identifiers for each prefix advertised with autoconfiguration enabled. Changing addresses over time limits the window of time during which eavesdroppers and other information collectors may trivially perform address-based network-activity correlation when the same address is employed for multiple transactions by the same host. Additionally, it reduces the window of exposure of a host as being accessible via an address that becomes revealed as a result of active communication. This document obsoletes RFC 4941. GeneRic Autonomic Signaling Protocol (GRASP) An Autonomic Control Plane (ACP) Informative References EST over secure CoAP (EST-coaps) Consultant Cisco Systems Sandelman Software Works RISE SICS Work in Progress Constrained Voucher Artifacts for Bootstrapping Protocols Sandelman Software Works vanderstok consultancy Cisco Systems IoTconsultancy.nl Work in Progress Considerations for stateful vs stateless join router in ANIMA bootstrap Sandelman Software Works This document explores a number of issues affecting the decision to use a stateful or stateless forwarding mechanism by the join router (aka join assistant) during the bootstrap process for ANIMA. Work in Progress brewski Urban Dictionary Information for Auditors and Assessors CA/Browser Forum Tor: The Second-Generation Onion Router DNSSEC Practice Statement for the Root Zone ZSK Operator CableLabs Digital Certificate Issuance Service Imprinting (psychology) Wikipedia IoT of toys stranger than fiction: Cybersecurity and data privacy update ESET What is it actually like to live in a house filled with IoT devices? Silicon Republic Minerva reference implementation for BRSKI ANIMA Minerva toolkit OpenSSL X509 Utility OpenSSL Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) provides a framework for passing configuration information to hosts on a TCPIP network. DHCP is based on the Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP), adding the capability of automatic allocation of reusable network addresses and additional configuration options. [STANDARDS-TRACK] IP Network Address Translator (NAT) Terminology and Considerations This document attempts to describe the operation of NAT devices and the associated considerations in general, and to define the terminology used to identify various flavors of NAT. This memo provides information for the Internet community. Network Endpoint Assessment (NEA): Overview and Requirements This document defines the problem statement, scope, and protocol requirements between the components of the NEA (Network Endpoint Assessment) reference model. NEA provides owners of networks (e.g., an enterprise offering remote access) a mechanism to evaluate the posture of a system. This may take place during the request for network access and/or subsequently at any time while connected to the network. The learned posture information can then be applied to a variety of compliance-oriented decisions. The posture information is frequently useful for detecting systems that are lacking or have out-of-date security protection mechanisms such as: anti-virus and host-based firewall software. In order to provide context for the requirements, a reference model and terminology are introduced. This memo provides information for the Internet community. X.509 Internet Public Key Infrastructure Online Certificate Status Protocol - OCSP This document specifies a protocol useful in determining the current status of a digital certificate without requiring Certificate Revocation Lists (CRLs). Additional mechanisms addressing PKIX operational requirements are specified in separate documents. This document obsoletes RFCs 2560 and 6277. It also updates RFC 5912. The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Multiple Certificate Status Request Extension This document defines the Transport Layer Security (TLS) Certificate Status Version 2 Extension to allow clients to specify and support several certificate status methods. (The use of the Certificate Status extension is commonly referred to as "OCSP stapling".) Also defined is a new method based on the Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP) that servers can use to provide status information about not only the server's own certificate but also the status of intermediate certificates in the chain. Terminology for Constrained-Node Networks The Internet Protocol Suite is increasingly used on small devices with severe constraints on power, memory, and processing resources, creating constrained-node networks. This document provides a number of basic terms that have been useful in the standardization work for constrained-node networks. Pervasive Monitoring Is an Attack Pervasive monitoring is a technical attack that should be mitigated in the design of IETF protocols, where possible. Opportunistic Security: Some Protection Most of the Time This document defines the concept "Opportunistic Security" in the context of communications protocols. Protocol designs based on Opportunistic Security use encryption even when authentication is not available, and use authentication when possible, thereby removing barriers to the widespread use of encryption on the Internet. Autonomic Networking: Definitions and Design Goals Autonomic systems were first described in 2001. The fundamental goal is self-management, including self-configuration, self-optimization, self-healing, and self-protection. This is achieved by an autonomic function having minimal dependencies on human administrators or centralized management systems. It usually implies distribution across network elements. This document defines common language and outlines design goals (and what are not design goals) for autonomic functions. A high-level reference model illustrates how functional elements in an Autonomic Network interact. This document is a product of the IRTF's Network Management Research Group. Guidelines for Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs Many protocols make use of points of extensibility that use constants to identify various protocol parameters. To ensure that the values in these fields do not have conflicting uses and to promote interoperability, their allocations are often coordinated by a central record keeper. For IETF protocols, that role is filled by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). To make assignments in a given registry prudently, guidance describing the conditions under which new values should be assigned, as well as when and how modifications to existing values can be made, is needed. This document defines a framework for the documentation of these guidelines by specification authors, in order to assure that the provided guidance for the IANA Considerations is clear and addresses the various issues that are likely in the operation of a registry. This is the third edition of this document; it obsoletes RFC 5226. YANG Tree Diagrams This document captures the current syntax used in YANG module tree diagrams. The purpose of this document is to provide a single location for this definition. This syntax may be updated from time to time based on the evolution of the YANG language. Well-Known Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) This memo defines a path prefix for "well-known locations", "/.well-known/", in selected Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) schemes. In doing so, it obsoletes RFC 5785 and updates the URI schemes defined in RFC 7230 to reserve that space. It also updates RFC 7595 to track URI schemes that support well-known URIs in their registry. A Reference Model for Autonomic Networking Slowloris (computer security) Wikipedia Source code escrow Wikipedia The Resurrecting Duckling: Security Issues for Ad-hoc Wireless Networks CPE WAN Management Protocol Broadband Forum TR-069, Issue 1, Amendment 6 Good Practices for Capability URLs W3C First Public Working Draft A YANG Data Model for a Keystore Watsen Networks This document defines a YANG module called "ietf-keystore" that enables centralized configuration of both symmetric and asymmetric keys. The secret value for both key types may be encrypted or hidden. Asymmetric keys may be associated with certificates. Notifications are sent when certificates are about to expire. Editorial Note (To be removed by RFC Editor) This draft contains placeholder values that need to be replaced with finalized values at the time of publication. This note summarizes all of the substitutions that are needed. No other RFC Editor instructions are specified elsewhere in this document. Artwork in this document contains shorthand references to drafts in progress. Please apply the following replacements: * "AAAA" --> the assigned RFC value for draft-ietf-netconf-crypto- types * "CCCC" --> the assigned RFC value for this draft Artwork in this document contains placeholder values for the date of publication of this draft. Please apply the following replacement: * "2021-05-18" --> the publication date of this draft The following Appendix section is to be removed prior to publication: * Appendix A. Change Log Work in Progress
IPv4 and Non-ANI Operations The specification of BRSKI in intentionally covers only the mechanisms for an IPv6 pledge using link-local addresses. This section describes non-normative extensions that can be used in other environments.
IPv4 Link-Local Addresses Instead of an IPv6 link-local address, an IPv4 address may be generated using "Dynamic Configuration of IPv4 Link-Local Addresses" . In the case where an IPv4 link-local address is formed, the bootstrap process would continue, as in an IPv6 case, by looking for a (circuit) proxy.
Use of DHCPv4 The pledge MAY obtain an IP address via DHCP (. The DHCP-provided parameters for the Domain Name System can be used to perform DNS operations if all local discovery attempts fail.
mDNS / DNS-SD Proxy Discovery Options Pledge discovery of the proxy () MAY be performed with DNS-based Service Discovery over Multicast DNS to discover the proxy at "_brski-proxy._tcp.local.". Proxy discovery of the registrar () MAY be performed with DNS-based Service Discovery over Multicast DNS to discover registrars by searching for the service "_brski-registrar._tcp.local.". To prevent unacceptable levels of network traffic, when using mDNS, the congestion avoidance mechanisms specified in MUST be followed. The pledge SHOULD listen for an unsolicited broadcast response as described in . This allows devices to avoid announcing their presence via mDNS broadcasts and instead silently join a network by watching for periodic unsolicited broadcast responses. Discovery of the registrar MAY also be performed with DNS-based Service Discovery by searching for the service "_brski-registrar._tcp.example.com". In this case, the domain "example.com" is discovered as described in ( of this document suggests the use of DHCP parameters). If no local proxy or registrar service is located using the GRASP mechanisms or the above-mentioned DNS-based Service Discovery methods, the pledge MAY contact a well-known manufacturer-provided bootstrapping server by performing a DNS lookup using a well-known URI such as "brski-registrar.manufacturer.example.com". The details of the URI are manufacturer specific. Manufacturers that leverage this method on the pledge are responsible for providing the registrar service. Also see . The current DNS services returned during each query are maintained until bootstrapping is completed. If bootstrapping fails and the pledge returns to the Discovery state, it picks up where it left off and continues attempting bootstrapping. For example, if the first Multicast DNS _bootstrapks._tcp.local response doesn't work, then the second and third responses are tried. If these fail, the pledge moves on to normal DNS-based Service Discovery.
