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Reminder, the deadline for comments is tomorrow for draft-ietf- 
lisp-10.txt, I plan to post if there are no comments. Here is a new  
update.

Dino


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Network Working Group                                       D. Farinacci
Internet-Draft                                                 V. Fuller
Intended status: Experimental                                   D. Meyer
Expires: September 4, 2011                                      D. Lewis
                                                           cisco Systems
                                                           March 3, 2011


                 Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP)
                           draft-ietf-lisp-10

Abstract

   This draft describes a network-based protocol that enables separation
   of IP addresses into two new numbering spaces: Endpoint Identifiers
   (EIDs) and Routing Locators (RLOCs).  No changes are required to
   either host protocol stacks or to the "core" of the Internet
   infrastructure.  LISP can be incrementally deployed, without a "flag
   day", and offers traffic engineering, multi-homing, and mobility
   benefits even to early adopters, when there are relatively few LISP-
   capable sites.

   Design and development of LISP was largely motivated by the problem
   statement produced by the October, 2006 IAB Routing and Addressing
   Workshop.

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted to IETF in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups.  Note that
   other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-
   Drafts.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
   http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt.

   The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
   http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.

   This Internet-Draft will expire on September 4, 2011.



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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2011 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the BSD License.


Table of Contents

   1.  Requirements Notation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   2.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
   3.  Definition of Terms  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
   4.  Basic Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
     4.1.  Packet Flow Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
   5.  LISP Encapsulation Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
     5.1.  LISP IPv4-in-IPv4 Header Format  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
     5.2.  LISP IPv6-in-IPv6 Header Format  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
     5.3.  Tunnel Header Field Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
     5.4.  Dealing with Large Encapsulated Packets  . . . . . . . . . 22
       5.4.1.  A Stateless Solution to MTU Handling . . . . . . . . . 23
       5.4.2.  A Stateful Solution to MTU Handling  . . . . . . . . . 24
     5.5.  Using Virtualization and Segmentation with LISP  . . . . . 24
   6.  EID-to-RLOC Mapping  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
     6.1.  LISP IPv4 and IPv6 Control Plane Packet Formats  . . . . . 26
       6.1.1.  LISP Packet Type Allocations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
       6.1.2.  Map-Request Message Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
       6.1.3.  EID-to-RLOC UDP Map-Request Message  . . . . . . . . . 30
       6.1.4.  Map-Reply Message Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
       6.1.5.  EID-to-RLOC UDP Map-Reply Message  . . . . . . . . . . 36
       6.1.6.  Map-Register Message Format  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
       6.1.7.  Map-Notify Message Format  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
       6.1.8.  Encapsulated Control Message Format  . . . . . . . . . 41
     6.2.  Routing Locator Selection  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
     6.3.  Routing Locator Reachability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
       6.3.1.  Echo Nonce Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
       6.3.2.  RLOC Probing Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
     6.4.  EID Reachability within a LISP Site  . . . . . . . . . . . 49
     6.5.  Routing Locator Hashing  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
     6.6.  Changing the Contents of EID-to-RLOC Mappings  . . . . . . 50



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       6.6.1.  Clock Sweep  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
       6.6.2.  Solicit-Map-Request (SMR)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
       6.6.3.  Database Map Versioning  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
   7.  Router Performance Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
   8.  Deployment Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
     8.1.  First-hop/Last-hop Tunnel Routers  . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
     8.2.  Border/Edge Tunnel Routers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
     8.3.  ISP Provider-Edge (PE) Tunnel Routers  . . . . . . . . . . 58
     8.4.  LISP Functionality with Conventional NATs  . . . . . . . . 58
   9.  Traceroute Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
     9.1.  IPv6 Traceroute  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
     9.2.  IPv4 Traceroute  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
     9.3.  Traceroute using Mixed Locators  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
   10. Mobility Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
     10.1. Site Mobility  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
     10.2. Slow Endpoint Mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
     10.3. Fast Endpoint Mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
     10.4. Fast Network Mobility  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
     10.5. LISP Mobile Node Mobility  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
   11. Multicast Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
   12. Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
   13. Network Management Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
   14. IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
     14.1. LISP Address Type Codes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
     14.2. LISP UDP Port Numbers  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
   15. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
     15.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
     15.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
   Appendix A.  Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
   Appendix B.  Document Change Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
     B.1.  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-10.txt  . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
     B.2.  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-09.txt  . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
     B.3.  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-08.txt  . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
     B.4.  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-07.txt  . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
     B.5.  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-06.txt  . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
     B.6.  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-05.txt  . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
     B.7.  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-04.txt  . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
     B.8.  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-03.txt  . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
     B.9.  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-02.txt  . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
     B.10. Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-01.txt  . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
     B.11. Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-00.txt  . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84









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1.  Requirements Notation

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].














































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2.  Introduction

   This document describes the Locator/Identifier Separation Protocol
   (LISP), which provides a set of functions for routers to exchange
   information used to map from non-routeable Endpoint Identifiers
   (EIDs) to routeable Routing Locators (RLOCs).  It also defines a
   mechanism for these LISP routers to encapsulate IP packets addressed
   with EIDs for transmission across an Internet that uses RLOCs for
   routing and forwarding.

   Creation of LISP was initially motivated by discussions during the
   IAB-sponsored Routing and Addressing Workshop held in Amsterdam in
   October, 2006 (see [RFC4984]).  A key conclusion of the workshop was
   that the Internet routing and addressing system was not scaling well
   in the face of the explosive growth of new sites; one reason for this
   poor scaling is the increasing number of multi-homed and other sites
   that cannot be addressed as part of topologically- or provider-based
   aggregated prefixes.  Additional work that more completely described
   the problem statement may be found in [RADIR].

   A basic observation, made many years ago in early networking research
   such as that documented in [CHIAPPA] and [RFC4984], is that using a
   single address field for both identifying a device and for
   determining where it is topologically located in the network requires
   optimization along two conflicting axes: for routing to be efficient,
   the address must be assigned topologically; for collections of
   devices to be easily and effectively managed, without the need for
   renumbering in response to topological change (such as that caused by
   adding or removing attachment points to the network or by mobility
   events), the address must explicitly not be tied to the topology.

   The approach that LISP takes to solving the routing scalability
   problem is to replace IP addresses with two new types of numbers:
   Routing Locators (RLOCs), which are topologically assigned to network
   attachment points (and are therefore amenable to aggregation) and
   used for routing and forwarding of packets through the network; and
   Endpoint Identifiers (EIDs), which are assigned independently from
   the network topology, are used for numbering devices, and are
   aggregated along administrative boundaries.  LISP then defines
   functions for mapping between the two numbering spaces and for
   encapsulating traffic originated by devices using non-routeable EIDs
   for transport across a network infrastructure that routes and
   forwards using RLOCs.  Both RLOCs and EIDs are syntactically-
   identical to IP addresses; it is the semantics of how they are used
   that differs.

   This document describes the protocol that implements these functions.
   The database which stores the mappings between EIDs and RLOCs is



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   explicitly a separate "module" to facilitate experimentation with a
   variety of approaches.  One database design that is being developed
   and prototyped as part of the LISP working group work is [ALT].
   Others that have been described but not implemented include [CONS],
   [EMACS], [RPMD], [NERD].  Finally, [LISP-MS], documents a general-
   purpose service interface for accessing a mapping database; this
   interface is intended to make the mapping database modular so that
   different approaches can be tried without the need to modify
   installed xTRs.










































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3.  Definition of Terms

   Provider Independent (PI) Addresses:   PI addresses are an address
      block assigned from a pool where blocks are not associated with
      any particular location in the network (e.g. from a particular
      service provider), and is therefore not topologically aggregatable
      in the routing system.

   Provider Assigned (PA) Addresses:   PA addresses are an a address
      block assigned to a site by each service provider to which a site
      connects.  Typically, each block is sub-block of a service
      provider Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) [RFC4632] block and
      is aggregated into the larger block before being advertised into
      the global Internet.  Traditionally, IP multihoming has been
      implemented by each multi-homed site acquiring its own, globally-
      visible prefix.  LISP uses only topologically-assigned and
      aggregatable address blocks for RLOCs, eliminating this
      demonstrably non-scalable practice.