Example Vouchers Three entities are involved in a voucher: the MASA issues (signs) it, the registrar's public key is mentioned in it, and the pledge validates it. In order to provide reproducible examples, the public and private keys for an example MASA and registrar are listed first. The keys come from an open source reference implementation of BRSKI, called "Minerva" . It is available on GitHub . The keys presented here are used in the unit and integration tests. The MASA code is called "highway", the registrar code is called "fountain", and the example client is called "reach". The public key components of each are presented as base64 certificates and are decoded by openssl's x509 utility so that the extensions can be seen. This was version 1.1.1c of the library and utility of .
Keys Involved The manufacturer has a CA that signs the pledge's IDevID. In addition, the Manufacturer's signing authority (the MASA) signs the vouchers, and that certificate must distributed to the devices at manufacturing time so that vouchers can be validated.
Manufacturer Certification Authority for IDevID Signatures This private key is the CA that signs IDevID certificates: -----BEGIN EC PRIVATE KEY----- MIGkAgEBBDCAYkoLW1IEA5SKKhMMdkTK7sJxk5ybKqYq9Yr5aR7tNwqXyLGS7z8G 8S4w/UJ58BqgBwYFK4EEACKhZANiAAQu5/yktJbFLjMC87h7b+yTreFuF8GwewKH L4mS0r0dVAQubqDUQcTrjvpXrXCpTojiLCzgp8fzkcUDkZ9LD/M90LDipiLNIOkP juF8QkoAbT8pMrY83MS8y76wZ7AalNQ= -----END EC PRIVATE KEY----- This public key validates IDevID certificates: file: examples/vendor.key Certificate: Data: Version: 3 (0x2) Serial Number: 1216069925 (0x487bc125) Signature Algorithm: ecdsa-with-SHA256 Issuer: CN = highway-test.example.com CA Validity Not Before: Apr 13 20:34:24 2021 GMT Not After : Apr 13 20:34:24 2023 GMT Subject: CN = highway-test.example.com CA Subject Public Key Info: Public Key Algorithm: id-ecPublicKey Public-Key: (384 bit) pub: 04:2e:e7:fc:a4:b4:96:c5:2e:33:02:f3:b8:7b:6f: ec:93:ad:e1:6e:17:c1:b0:7b:02:87:2f:89:92:d2: bd:1d:54:04:2e:6e:a0:d4:41:c4:eb:8e:fa:57:ad: 70:a9:4e:88:e2:2c:2c:e0:a7:c7:f3:91:c5:03:91: 9f:4b:0f:f3:3d:d0:b0:e2:a6:22:cd:20:e9:0f:8e: e1:7c:42:4a:00:6d:3f:29:32:b6:3c:dc:c4:bc:cb: be:b0:67:b0:1a:94:d4 ASN1 OID: secp384r1 NIST CURVE: P-384 X509v3 extensions: X509v3 Basic Constraints: critical CA:TRUE X509v3 Key Usage: critical Certificate Sign, CRL Sign X509v3 Subject Key Identifier: 5E:0C:A9:52:5A:8C:DF:A9:0F:03:14:E9:96:F1:80:76: 8C:53:8A:08 X509v3 Authority Key Identifier: keyid:5E:0C:A9:52:5A:8C:DF:A9:0F:03:14:E9:96:F1: 80:76:8C:53:8A:08 Signature Algorithm: ecdsa-with-SHA256 30:64:02:30:60:37:a0:66:89:80:27:e1:0d:e5:43:9a:62:f1: 02:bc:0f:72:6d:a9:e9:cb:84:a5:c6:44:d3:41:9e:5d:ce:7d: 46:16:6e:15:de:f7:cc:e8:3e:61:f9:03:7c:20:c4:b7:02:30: 7f:e9:f3:12:bb:06:c6:24:00:2b:41:aa:21:6b:d8:25:ed:81: 07:11:ef:66:8f:06:bf:c8:be:f0:58:74:24:45:39:4d:04:fc: 31:69:6f:cf:db:fe:61:7b:c3:24:31:ff -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- MIIB3TCCAWSgAwIBAgIESHvBJTAKBggqhkjOPQQDAjAmMSQwIgYDVQQDDBtoaWdo d2F5LXRlc3QuZXhhbXBsZS5jb20gQ0EwHhcNMjEwNDEzMjAzNDI0WhcNMjMwNDEz MjAzNDI0WjAmMSQwIgYDVQQDDBtoaWdod2F5LXRlc3QuZXhhbXBsZS5jb20gQ0Ew djAQBgcqhkjOPQIBBgUrgQQAIgNiAAQu5/yktJbFLjMC87h7b+yTreFuF8GwewKH L4mS0r0dVAQubqDUQcTrjvpXrXCpTojiLCzgp8fzkcUDkZ9LD/M90LDipiLNIOkP juF8QkoAbT8pMrY83MS8y76wZ7AalNSjYzBhMA8GA1UdEwEB/wQFMAMBAf8wDgYD VR0PAQH/BAQDAgEGMB0GA1UdDgQWBBReDKlSWozfqQ8DFOmW8YB2jFOKCDAfBgNV HSMEGDAWgBReDKlSWozfqQ8DFOmW8YB2jFOKCDAKBggqhkjOPQQDAgNnADBkAjBg N6BmiYAn4Q3lQ5pi8QK8D3JtqenLhKXGRNNBnl3OfUYWbhXe98zoPmH5A3wgxLcC MH/p8xK7BsYkACtBqiFr2CXtgQcR72aPBr/IvvBYdCRFOU0E/DFpb8/b/mF7wyQx /w== -----END CERTIFICATE-----
MASA Key Pair for Voucher Signatures The MASA is the Manufacturer Authorized Signing Authority. This key pair signs vouchers. An example TLS certificate (see ) HTTP authentication is not provided as it is a common form. This private key signs the vouchers that are presented below: -----BEGIN EC PRIVATE KEY----- MHcCAQEEIFhdd0eDdzip67kXx72K+KHGJQYJHNy8pkiLJ6CcvxMGoAoGCCqGSM49 AwEHoUQDQgAEqgQVo0S54kT4yfkbBxumdHOcHrpsqbOpMKmiMln3oB1HAW25MJV+ gqi4tMFfSJ0iEwt8kszfWXK4rLgJS2mnpQ== -----END EC PRIVATE KEY----- This public key validates vouchers, and it has been signed by the CA above: file: examples/masa.key Certificate: Data: Version: 3 (0x2) Serial Number: 193399345 (0xb870a31) Signature Algorithm: ecdsa-with-SHA256 Issuer: CN = highway-test.example.com CA Validity Not Before: Apr 13 21:40:16 2021 GMT Not After : Apr 13 21:40:16 2023 GMT Subject: CN = highway-test.example.com MASA Subject Public Key Info: Public Key Algorithm: id-ecPublicKey Public-Key: (256 bit) pub: 04:aa:04:15:a3:44:b9:e2:44:f8:c9:f9:1b:07:1b: a6:74:73:9c:1e:ba:6c:a9:b3:a9:30:a9:a2:32:59: f7:a0:1d:47:01:6d:b9:30:95:7e:82:a8:b8:b4:c1: 5f:48:9d:22:13:0b:7c:92:cc:df:59:72:b8:ac:b8: 09:4b:69:a7:a5 ASN1 OID: prime256v1 NIST CURVE: P-256 X509v3 extensions: X509v3 Basic Constraints: critical CA:FALSE Signature Algorithm: ecdsa-with-SHA256 30:66:02:31:00:ae:cb:61:2d:d4:5c:8d:6e:86:aa:0b:06:1d: c6:d3:60:ba:32:73:36:25:d3:23:85:49:87:1c:ce:94:23:79: 1a:9e:41:55:24:1d:15:22:a1:48:bb:0a:c0:ab:3c:13:73:02: 31:00:86:3c:67:b3:95:a2:e2:e5:f9:ad:f9:1d:9c:c1:34:32: 78:f5:cf:ea:d5:47:03:9f:00:bf:d0:59:cb:51:c2:98:04:81: 24:8a:51:13:50:b1:75:b2:2f:9d:a8:b4:f4:b9 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- MIIBcDCB9qADAgECAgQLhwoxMAoGCCqGSM49BAMCMCYxJDAiBgNVBAMMG2hpZ2h3 YXktdGVzdC5leGFtcGxlLmNvbSBDQTAeFw0yMTA0MTMyMTQwMTZaFw0yMzA0MTMy MTQwMTZaMCgxJjAkBgNVBAMMHWhpZ2h3YXktdGVzdC5leGFtcGxlLmNvbSBNQVNB MFkwEwYHKoZIzj0CAQYIKoZIzj0DAQcDQgAEqgQVo0S54kT4yfkbBxumdHOcHrps qbOpMKmiMln3oB1HAW25MJV+gqi4tMFfSJ0iEwt8kszfWXK4rLgJS2mnpaMQMA4w DAYDVR0TAQH/BAIwADAKBggqhkjOPQQDAgNpADBmAjEArsthLdRcjW6GqgsGHcbT YLoyczYl0yOFSYcczpQjeRqeQVUkHRUioUi7CsCrPBNzAjEAhjxns5Wi4uX5rfkd nME0Mnj1z+rVRwOfAL/QWctRwpgEgSSKURNQsXWyL52otPS5 -----END CERTIFICATE-----
Registrar Certification Authority This CA enrolls the pledge once it is authorized, and it also signs the registrar's certificate. -----BEGIN EC PRIVATE KEY----- MIGkAgEBBDCHnLI0MSOLf8XndiZqoZdqblcPR5YSoPGhPOuFxWy1gFi9HbWv8b/R EGdRgGEVSjKgBwYFK4EEACKhZANiAAQbf1m6F8MavGaNjGzgw/oxcQ9l9iKRvbdW gAfb37h6pUVNeYpGlxlZljGxj2l9Mr48yD5bY7VG9qjVb5v5wPPTuRQ/ckdRpHbd 0vC/9cqPMAF/+MJf0/UgA0SLi/IHbLQ= -----END EC PRIVATE KEY----- The public key is indicated in a pledge voucher-request to show proximity. file: examples/ownerca_secp384r1.key Certificate: Data: Version: 3 (0x2) Serial Number: 694879833 (0x296b0659) Signature Algorithm: ecdsa-with-SHA256 Issuer: DC = ca, DC = sandelman, CN = fountain-test.example.com Unstrung Fountain Root CA Validity Not Before: Feb 25 21:31:45 2020 GMT Not After : Feb 24 21:31:45 2022 GMT Subject: DC = ca, DC = sandelman, CN = fountain-test.example.com Unstrung Fountain Root CA Subject Public Key Info: Public Key Algorithm: id-ecPublicKey Public-Key: (384 bit) pub: 04:1b:7f:59:ba:17:c3:1a:bc:66:8d:8c:6c:e0:c3: fa:31:71:0f:65:f6:22:91:bd:b7:56:80:07:db:df: b8:7a:a5:45:4d:79:8a:46:97:19:59:96:31:b1:8f: 69:7d:32:be:3c:c8:3e:5b:63:b5:46:f6:a8:d5:6f: 9b:f9:c0:f3:d3:b9:14:3f:72:47:51:a4:76:dd:d2: f0:bf:f5:ca:8f:30:01:7f:f8:c2:5f:d3:f5:20:03: 44:8b:8b:f2:07:6c:b4 ASN1 OID: secp384r1 NIST CURVE: P-384 X509v3 extensions: X509v3 Basic Constraints: critical CA:TRUE X509v3 Key Usage: critical Certificate Sign, CRL Sign X509v3 Subject Key Identifier: B9:A5:F6:CB:11:E1:07:A4:49:2C:A7:08:C6:7C:10:BC: 87:B3:74:26 X509v3 Authority Key Identifier: keyid:B9:A5:F6:CB:11:E1:07:A4:49:2C:A7:08:C6:7C: 10:BC:87:B3:74:26 Signature Algorithm: ecdsa-with-SHA256 30:64:02:30:20:83:06:ce:8d:98:a4:54:7a:66:4c:4a:3a:70: c2:52:36:5a:52:8d:59:7d:20:9b:2a:69:14:58:87:38:d8:55: 79:dd:fd:29:38:95:1e:91:93:76:b4:f5:66:29:44:b4:02:30: 6f:38:f9:af:12:ed:30:d5:85:29:7c:b1:16:58:bd:67:91:43: c4:0d:30:f9:d8:1c:ac:2f:06:dd:bc:d5:06:42:2c:84:a2:04: ea:02:a4:5f:17:51:26:fb:d9:2f:d2:5c -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- MIICazCCAfKgAwIBAgIEKWsGWTAKBggqhkjOPQQDAjBtMRIwEAYKCZImiZPyLGQB GRYCY2ExGTAXBgoJkiaJk/IsZAEZFglzYW5kZWxtYW4xPDA6BgNVBAMMM2ZvdW50 YWluLXRlc3QuZXhhbXBsZS5jb20gVW5zdHJ1bmcgRm91bnRhaW4gUm9vdCBDQTAe Fw0yMDAyMjUyMTMxNDVaFw0yMjAyMjQyMTMxNDVaMG0xEjAQBgoJkiaJk/IsZAEZ FgJjYTEZMBcGCgmSJomT8ixkARkWCXNhbmRlbG1hbjE8MDoGA1UEAwwzZm91bnRh aW4tdGVzdC5leGFtcGxlLmNvbSBVbnN0cnVuZyBGb3VudGFpbiBSb290IENBMHYw EAYHKoZIzj0CAQYFK4EEACIDYgAEG39ZuhfDGrxmjYxs4MP6MXEPZfYikb23VoAH 29+4eqVFTXmKRpcZWZYxsY9pfTK+PMg+W2O1Rvao1W+b+cDz07kUP3JHUaR23dLw v/XKjzABf/jCX9P1IANEi4vyB2y0o2MwYTAPBgNVHRMBAf8EBTADAQH/MA4GA1Ud DwEB/wQEAwIBBjAdBgNVHQ4EFgQUuaX2yxHhB6RJLKcIxnwQvIezdCYwHwYDVR0j BBgwFoAUuaX2yxHhB6RJLKcIxnwQvIezdCYwCgYIKoZIzj0EAwIDZwAwZAIwIIMG zo2YpFR6ZkxKOnDCUjZaUo1ZfSCbKmkUWIc42FV53f0pOJUekZN2tPVmKUS0AjBv OPmvEu0w1YUpfLEWWL1nkUPEDTD52BysLwbdvNUGQiyEogTqAqRfF1Em+9kv0lw= -----END CERTIFICATE-----
Registrar Key Pair The registrar is the representative of the domain owner. This key signs registrar voucher-requests and terminates the TLS connection from the pledge. -----BEGIN EC PRIVATE KEY----- MHcCAQEEIFZodk+PC5Mu24+ra0sbOjKzan+dW5rvDAR7YuJUOC1YoAoGCCqGSM49 AwEHoUQDQgAElmVQcjS6n+Xd5l/28IFv6UiegQwSBztGj5dkK2MAjQIPV8l8lH+E jLIOYdbJiI0VtEIf1/Jqt+TOBfinTNOLOg== -----END EC PRIVATE KEY----- The public key is indicated in a pledge voucher-request to show proximity. Certificate: Data: Version: 3 (0x2) Serial Number: 1066965842 (0x3f989b52) Signature Algorithm: ecdsa-with-SHA256 Issuer: DC = ca, DC = sandelman, CN = fountain-test.example.com Unstrung Fountain Root CA Validity Not Before: Feb 25 21:31:54 2020 GMT Not After : Feb 24 21:31:54 2022 GMT Subject: DC = ca, DC = sandelman, CN = fountain-test.example.com Subject Public Key Info: Public Key Algorithm: id-ecPublicKey Public-Key: (256 bit) pub: 04:96:65:50:72:34:ba:9f:e5:dd:e6:5f:f6:f0:81: 6f:e9:48:9e:81:0c:12:07:3b:46:8f:97:64:2b:63: 00:8d:02:0f:57:c9:7c:94:7f:84:8c:b2:0e:61:d6: c9:88:8d:15:b4:42:1f:d7:f2:6a:b7:e4:ce:05:f8: a7:4c:d3:8b:3a ASN1 OID: prime256v1 NIST CURVE: P-256 X509v3 extensions: X509v3 Extended Key Usage: critical CMC Registration Authority X509v3 Key Usage: critical Digital Signature Signature Algorithm: ecdsa-with-SHA256 30:65:02:30:66:4f:60:4c:55:48:1e:96:07:f8:dd:1f:b9:c8: 12:8d:45:36:87:9b:23:c0:bc:bb:f1:cb:3d:26:15:56:6f:5f: 1f:bf:d5:1c:0e:6a:09:af:1b:76:97:99:19:23:fd:7e:02:31: 00:bc:ac:c3:41:b0:ba:0d:af:52:f9:9c:6e:7a:7f:00:1d:23: c8:62:01:61:bc:4b:c5:c0:47:99:35:0a:0c:77:61:44:01:4a: 07:52:70:57:00:75:ff:be:07:0e:98:cb:e5 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- MIIB/DCCAYKgAwIBAgIEP5ibUjAKBggqhkjOPQQDAjBtMRIwEAYKCZImiZPyLGQB GRYCY2ExGTAXBgoJkiaJk/IsZAEZFglzYW5kZWxtYW4xPDA6BgNVBAMMM2ZvdW50 YWluLXRlc3QuZXhhbXBsZS5jb20gVW5zdHJ1bmcgRm91bnRhaW4gUm9vdCBDQTAe Fw0yMDAyMjUyMTMxNTRaFw0yMjAyMjQyMTMxNTRaMFMxEjAQBgoJkiaJk/IsZAEZ FgJjYTEZMBcGCgmSJomT8ixkARkWCXNhbmRlbG1hbjEiMCAGA1UEAwwZZm91bnRh aW4tdGVzdC5leGFtcGxlLmNvbTBZMBMGByqGSM49AgEGCCqGSM49AwEHA0IABJZl UHI0up/l3eZf9vCBb+lInoEMEgc7Ro+XZCtjAI0CD1fJfJR/hIyyDmHWyYiNFbRC H9fyarfkzgX4p0zTizqjKjAoMBYGA1UdJQEB/wQMMAoGCCsGAQUFBwMcMA4GA1Ud DwEB/wQEAwIHgDAKBggqhkjOPQQDAgNoADBlAjBmT2BMVUgelgf43R+5yBKNRTaH myPAvLvxyz0mFVZvXx+/1RwOagmvG3aXmRkj/X4CMQC8rMNBsLoNr1L5nG56fwAd I8hiAWG8S8XAR5k1Cgx3YUQBSgdScFcAdf++Bw6Yy+U= -----END CERTIFICATE-----
Pledge Key Pair The pledge has an IDevID key pair built in at manufacturing time: -----BEGIN EC PRIVATE KEY----- MHcCAQEEIBHNh6r8QRevRuo+tEmBJeFjQKf6bpFA/9NGoltv+9sNoAoGCCqGSM49 AwEHoUQDQgAEA6N1Q4ezfMAKmoecrfb0OBMc1AyEH+BATkF58FsTSyBxs0SbSWLx FjDOuwB9gLGn2TsTUJumJ6VPw5Z/TP4hJw== -----END EC PRIVATE KEY----- The certificate is used by the registrar to find the MASA. Certificate: Data: Version: 3 (0x2) Serial Number: 521731815 (0x1f18fee7) Signature Algorithm: ecdsa-with-SHA256 Issuer: CN = highway-test.example.com CA Validity Not Before: Apr 27 18:29:30 2021 GMT Not After : Dec 31 00:00:00 2999 GMT Subject: serialNumber = 00-D0-E5-F2-00-02 Subject Public Key Info: Public Key Algorithm: id-ecPublicKey Public-Key: (256 bit) pub: 04:03:a3:75:43:87:b3:7c:c0:0a:9a:87:9c:ad:f6: f4:38:13:1c:d4:0c:84:1f:e0:40:4e:41:79:f0:5b: 13:4b:20:71:b3:44:9b:49:62:f1:16:30:ce:bb:00: 7d:80:b1:a7:d9:3b:13:50:9b:a6:27:a5:4f:c3:96: 7f:4c:fe:21:27 ASN1 OID: prime256v1 NIST CURVE: P-256 X509v3 extensions: X509v3 Subject Key Identifier: 45:88:CC:96:96:00:64:37:B0:BA:23:65:64:64:54:08: 06:6C:56:AD X509v3 Basic Constraints: CA:FALSE 1.3.6.1.5.5.7.1.32: ..highway-test.example.com:9443 Signature Algorithm: ecdsa-with-SHA256 30:65:02:30:62:2a:db:be:34:f7:1b:cb:85:de:26:8e:43:00: f9:0d:88:c8:77:a8:dd:3c:08:40:54:bc:ec:3d:b6:dc:70:2b: c3:7f:ca:19:21:9a:a0:ab:c5:51:8e:aa:df:36:de:8b:02:31: 00:b2:5d:59:f8:47:c7:ed:03:97:a8:c0:c7:a8:81:fa:a8:86: ed:67:64:37:51:7a:6e:9c:a3:82:4d:6d:ad:bc:f3:35:9e:9d: 6a:a2:6d:7f:7f:25:1c:03:ef:f0:ba:9b:71 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- MIIBrzCCATWgAwIBAgIEHxj+5zAKBggqhkjOPQQDAjAmMSQwIgYDVQQDDBtoaWdo d2F5LXRlc3QuZXhhbXBsZS5jb20gQ0EwIBcNMjEwNDI3MTgyOTMwWhgPMjk5OTEy MzEwMDAwMDBaMBwxGjAYBgNVBAUTETAwLUQwLUU1LUYyLTAwLTAyMFkwEwYHKoZI zj0CAQYIKoZIzj0DAQcDQgAEA6N1Q4ezfMAKmoecrfb0OBMc1AyEH+BATkF58FsT SyBxs0SbSWLxFjDOuwB9gLGn2TsTUJumJ6VPw5Z/TP4hJ6NZMFcwHQYDVR0OBBYE FEWIzJaWAGQ3sLojZWRkVAgGbFatMAkGA1UdEwQCMAAwKwYIKwYBBQUHASAEHxYd aGlnaHdheS10ZXN0LmV4YW1wbGUuY29tOjk0NDMwCgYIKoZIzj0EAwIDaAAwZQIw YirbvjT3G8uF3iaOQwD5DYjId6jdPAhAVLzsPbbccCvDf8oZIZqgq8VRjqrfNt6L AjEAsl1Z+EfH7QOXqMDHqIH6qIbtZ2Q3UXpunKOCTW2tvPM1np1qom1/fyUcA+/w uptx -----END CERTIFICATE-----
Example Process The JSON examples below are wrapped at 60 columns. This results in strings that have newlines in them, which makes them invalid JSON as is. The strings would otherwise be too long, so they need to be unwrapped before processing. For readability, the output of the asn1parse has been truncated at 68 columns rather than wrapped.