   Routing Locator (RLOC):   A RLOC is an IPv4 or IPv6 address of an
      egress tunnel router (ETR).  A RLOC is the output of a EID-to-RLOC
      mapping lookup.  An EID maps to one or more RLOCs.  Typically,
      RLOCs are numbered from topologically-aggregatable blocks that are
      assigned to a site at each point to which it attaches to the
      global Internet; where the topology is defined by the connectivity
      of provider networks, RLOCs can be thought of as PA addresses.
      Multiple RLOCs can be assigned to the same ETR device or to
      multiple ETR devices at a site.

   Endpoint ID (EID):   An EID is a 32-bit (for IPv4) or 128-bit (for
      IPv6) value used in the source and destination address fields of
      the first (most inner) LISP header of a packet.  The host obtains
      a destination EID the same way it obtains an destination address
      today, for example through a Domain Name System (DNS) [RFC1034]
      lookup or Session Invitation Protocol (SIP) [RFC3261] exchange.
      The source EID is obtained via existing mechanisms used to set a
      host's "local" IP address.  An EID is allocated to a host from an
      EID-prefix block associated with the site where the host is
      located.  An EID can be used by a host to refer to other hosts.
      EIDs MUST NOT be used as LISP RLOCs.  Note that EID blocks may be
      assigned in a hierarchical manner, independent of the network
      topology, to facilitate scaling of the mapping database.  In
      addition, an EID block assigned to a site may have site-local
      structure (subnetting) for routing within the site; this structure
      is not visible to the global routing system.  When used in
      discussions with other Locator/ID separation proposals, a LISP EID
      will be called a "LEID".  Throughout this document, any references
      to "EID" refers to an LEID.



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   EID-prefix:   An EID-prefix is a power-of-two block of EIDs which are
      allocated to a site by an address allocation authority.  EID-
      prefixes are associated with a set of RLOC addresses which make up
      a "database mapping".  EID-prefix allocations can be broken up
      into smaller blocks when an RLOC set is to be associated with the
      smaller EID-prefix.  A globally routed address block (whether PI
      or PA) is not an EID-prefix.  However, a globally routed address
      block may be removed from global routing and reused as an EID-
      prefix.  A site that receives an explicitly allocated EID-prefix
      may not use that EID-prefix as a globally routed prefix assigned
      to RLOCs.

   End-system:   An end-system is an IPv4 or IPv6 device that originates
      packets with a single IPv4 or IPv6 header.  The end-system
      supplies an EID value for the destination address field of the IP
      header when communicating globally (i.e. outside of its routing
      domain).  An end-system can be a host computer, a switch or router
      device, or any network appliance.

   Ingress Tunnel Router (ITR):   An ITR is a router which accepts an IP
      packet with a single IP header (more precisely, an IP packet that
      does not contain a LISP header).  The router treats this "inner"
      IP destination address as an EID and performs an EID-to-RLOC
      mapping lookup.  The router then prepends an "outer" IP header
      with one of its globally-routable RLOCs in the source address
      field and the result of the mapping lookup in the destination
      address field.  Note that this destination RLOC may be an
      intermediate, proxy device that has better knowledge of the EID-
      to-RLOC mapping closer to the destination EID.  In general, an ITR
      receives IP packets from site end-systems on one side and sends
      LISP-encapsulated IP packets toward the Internet on the other
      side.

      Specifically, when a service provider prepends a LISP header for
      Traffic Engineering purposes, the router that does this is also
      regarded as an ITR.  The outer RLOC the ISP ITR uses can be based
      on the outer destination address (the originating ITR's supplied
      RLOC) or the inner destination address (the originating hosts
      supplied EID).

   TE-ITR:   A TE-ITR is an ITR that is deployed in a service provider
      network that prepends an additional LISP header for Traffic
      Engineering purposes.

   Egress Tunnel Router (ETR):   An ETR is a router that accepts an IP
      packet where the destination address in the "outer" IP header is
      one of its own RLOCs.  The router strips the "outer" header and
      forwards the packet based on the next IP header found.  In



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      general, an ETR receives LISP-encapsulated IP packets from the
      Internet on one side and sends decapsulated IP packets to site
      end-systems on the other side.  ETR functionality does not have to
      be limited to a router device.  A server host can be the endpoint
      of a LISP tunnel as well.