Pledge to Registrar As described in , the pledge will sign a pledge voucher-request containing the registrar's public key in the proximity-registrar-cert field. The base64 has been wrapped at 60 characters for presentation reasons. 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prim: INTEGER :02 967:d=6 hl=2 l= 4 prim: INTEGER :0D83AFD9 973:d=6 hl=2 l= 10 cons: SEQUENCE 975:d=7 hl=2 l= 8 prim: OBJECT :ecdsa-with-SHA256 985:d=6 hl=2 l= 38 cons: SEQUENCE 987:d=7 hl=2 l= 36 cons: SET 989:d=8 hl=2 l= 34 cons: SEQUENCE 991:d=9 hl=2 l= 3 prim: OBJECT :commonName 996:d=9 hl=2 l= 27 prim: UTF8STRING :highway-test.example.com 1025:d=6 hl=2 l= 32 cons: SEQUENCE 1027:d=7 hl=2 l= 13 prim: UTCTIME :210413203739Z 1042:d=7 hl=2 l= 15 prim: GENERALIZEDTIME :29991231000000Z 1059:d=6 hl=2 l= 28 cons: SEQUENCE 1061:d=7 hl=2 l= 26 cons: SET 1063:d=8 hl=2 l= 24 cons: SEQUENCE 1065:d=9 hl=2 l= 3 prim: OBJECT :serialNumber 1070:d=9 hl=2 l= 17 prim: UTF8STRING :00-D0-E5-F2-00-02 1089:d=6 hl=2 l= 89 cons: SEQUENCE 1091:d=7 hl=2 l= 19 cons: SEQUENCE 1093:d=8 hl=2 l= 7 prim: OBJECT :id-ecPublicKey 1102:d=8 hl=2 l= 8 prim: OBJECT :prime256v1 1112:d=7 hl=2 l= 66 prim: BIT STRING 1180:d=6 hl=2 l= 89 cons: cont [ 3 ] 1182:d=7 hl=2 l= 87 cons: SEQUENCE 1184:d=8 hl=2 l= 29 cons: SEQUENCE 1186:d=9 hl=2 l= 3 prim: OBJECT :X509v3 Subject Key Ident 1191:d=9 hl=2 l= 22 prim: OCTET STRING [HEX DUMP]:04144588CC9696 1215:d=8 hl=2 l= 9 cons: SEQUENCE 1217:d=9 hl=2 l= 3 prim: OBJECT :X509v3 Basic Constraints 1222:d=9 hl=2 l= 2 prim: OCTET STRING [HEX DUMP]:3000 1226:d=8 hl=2 l= 43 cons: SEQUENCE 1228:d=9 hl=2 l= 8 prim: OBJECT :1.3.6.1.5.5.7.1.32 1238:d=9 hl=2 l= 31 prim: OCTET STRING [HEX DUMP]:161D6869676877 1271:d=5 hl=2 l= 10 cons: SEQUENCE 1273:d=6 hl=2 l= 8 prim: OBJECT :ecdsa-with-SHA256 1283:d=5 hl=2 l= 103 prim: BIT STRING 1388:d=3 hl=4 l= 260 cons: SET 1392:d=4 hl=4 l= 256 cons: SEQUENCE 1396:d=5 hl=2 l= 1 prim: INTEGER :01 1399:d=5 hl=2 l= 46 cons: SEQUENCE 1401:d=6 hl=2 l= 38 cons: SEQUENCE 1403:d=7 hl=2 l= 36 cons: SET 1405:d=8 hl=2 l= 34 cons: SEQUENCE 1407:d=9 hl=2 l= 3 prim: OBJECT :commonName 1412:d=9 hl=2 l= 27 prim: UTF8STRING :highway-test.example.com 1441:d=6 hl=2 l= 4 prim: INTEGER :0D83AFD9 1447:d=5 hl=2 l= 11 cons: SEQUENCE 1449:d=6 hl=2 l= 9 prim: OBJECT :sha256 1460:d=5 hl=2 l= 105 cons: cont [ 0 ] 1462:d=6 hl=2 l= 24 cons: SEQUENCE 1464:d=7 hl=2 l= 9 prim: OBJECT :contentType 1475:d=7 hl=2 l= 11 cons: SET 1477:d=8 hl=2 l= 9 prim: OBJECT :pkcs7-data 1488:d=6 hl=2 l= 28 cons: SEQUENCE 1490:d=7 hl=2 l= 9 prim: OBJECT :signingTime 1501:d=7 hl=2 l= 15 cons: SET 1503:d=8 hl=2 l= 13 prim: UTCTIME :210413214323Z 1518:d=6 hl=2 l= 47 cons: SEQUENCE 1520:d=7 hl=2 l= 9 prim: OBJECT :messageDigest 1531:d=7 hl=2 l= 34 cons: SET 1533:d=8 hl=2 l= 32 prim: OCTET STRING [HEX DUMP]:49C21C9889B223 1567:d=5 hl=2 l= 10 cons: SEQUENCE 1569:d=6 hl=2 l= 8 prim: OBJECT :ecdsa-with-SHA256 1579:d=5 hl=2 l= 71 prim: OCTET STRING [HEX DUMP]:3045022100A662 The JSON contained in the voucher-request: {"ietf-voucher-request:voucher":{"assertion":"proximity","cr eated-on":"2021-04-13T17:43:23.747-04:00","serial-number":"0 0-D0-E5-F2-00-02","nonce":"-_XE9zK9q8Ll1qylMtLKeg","proximit y-registrar-cert":"MIIB/DCCAYKgAwIBAgIEP5ibUjAKBggqhkjOPQQDA 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Registrar to MASA As described in , the registrar will sign a registrar voucher-request and will include the pledge's voucher-request in the prior-signed-voucher-request. 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fLEWWL1nkUPEDTD52BysLwbdvNUGQiyEogTqAqRfF1Em+9kv0lwxggFLMIIBRwIBATB1 MG0xEjAQBgoJkiaJk/IsZAEZFgJjYTEZMBcGCgmSJomT8ixkARkWCXNhbmRlbG1hbjE8 MDoGA1UEAwwzZm91bnRhaW4tdGVzdC5leGFtcGxlLmNvbSBVbnN0cnVuZyBGb3VudGFp biBSb290IENBAgQ/mJtSMAsGCWCGSAFlAwQCAaBpMBgGCSqGSIb3DQEJAzELBgkqhkiG 9w0BBwEwHAYJKoZIhvcNAQkFMQ8XDTIxMDQxMzIxNDMyM1owLwYJKoZIhvcNAQkEMSIE IEnOrdWjlG70K74IhCJ7UXi+wPS+r2C8DFEqjabGP+G8MAoGCCqGSM49BAMCBEcwRQIh AMhO3M+tSWb2wKTBOXPArN+XvjSzAhaQA/uLj3qhPwi/AiBDDthf6mjMuirqXE0yjMif C2UY9oNUFF9Nl0wEQpBBAA== The ASN1 decoding of the artifact: file: examples/parboiled_vr_00_D0-E5-02-00-2D.b64 0:d=0 hl=4 l=3939 cons: SEQUENCE 4:d=1 hl=2 l= 9 prim: OBJECT :pkcs7-signedData 15:d=1 hl=4 l=3924 cons: cont [ 0 ] 19:d=2 hl=4 l=3920 cons: SEQUENCE 23:d=3 hl=2 l= 1 prim: INTEGER :01 26:d=3 hl=2 l= 13 cons: SET 28:d=4 hl=2 l= 11 cons: SEQUENCE 30:d=5 hl=2 l= 9 prim: OBJECT :sha256 41:d=3 hl=4 l=2424 cons: SEQUENCE 45:d=4 hl=2 l= 9 prim: OBJECT :pkcs7-data 56:d=4 hl=4 l=2409 cons: cont [ 0 ] 60:d=5 hl=4 l=2405 prim: OCTET STRING :{"ietf-voucher-request:v 2469:d=3 hl=4 l=1135 cons: cont [ 0 ] 