   TE-ETR:   A TE-ETR is an ETR that is deployed in a service provider
      network that strips an outer LISP header for Traffic Engineering
      purposes.

   xTR:   A xTR is a reference to an ITR or ETR when direction of data
      flow is not part of the context description. xTR refers to the
      router that is the tunnel endpoint.  Used synonymously with the
      term "Tunnel Router".  For example, "An xTR can be located at the
      Customer Edge (CE) router", meaning both ITR and ETR functionality
      is at the CE router.

   EID-to-RLOC Cache:   The EID-to-RLOC cache is a short-lived, on-
      demand table in an ITR that stores, tracks, and is responsible for
      timing-out and otherwise validating EID-to-RLOC mappings.  This
      cache is distinct from the full "database" of EID-to-RLOC
      mappings, it is dynamic, local to the ITR(s), and relatively small
      while the database is distributed, relatively static, and much
      more global in scope.

   EID-to-RLOC Database:   The EID-to-RLOC database is a global
      distributed database that contains all known EID-prefix to RLOC
      mappings.  Each potential ETR typically contains a small piece of
      the database: the EID-to-RLOC mappings for the EID prefixes
      "behind" the router.  These map to one of the router's own,
      globally-visible, IP addresses.  The same database mapping entries
      MUST be configured on all ETRs for a given site.  That is, the
      EID-prefixes for the site and locator-set for each EID-prefix MUST
      be the same on all ETRs so they consistently send Map-Reply
      messages with the same database mapping contents.

   Recursive Tunneling:   Recursive tunneling occurs when a packet has
      more than one LISP IP header.  Additional layers of tunneling may
      be employed to implement traffic engineering or other re-routing
      as needed.  When this is done, an additional "outer" LISP header
      is added and the original RLOCs are preserved in the "inner"
      header.  Any references to tunnels in this specification refers to
      dynamic encapsulating tunnels and never are they statically
      configured.







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   Reencapsulating Tunnels:   Reencapsulating tunneling occurs when a
      packet has no more than one LISP IP header (two IP headers total)
      and when it needs to be diverted to new RLOC, an ETR can
      decapsulate the packet (remove the LISP header) and prepends a new
      tunnel header, with new RLOC, on to the packet.  Doing this allows
      a packet to be re-routed by the re-encapsulating router without
      adding the overhead of additional tunnel headers.  Any references
      to tunnels in this specification refers to dynamic encapsulating
      tunnels and never are they statically configured.

   LISP Header:   a term used in this document to refer to the outer
      IPv4 or IPv6 header, a UDP header, and a LISP-specific 8-byte
      header that follows the UDP header, an ITR prepends or an ETR
      strips.

   Address Family Identifier (AFI):   a term used to describe an address
      encoding in a packet.  An address family currently pertains to an
      IPv4 or IPv6 address.  See [AFI] and [RFC1700] for details.  An
      AFI value of 0 used in this specification indicates an unspecified
      encoded address where the length of the address is 0 bytes
      following the 16-bit AFI value of 0.

   Negative Mapping Entry:   A negative mapping entry, also known as a
      negative cache entry, is an EID-to-RLOC entry where an EID-prefix
      is advertised or stored with no RLOCs.  That is, the locator-set
      for the EID-to-RLOC entry is empty or has an encoded locator count
      of 0.  This type of entry could be used to describe a prefix from
      a non-LISP site, which is explicitly not in the mapping database.
      There are a set of well defined actions that are encoded in a
      Negative Map-Reply.

   Data Probe:   A data-probe is a LISP-encapsulated data packet where
      the inner header destination address equals the outer header
      destination address used to trigger a Map-Reply by a decapsulating
      ETR.  In addition, the original packet is decapsulated and
      delivered to the destination host.  A Data Probe is used in some
      of the mapping database designs to "probe" or request a Map-Reply
      from an ETR; in other cases, Map-Requests are used.  See each
      mapping database design for details.

   Proxy ITR (PITR):   A PITR is also known as a PTR is defined and
      described in [INTERWORK], a PITR acts like an ITR but does so on
      behalf of non-LISP sites which send packets to destinations at
      LISP sites.







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   Proxy ETR (PETR):   A PETR is defined and described in [INTERWORK], a
      PETR acts like an ETR but does so on behalf of LISP sites which
      send packets to destinations at non-LISP sites.

   Route-returnability:  is an assumption that the underlying routing
      system will deliver packets to the destination.  When combined
      with a nonce that is provided by a sender and returned by a
      receiver limits off-path data insertion.

   LISP site:  is a set of routers in an edge network that are under a
      single technical administration.  LISP routers which reside in the
      edge network are the demarcation points to separate the edge
      network from the core network.

   Client-side:  a term used in this document to indicate a connection
      initiation attempt by an EID.  The ITR(s) at the LISP site are the
      first to get involved in obtaining database map cache entries by
      sending Map-Request messages.

   Server-side:  a term used in this document to indicate a connection
      initiation attempt is being accepted for a destination EID.  The
      ETR(s) at the destination LISP site are the first to send Map-
      Replies to the source site initiating the connection.  The ETR(s)
      at this destination site can obtain mappings by gleaning
      information from Map-Requests, Data-Probes, or encapsulated
      packets.

























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4.  Basic Overview

   One key concept of LISP is that end-systems (hosts) operate the same
   way they do today.  The IP addresses that hosts use for tracking
   sockets, connections, and for sending and receiving packets do not
   change.  In LISP terminology, these IP addresses are called Endpoint
   Identifiers (EIDs).

   Routers continue to forward packets based on IP destination
   addresses.  When a packet is LISP encapsulated, these addresses are
   referred to as Routing Locators (RLOCs).  Most routers along a path
   between two hosts will not change; they continue to perform routing/
   forwarding lookups on the destination addresses.  For routers between
   the source host and the ITR as well as routers from the ETR to the
   destination host, the destination address is an EID.  For the routers
   between the ITR and the ETR, the destination address is an RLOC.

   Another key LISP concept is the "Tunnel Router".  A tunnel router
   prepends LISP headers on host-originated packets and strip them prior
   to final delivery to their destination.  The IP addresses in this
   "outer header" are RLOCs.  During end-to-end packet exchange between
   two Internet hosts, an ITR prepends a new LISP header to each packet
   and an egress tunnel router strips the new header.  The ITR performs
   EID-to-RLOC lookups to determine the routing path to the ETR, which
   has the RLOC as one of its IP addresses.

   Some basic rules governing LISP are:

   o  End-systems (hosts) only send to addresses which are EIDs.  They
      don't know addresses are EIDs versus RLOCs but assume packets get
      to LISP routers, which in turn, deliver packets to the destination
      the end-system has specified.

   o  EIDs are always IP addresses assigned to hosts.

   o  LISP routers mostly deal with Routing Locator addresses.  See
      details later in Section 4.1 to clarify what is meant by "mostly".

   o  RLOCs are always IP addresses assigned to routers; preferably,
      topologically-oriented addresses from provider CIDR blocks.

   o  When a router originates packets it may use as a source address
      either an EID or RLOC.  When acting as a host (e.g. when
      terminating a transport session such as SSH, TELNET, or SNMP), it
      may use an EID that is explicitly assigned for that purpose.  An
      EID that identifies the router as a host MUST NOT be used as an
      RLOC; an EID is only routable within the scope of a site.  A
      typical BGP configuration might demonstrate this "hybrid" EID/RLOC



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      usage where a router could use its "host-like" EID to terminate
      iBGP sessions to other routers in a site while at the same time
      using RLOCs to terminate eBGP sessions to routers outside the
      site.

   o  EIDs are not expected to be usable for global end-to-end
      communication in the absence of an EID-to-RLOC mapping operation.
      They are expected to be used locally for intra-site communication.

   o  EID prefixes are likely to be hierarchically assigned in a manner
      which is optimized for administrative convenience and to
      facilitate scaling of the EID-to-RLOC mapping database.  The
      hierarchy is based on a address allocation hierarchy which is
      independent of the network topology.

   o  EIDs may also be structured (subnetted) in a manner suitable for
      local routing within an autonomous system.

   An additional LISP header may be prepended to packets by a TE-ITR
   when re-routing of the path for a packet is desired.  An obvious
   instance of this would be an ISP router that needs to perform traffic
   engineering for packets flowing through its network.  In such a
   situation, termed Recursive Tunneling, an ISP transit acts as an
   additional ingress tunnel router and the RLOC it uses for the new
   prepended header would be either a TE-ETR within the ISP (along
   intra-ISP traffic engineered path) or a TE-ETR within another ISP (an
   inter-ISP traffic engineered path, where an agreement to build such a
   path exists).