2473:d=4 hl=4 l= 508 cons: SEQUENCE 2477:d=5 hl=4 l= 386 cons: SEQUENCE 2481:d=6 hl=2 l= 3 cons: cont [ 0 ] 2483:d=7 hl=2 l= 1 prim: INTEGER :02 2486:d=6 hl=2 l= 4 prim: INTEGER :3F989B52 2492:d=6 hl=2 l= 10 cons: SEQUENCE 2494:d=7 hl=2 l= 8 prim: OBJECT :ecdsa-with-SHA256 2504:d=6 hl=2 l= 109 cons: SEQUENCE 2506:d=7 hl=2 l= 18 cons: SET 2508:d=8 hl=2 l= 16 cons: SEQUENCE 2510:d=9 hl=2 l= 10 prim: OBJECT :domainComponent 2522:d=9 hl=2 l= 2 prim: IA5STRING :ca 2526:d=7 hl=2 l= 25 cons: SET 2528:d=8 hl=2 l= 23 cons: SEQUENCE 2530:d=9 hl=2 l= 10 prim: OBJECT :domainComponent 2542:d=9 hl=2 l= 9 prim: IA5STRING :sandelman 2553:d=7 hl=2 l= 60 cons: SET 2555:d=8 hl=2 l= 58 cons: SEQUENCE 2557:d=9 hl=2 l= 3 prim: OBJECT :commonName 2562:d=9 hl=2 l= 51 prim: UTF8STRING :fountain-test.example.co 2615:d=6 hl=2 l= 30 cons: SEQUENCE 2617:d=7 hl=2 l= 13 prim: UTCTIME :200225213154Z 2632:d=7 hl=2 l= 13 prim: UTCTIME :220224213154Z 2647:d=6 hl=2 l= 83 cons: SEQUENCE 2649:d=7 hl=2 l= 18 cons: SET 2651:d=8 hl=2 l= 16 cons: SEQUENCE 2653:d=9 hl=2 l= 10 prim: OBJECT :domainComponent 2665:d=9 hl=2 l= 2 prim: IA5STRING :ca 2669:d=7 hl=2 l= 25 cons: SET 2671:d=8 hl=2 l= 23 cons: SEQUENCE 2673:d=9 hl=2 l= 10 prim: OBJECT :domainComponent 2685:d=9 hl=2 l= 9 prim: IA5STRING :sandelman 2696:d=7 hl=2 l= 34 cons: SET 2698:d=8 hl=2 l= 32 cons: SEQUENCE 2700:d=9 hl=2 l= 3 prim: OBJECT :commonName 2705:d=9 hl=2 l= 25 prim: UTF8STRING :fountain-test.example.co 2732:d=6 hl=2 l= 89 cons: SEQUENCE 2734:d=7 hl=2 l= 19 cons: SEQUENCE 2736:d=8 hl=2 l= 7 prim: OBJECT :id-ecPublicKey 2745:d=8 hl=2 l= 8 prim: OBJECT :prime256v1 2755:d=7 hl=2 l= 66 prim: BIT STRING 2823:d=6 hl=2 l= 42 cons: cont [ 3 ] 2825:d=7 hl=2 l= 40 cons: SEQUENCE 2827:d=8 hl=2 l= 22 cons: SEQUENCE 2829:d=9 hl=2 l= 3 prim: OBJECT :X509v3 Extended Key Usag 2834:d=9 hl=2 l= 1 prim: BOOLEAN :255 2837:d=9 hl=2 l= 12 prim: OCTET STRING [HEX DUMP]:300A06082B0601 2851:d=8 hl=2 l= 14 cons: SEQUENCE 2853:d=9 hl=2 l= 3 prim: OBJECT :X509v3 Key Usage 2858:d=9 hl=2 l= 1 prim: BOOLEAN :255 2861:d=9 hl=2 l= 4 prim: OCTET STRING [HEX DUMP]:03020780 2867:d=5 hl=2 l= 10 cons: SEQUENCE 2869:d=6 hl=2 l= 8 prim: OBJECT :ecdsa-with-SHA256 2879:d=5 hl=2 l= 104 prim: BIT STRING 2985:d=4 hl=4 l= 619 cons: SEQUENCE 2989:d=5 hl=4 l= 498 cons: SEQUENCE 2993:d=6 hl=2 l= 3 cons: cont [ 0 ] 2995:d=7 hl=2 l= 1 prim: INTEGER :02 2998:d=6 hl=2 l= 4 prim: INTEGER :296B0659 3004:d=6 hl=2 l= 10 cons: SEQUENCE 3006:d=7 hl=2 l= 8 prim: OBJECT :ecdsa-with-SHA256 3016:d=6 hl=2 l= 109 cons: SEQUENCE 3018:d=7 hl=2 l= 18 cons: SET 3020:d=8 hl=2 l= 16 cons: SEQUENCE 3022:d=9 hl=2 l= 10 prim: OBJECT :domainComponent 3034:d=9 hl=2 l= 2 prim: IA5STRING :ca 3038:d=7 hl=2 l= 25 cons: SET 3040:d=8 hl=2 l= 23 cons: SEQUENCE 3042:d=9 hl=2 l= 10 prim: OBJECT :domainComponent 3054:d=9 hl=2 l= 9 prim: IA5STRING :sandelman 3065:d=7 hl=2 l= 60 cons: SET 3067:d=8 hl=2 l= 58 cons: SEQUENCE 3069:d=9 hl=2 l= 3 prim: OBJECT :commonName 3074:d=9 hl=2 l= 51 prim: UTF8STRING :fountain-test.example.co 3127:d=6 hl=2 l= 30 cons: SEQUENCE 3129:d=7 hl=2 l= 13 prim: UTCTIME :200225213145Z 3144:d=7 hl=2 l= 13 prim: UTCTIME :220224213145Z 3159:d=6 hl=2 l= 109 cons: SEQUENCE 3161:d=7 hl=2 l= 18 cons: SET 3163:d=8 hl=2 l= 16 cons: SEQUENCE 3165:d=9 hl=2 l= 10 prim: OBJECT :domainComponent 3177:d=9 hl=2 l= 2 prim: IA5STRING :ca 3181:d=7 hl=2 l= 25 cons: SET 3183:d=8 hl=2 l= 23 cons: SEQUENCE 3185:d=9 hl=2 l= 10 prim: OBJECT :domainComponent 3197:d=9 hl=2 l= 9 prim: IA5STRING :sandelman 3208:d=7 hl=2 l= 60 cons: SET 3210:d=8 hl=2 l= 58 cons: SEQUENCE 3212:d=9 hl=2 l= 3 prim: OBJECT :commonName 3217:d=9 hl=2 l= 51 prim: UTF8STRING :fountain-test.example.co 3270:d=6 hl=2 l= 118 cons: SEQUENCE 3272:d=7 hl=2 l= 16 cons: SEQUENCE 3274:d=8 hl=2 l= 7 prim: OBJECT :id-ecPublicKey 3283:d=8 hl=2 l= 5 prim: OBJECT :secp384r1 3290:d=7 hl=2 l= 98 prim: BIT STRING 3390:d=6 hl=2 l= 99 cons: cont [ 3 ] 3392:d=7 hl=2 l= 97 cons: SEQUENCE 3394:d=8 hl=2 l= 15 cons: SEQUENCE 3396:d=9 hl=2 l= 3 prim: OBJECT :X509v3 Basic Constraints 3401:d=9 hl=2 l= 1 prim: BOOLEAN :255 3404:d=9 hl=2 l= 5 prim: OCTET STRING [HEX DUMP]:30030101FF 3411:d=8 hl=2 l= 14 cons: SEQUENCE 3413:d=9 hl=2 l= 3 prim: OBJECT :X509v3 Key Usage 3418:d=9 hl=2 l= 1 prim: BOOLEAN :255 3421:d=9 hl=2 l= 4 prim: OCTET STRING [HEX DUMP]:03020106 3427:d=8 hl=2 l= 29 cons: SEQUENCE 3429:d=9 hl=2 l= 3 prim: OBJECT :X509v3 Subject Key Ident 3434:d=9 hl=2 l= 22 prim: OCTET STRING [HEX DUMP]:0414B9A5F6CB11 3458:d=8 hl=2 l= 31 cons: SEQUENCE 3460:d=9 hl=2 l= 3 prim: OBJECT :X509v3 Authority Key Ide 3465:d=9 hl=2 l= 24 prim: OCTET STRING [HEX DUMP]:30168014B9A5F6 