   In order to avoid excessive packet overhead as well as possible
   encapsulation loops, this document mandates that a maximum of two
   LISP headers can be prepended to a packet.  It is believed two
   headers is sufficient, where the first prepended header is used at a
   site for Location/Identity separation and second prepended header is
   used inside a service provider for Traffic Engineering purposes.

   Tunnel Routers can be placed fairly flexibly in a multi-AS topology.
   For example, the ITR for a particular end-to-end packet exchange
   might be the first-hop or default router within a site for the source
   host.  Similarly, the egress tunnel router might be the last-hop
   router directly-connected to the destination host.  Another example,
   perhaps for a VPN service out-sourced to an ISP by a site, the ITR
   could be the site's border router at the service provider attachment
   point.  Mixing and matching of site-operated, ISP-operated, and other
   tunnel routers is allowed for maximum flexibility.  See Section 8 for
   more details.





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4.1.  Packet Flow Sequence

   This section provides an example of the unicast packet flow with the
   following conditions:

   o  Source host "host1.abc.com" is sending a packet to
      "host2.xyz.com", exactly what host1 would do if the site was not
      using LISP.

   o  Each site is multi-homed, so each tunnel router has an address
      (RLOC) assigned from the service provider address block for each
      provider to which that particular tunnel router is attached.

   o  The ITR(s) and ETR(s) are directly connected to the source and
      destination, respectively, but the source and destination can be
      located anywhere in LISP site.

   o  Map-Requests can be sent on the underlying routing system topology
      or over an alternative topology [ALT].

   o  Map-Replies are sent on the underlying routing system topology.

   Client host1.abc.com wants to communicate with server host2.xyz.com:

   1.  host1.abc.com wants to open a TCP connection to host2.xyz.com.
       It does a DNS lookup on host2.xyz.com.  An A/AAAA record is
       returned.  This address is the destination EID.  The locally-
       assigned address of host1.abc.com is used as the source EID.  An
       IPv4 or IPv6 packet is built and forwarded through the LISP site
       as a normal IP packet until it reaches a LISP ITR.

   2.  The LISP ITR must be able to map the EID destination to an RLOC
       of one of the ETRs at the destination site.  The specific method
       used to do this is not described in this example.  See [ALT] or
       [CONS] for possible solutions.

   3.  The ITR will send a LISP Map-Request.  Map-Requests SHOULD be
       rate-limited.

   4.  When an alternate mapping system is not in use, the Map-Request
       packet is routed through the underlying routing system.
       Otherwise, the Map-Request packet is routed on an alternate
       logical topology.  In either case, when the Map-Request arrives
       at one of the ETRs at the destination site, it will process the
       packet as a control message.

   5.  The ETR looks at the destination EID of the Map-Request and
       matches it against the prefixes in the ETR's configured EID-to-



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       RLOC mapping database.  This is the list of EID-prefixes the ETR
       is supporting for the site it resides in.  If there is no match,
       the Map-Request is dropped.  Otherwise, a LISP Map-Reply is
       returned to the ITR.

   6.  The ITR receives the Map-Reply message, parses the message (to
       check for format validity) and stores the mapping information
       from the packet.  This information is stored in the ITR's EID-to-
       RLOC mapping cache.  Note that the map cache is an on-demand
       cache.  An ITR will manage its map cache in such a way that
       optimizes for its resource constraints.

   7.  Subsequent packets from host1.abc.com to host2.xyz.com will have
       a LISP header prepended by the ITR using the appropriate RLOC as
       the LISP header destination address learned from the ETR.  Note
       the packet may be sent to a different ETR than the one which
       returned the Map-Reply due to the source site's hashing policy or
       the destination site's locator-set policy.

   8.  The ETR receives these packets directly (since the destination
       address is one of its assigned IP addresses), strips the LISP
       header and forwards the packets to the attached destination host.