3491:d=5 hl=2 l= 10 cons: SEQUENCE 3493:d=6 hl=2 l= 8 prim: OBJECT :ecdsa-with-SHA256 3503:d=5 hl=2 l= 103 prim: BIT STRING 3608:d=3 hl=4 l= 331 cons: SET 3612:d=4 hl=4 l= 327 cons: SEQUENCE 3616:d=5 hl=2 l= 1 prim: INTEGER :01 3619:d=5 hl=2 l= 117 cons: SEQUENCE 3621:d=6 hl=2 l= 109 cons: SEQUENCE 3623:d=7 hl=2 l= 18 cons: SET 3625:d=8 hl=2 l= 16 cons: SEQUENCE 3627:d=9 hl=2 l= 10 prim: OBJECT :domainComponent 3639:d=9 hl=2 l= 2 prim: IA5STRING :ca 3643:d=7 hl=2 l= 25 cons: SET 3645:d=8 hl=2 l= 23 cons: SEQUENCE 3647:d=9 hl=2 l= 10 prim: OBJECT :domainComponent 3659:d=9 hl=2 l= 9 prim: IA5STRING :sandelman 3670:d=7 hl=2 l= 60 cons: SET 3672:d=8 hl=2 l= 58 cons: SEQUENCE 3674:d=9 hl=2 l= 3 prim: OBJECT :commonName 3679:d=9 hl=2 l= 51 prim: UTF8STRING :fountain-test.example.co 3732:d=6 hl=2 l= 4 prim: INTEGER :3F989B52 3738:d=5 hl=2 l= 11 cons: SEQUENCE 3740:d=6 hl=2 l= 9 prim: OBJECT :sha256 3751:d=5 hl=2 l= 105 cons: cont [ 0 ] 3753:d=6 hl=2 l= 24 cons: SEQUENCE 3755:d=7 hl=2 l= 9 prim: OBJECT :contentType 3766:d=7 hl=2 l= 11 cons: SET 3768:d=8 hl=2 l= 9 prim: OBJECT :pkcs7-data 3779:d=6 hl=2 l= 28 cons: SEQUENCE 3781:d=7 hl=2 l= 9 prim: OBJECT :signingTime 3792:d=7 hl=2 l= 15 cons: SET 3794:d=8 hl=2 l= 13 prim: UTCTIME :210413214323Z 3809:d=6 hl=2 l= 47 cons: SEQUENCE 3811:d=7 hl=2 l= 9 prim: OBJECT :messageDigest 3822:d=7 hl=2 l= 34 cons: SET 3824:d=8 hl=2 l= 32 prim: OCTET STRING [HEX DUMP]:49CEADD5A3946E 3858:d=5 hl=2 l= 10 cons: SEQUENCE 3860:d=6 hl=2 l= 8 prim: OBJECT :ecdsa-with-SHA256 3870:d=5 hl=2 l= 71 prim: OCTET STRING [HEX DUMP]:3045022100C84E The JSON contained in the voucher-request. Note that the previous voucher-request is in the prior-signed-voucher-request attribute. {"ietf-voucher-request:voucher":{"assertion":"proximity","cr eated-on":"2021-04-13T21:43:23.787Z","serial-number":"00-D0- E5-F2-00-02","nonce":"-_XE9zK9q8Ll1qylMtLKeg","prior-signed- voucher-request":"MIIGcAYJKoZIhvcNAQcCoIIGYTCCBl0CAQExDTALBg lghkgBZQMEAgEwggOJBgkqhkiG9w0BBwGgggN6BIIDdnsiaWV0Zi12b3VjaG VyLXJlcXVlc3Q6dm91Y2hlciI6eyJhc3NlcnRpb24iOiJwcm94aW1pdHkiLC JjcmVhdGVkLW9uIjoiMjAyMS0wNC0xM1QxNzo0MzoyMy43NDctMDQ6MDAiLC JzZXJpYWwtbnVtYmVyIjoiMDAtRDAtRTUtRjItMDAtMDIiLCJub25jZSI6Ii 1fWEU5eks5cThMbDFxeWxNdExLZWciLCJwcm94aW1pdHktcmVnaXN0cmFyLW NlcnQiOiJNSUlCL0RDQ0FZS2dBd0lCQWdJRVA1aWJVakFLQmdncWhrak9QUV FEQWpCdE1SSXdFQVlLQ1pJbWlaUHlMR1FCR1JZQ1kyRXhHVEFYQmdvSmtpYU prL0lzWkFFWkZnbHpZVzVrWld4dFlXNHhQREE2QmdOVkJBTU1NMlp2ZFc1MF lXbHVMWFJsYzNRdVpYaGhiWEJzWlM1amIyMGdWVzV6ZEhKMWJtY2dSbTkxYm 5SaGFXNGdVbTl2ZENCRFFUQWVGdzB5TURBeU1qVXlNVE14TlRSYUZ3MHlNak F5TWpReU1UTXhOVFJhTUZNeEVqQVFCZ29Ka2lhSmsvSXNaQUVaRmdKallURV pNQmNHQ2dtU0pvbVQ4aXhrQVJrV0NYTmhibVJsYkcxaGJqRWlNQ0FHQTFVRU F3d1pabTkxYm5SaGFXNHRkR1Z6ZEM1bGVHRnRjR3hsTG1OdmJUQlpNQk1HQn lxR1NNNDlBZ0VHQ0NxR1NNNDlBd0VIQTBJQUJKWmxVSEkwdXAvbDNlWmY5dk NCYitsSW5vRU1FZ2M3Um8rWFpDdGpBSTBDRDFmSmZKUi9oSXl5RG1IV3lZaU 5GYlJDSDlmeWFyZmt6Z1g0cDB6VGl6cWpLakFvTUJZR0ExVWRKUUVCL3dRTU 1Bb0dDQ3NHQVFVRkJ3TWNNQTRHQTFVZER3RUIvd1FFQXdJSGdEQUtCZ2dxaG tqT1BRUURBZ05vQURCbEFqQm1UMkJNVlVnZWxnZjQzUis1eUJLTlJUYUhteV BBdkx2eHl6MG1GVlp2WHgrLzFSd09hZ212RzNhWG1Sa2ovWDRDTVFDOHJNTk JzTG9OcjFMNW5HNTZmd0FkSThoaUFXRzhTOFhBUjVrMUNneDNZVVFCU2dkU2 NGY0FkZisrQnc2WXkrVT0ifX2gggGyMIIBrjCCATWgAwIBAgIEDYOv2TAKBg gqhkjOPQQDAjAmMSQwIgYDVQQDDBtoaWdod2F5LXRlc3QuZXhhbXBsZS5jb2 0gQ0EwIBcNMjEwNDEzMjAzNzM5WhgPMjk5OTEyMzEwMDAwMDBaMBwxGjAYBg NVBAUMETAwLUQwLUU1LUYyLTAwLTAyMFkwEwYHKoZIzj0CAQYIKoZIzj0DAQ cDQgAEA6N1Q4ezfMAKmoecrfb0OBMc1AyEH+BATkF58FsTSyBxs0SbSWLxFj DOuwB9gLGn2TsTUJumJ6VPw5Z/TP4hJ6NZMFcwHQYDVR0OBBYEFEWIzJaWAG Q3sLojZWRkVAgGbFatMAkGA1UdEwQCMAAwKwYIKwYBBQUHASAEHxYdaGlnaH dheS10ZXN0LmV4YW1wbGUuY29tOjk0NDMwCgYIKoZIzj0EAwIDZwAwZAIwTm lG8sXkKGNbwbKQcYMapFbmSbnHHURFUoFuRqvbgYX7FlXpBczfwF2kllNuuj igAjAow1kc4r55EmiH+OMEXjBNlWlBSZC5QuJjEf0Jsmxssc+pucjOJ4Shqn exMEy7bjAxggEEMIIBAAIBATAuMCYxJDAiBgNVBAMMG2hpZ2h3YXktdGVzdC 5leGFtcGxlLmNvbSBDQQIEDYOv2TALBglghkgBZQMEAgGgaTAYBgkqhkiG9w 0BCQMxCwYJKoZIhvcNAQcBMBwGCSqGSIb3DQEJBTEPFw0yMTA0MTMyMTQzMj NaMC8GCSqGSIb3DQEJBDEiBCBJwhyYibIjeqeR3bOaLURzMlGrc3F2X+kvJ1 errtoCtTAKBggqhkjOPQQDAgRHMEUCIQCmYuCE61HFQXH/E16GDOCsVquDtg r+Q/6/Du/9QkzA7gIgf7MFhAIPW2PNwRa2vZFQAKXUbimkiHKzXBA8md0VHb U="}}
MASA to Registrar The MASA will return a voucher to the registrar, which is to be relayed to the pledge. MIIGIgYJKoZIhvcNAQcCoIIGEzCCBg8CAQExDTALBglghkgBZQMEAgEwggN4BgkqhkiG 9w0BBwGgggNpBIIDZXsiaWV0Zi12b3VjaGVyOnZvdWNoZXIiOnsiYXNzZXJ0aW9uIjoi bG9nZ2VkIiwiY3JlYXRlZC1vbiI6IjIwMjEtMDQtMTNUMTc6NDM6MjQuNTg5LTA0OjAw Iiwic2VyaWFsLW51bWJlciI6IjAwLUQwLUU1LUYyLTAwLTAyIiwibm9uY2UiOiItX1hF OXpLOXE4TGwxcXlsTXRMS2VnIiwicGlubmVkLWRvbWFpbi1jZXJ0IjoiTUlJQi9EQ0NB WUtnQXdJQkFnSUVQNWliVWpBS0JnZ3Foa2pPUFFRREFqQnRNUkl3RUFZS0NaSW1pWlB5 TEdRQkdSWUNZMkV4R1RBWEJnb0praWFKay9Jc1pBRVpGZ2x6WVc1a1pXeHRZVzR4UERB NkJnTlZCQU1NTTJadmRXNTBZV2x1TFhSbGMzUXVaWGhoYlhCc1pTNWpiMjBnVlc1emRI SjFibWNnUm05MWJuUmhhVzRnVW05dmRDQkRRVEFlRncweU1EQXlNalV5TVRNeE5UUmFG dzB5TWpBeU1qUXlNVE14TlRSYU1GTXhFakFRQmdvSmtpYUprL0lzWkFFWkZnSmpZVEVa TUJjR0NnbVNKb21UOGl4a0FSa1dDWE5oYm1SbGJHMWhiakVpTUNBR0ExVUVBd3daWm05 MWJuUmhhVzR0ZEdWemRDNWxlR0Z0Y0d4bExtTnZiVEJaTUJNR0J5cUdTTTQ5QWdFR0ND cUdTTTQ5QXdFSEEwSUFCSlpsVUhJMHVwL2wzZVpmOXZDQmIrbElub0VNRWdjN1JvK1ha Q3RqQUkwQ0QxZkpmSlIvaEl5eURtSFd5WWlORmJSQ0g5ZnlhcmZremdYNHAwelRpenFq 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MDQxMzIxNDMyNFowLwYJKoZIhvcNAQkEMSIEIFUUjg4WYVO+MpX122Qfk/7zm/G6/B59 HD/xrVR0lGIjMAoGCCqGSM49BAMCBEgwRgIhAOhUfxbH2dwpB2BrTDcsYSjRkCCk/WE6 Mdt+y4z5KD9IAiEAphwdIUb40A0noNIUpH7N2lTyAFZgyn1lNHTteY9DmYI= The ASN1 decoding of the artifact: file: examples/voucher_00-D0-E5-F2-00-02.b64 0:d=0 hl=4 l=1570 cons: SEQUENCE 4:d=1 hl=2 l= 9 prim: OBJECT :pkcs7-signedData 15:d=1 hl=4 l=1555 cons: cont [ 0 ] 19:d=2 hl=4 l=1551 cons: SEQUENCE 23:d=3 hl=2 l= 1 prim: INTEGER :01 26:d=3 hl=2 l= 13 cons: SET 28:d=4 hl=2 l= 11 cons: SEQUENCE 30:d=5 hl=2 l= 9 prim: OBJECT :sha256 41:d=3 hl=4 l= 888 cons: SEQUENCE 45:d=4 hl=2 l= 9 prim: OBJECT :pkcs7-data 56:d=4 hl=4 l= 873 cons: cont [ 0 ] 60:d=5 hl=4 l= 869 prim: OCTET STRING :{"ietf-voucher:voucher": 933:d=3 hl=4 l= 372 cons: cont [ 0 ] 937:d=4 hl=4 l= 368 cons: SEQUENCE 941:d=5 hl=3 l= 246 cons: SEQUENCE 944:d=6 hl=2 l= 3 cons: cont [ 0 ] 946:d=7 hl=2 l= 1 prim: INTEGER :02 949:d=6 hl=2 l= 4 prim: INTEGER :0B870A31 955:d=6 hl=2 l= 10 cons: SEQUENCE 957:d=7 hl=2 l= 8 prim: OBJECT :ecdsa-with-SHA256 967:d=6 hl=2 l= 38 cons: SEQUENCE 969:d=7 hl=2 l= 36 cons: SET 971:d=8 hl=2 l= 34 cons: SEQUENCE 973:d=9 hl=2 l= 3 prim: OBJECT :commonName 978:d=9 hl=2 l= 27 prim: UTF8STRING :highway-test.example.com 1007:d=6 hl=2 l= 30 cons: SEQUENCE 1009:d=7 hl=2 l= 13 prim: UTCTIME :210413214016Z 1024:d=7 hl=2 l= 13 prim: UTCTIME :230413214016Z 1039:d=6 hl=2 l= 40 cons: SEQUENCE 1041:d=7 hl=2 l= 38 cons: SET 1043:d=8 hl=2 l= 36 cons: SEQUENCE 1045:d=9 hl=2 l= 3 prim: OBJECT :commonName 1050:d=9 hl=2 l= 29 prim: UTF8STRING :highway-test.example.com 1081:d=6 hl=2 l= 89 cons: SEQUENCE 1083:d=7 hl=2 l= 19 cons: SEQUENCE 1085:d=8 hl=2 l= 7 prim: OBJECT :id-ecPublicKey 1094:d=8 hl=2 l= 8 prim: OBJECT :prime256v1 1104:d=7 hl=2 l= 66 prim: BIT STRING 1172:d=6 hl=2 l= 16 cons: cont [ 3 ] 1174:d=7 hl=2 l= 14 cons: SEQUENCE 1176:d=8 hl=2 l= 12 cons: SEQUENCE 1178:d=9 hl=2 l= 3 prim: OBJECT :X509v3 Basic Constraints 1183:d=9 hl=2 l= 1 prim: BOOLEAN :255 1186:d=9 hl=2 l= 2 prim: OCTET STRING [HEX DUMP]:3000 1190:d=5 hl=2 l= 10 cons: SEQUENCE 1192:d=6 hl=2 l= 8 prim: OBJECT :ecdsa-with-SHA256 1202:d=5 hl=2 l= 105 prim: BIT STRING 1309:d=3 hl=4 l= 261 cons: SET 1313:d=4 hl=4 l= 257 cons: SEQUENCE 1317:d=5 hl=2 l= 1 prim: INTEGER :01 1320:d=5 hl=2 l= 46 cons: SEQUENCE 1322:d=6 hl=2 l= 38 cons: SEQUENCE 1324:d=7 hl=2 l= 36 cons: SET 1326:d=8 hl=2 l= 34 cons: SEQUENCE 1328:d=9 hl=2 l= 3 prim: OBJECT :commonName 1333:d=9 hl=2 l= 27 prim: UTF8STRING :highway-test.example.com 1362:d=6 hl=2 l= 4 prim: INTEGER :0B870A31 1368:d=5 hl=2 l= 11 cons: SEQUENCE 1370:d=6 hl=2 l= 9 prim: OBJECT :sha256 1381:d=5 hl=2 l= 105 cons: cont [ 0 ] 1383:d=6 hl=2 l= 24 cons: SEQUENCE 1385:d=7 hl=2 l= 9 prim: OBJECT :contentType 1396:d=7 hl=2 l= 11 cons: SET 1398:d=8 hl=2 l= 9 prim: OBJECT :pkcs7-data 1409:d=6 hl=2 l= 28 cons: SEQUENCE 1411:d=7 hl=2 l= 9 prim: OBJECT :signingTime 1422:d=7 hl=2 l= 15 cons: SET 1424:d=8 hl=2 l= 13 prim: UTCTIME :210413214324Z 1439:d=6 hl=2 l= 47 cons: SEQUENCE 1441:d=7 hl=2 l= 9 prim: OBJECT :messageDigest 1452:d=7 hl=2 l= 34 cons: SET 1454:d=8 hl=2 l= 32 prim: OCTET STRING [HEX DUMP]:55148E0E166153 1488:d=5 hl=2 l= 10 cons: SEQUENCE 1490:d=6 hl=2 l= 8 prim: OBJECT :ecdsa-with-SHA256 1500:d=5 hl=2 l= 72 prim: OCTET STRING [HEX DUMP]:3046022100E854
Acknowledgements We would like to thank the various reviewers for their input, in particular , , , , , , , , , and . Significant reviews were done by , , and . contributed the CDDL for the audit-log response. This document started its life as a two-page idea from . In addition, significant review comments were provided by many IESG members, including , , , , , , and .
Authors' Addresses Cisco
pritikin@cisco.com
Sandelman Software Works
mcr+ietf@sandelman.ca http://www.sandelman.ca/
Futurewei Technologies Inc. USA
2330 Central Expy Santa Clara CA 95050 USA tte+ietf@cs.fau.de
Michael.H.Behringer@gmail.com
Watsen Networks
kent+ietf@watsen.net