   In order to eliminate the need for a mapping lookup in the reverse
   direction, an ETR MAY create a cache entry that maps the source EID
   (inner header source IP address) to the source RLOC (outer header
   source IP address) in a received LISP packet.  Such a cache entry is
   termed a "gleaned" mapping and only contains a single RLOC for the
   EID in question.  More complete information about additional RLOCs
   SHOULD be verified by sending a LISP Map-Request for that EID.  Both
   ITR and the ETR may also influence the decision the other makes in
   selecting an RLOC.  See Section 6 for more details.



















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5.  LISP Encapsulation Details

   Since additional tunnel headers are prepended, the packet becomes
   larger and can exceed the MTU of any link traversed from the ITR to
   the ETR.  It is recommended in IPv4 that packets do not get
   fragmented as they are encapsulated by the ITR.  Instead, the packet
   is dropped and an ICMP Too Big message is returned to the source.

   This specification recommends that implementations support for one of
   the proposed fragmentation and reassembly schemes.  These two
   existing schemes are detailed in Section 5.4.








































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5.1.  LISP IPv4-in-IPv4 Header Format



        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |Version|  IHL  |Type of Service|          Total Length         |
    /  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |   |         Identification        |Flags|      Fragment Offset    |
   |   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   OH  |  Time to Live | Protocol =3D 17 |         Header Checksum       =
|
   |   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |   |                    Source Routing Locator                     |
    \  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     \ |                 Destination Routing Locator                   |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |       Source Port =3D xxxx      |       Dest Port =3D 4341      =
  |
   UDP +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     \ |           UDP Length          |        UDP Checksum           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   L   |N|L|E|V|I|flags|            Nonce/Map-Version                  |
   I \ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   S / |                 Instance ID/Locator Status Bits               |
   P   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |Version|  IHL  |Type of Service|          Total Length         |
    /  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |   |         Identification        |Flags|      Fragment Offset    |
   |   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   IH  |  Time to Live |    Protocol   |         Header Checksum       |
   |   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |   |                           Source EID                          |
    \  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     \ |                         Destination EID                       |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+




5.2.  LISP IPv6-in-IPv6 Header Format



        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |Version| Traffic Class |           Flow Label                  |
    /  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+



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   |   |         Payload Length        | Next Header=3D17|   Hop Limit   =
|
   v   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                                                               |
   O   +                                                               +
   u   |                                                               |
   t   +                     Source Routing Locator                    +
   e   |                                                               |
   r   +                                                               +
       |                                                               |
   H   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   d   |                                                               |
   r   +                                                               +
       |                                                               |
   ^   +                  Destination Routing Locator                  +
   |   |                                                               |
    \  +                                                               +
     \ |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |       Source Port =3D xxxx      |       Dest Port =3D 4341      =
  |
   UDP +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     \ |           UDP Length          |        UDP Checksum           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   L   |N|L|E|V|I|flags|            Nonce/Map-Version                  |
   I \ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   S / |                 Instance ID/Locator Status Bits               |
   P   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |Version| Traffic Class |           Flow Label                  |
    /  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   /   |         Payload Length        |  Next Header  |   Hop Limit   |
   v   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                                                               |
   I   +                                                               +
   n   |                                                               |
   n   +                          Source EID                           +
   e   |                                                               |
   r   +                                                               +
       |                                                               |
   H   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   d   |                                                               |
   r   +                                                               +
       |                                                               |
   ^   +                        Destination EID                        +
   \   |                                                               |
    \  +                                                               +
     \ |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+





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5.3.  Tunnel Header Field Descriptions

   Inner Header:  The inner header is the header on the datagram
      received from the originating host.  The source and destination IP
      addresses are EIDs.

   Outer Header:  The outer header is a new header prepended by an ITR.
      The address fields contain RLOCs obtained from the ingress
      router's EID-to-RLOC cache.  The IP protocol number is "UDP (17)"
      from [RFC0768].  The DF bit of the Flags field is set to 0 when
      the method in Section 5.4.1 is used and set to 1 when the method
      in Section 5.4.2 is used.

   UDP Header:  The UDP header contains a ITR selected source port when
      encapsulating a packet.  See Section 6.5 for details on the hash
      algorithm used to select a source port based on the 5-tuple of the
      inner header.  The destination port MUST be set to the well-known
      IANA assigned port value 4341.

   UDP Checksum:  The UDP checksum field SHOULD be transmitted as zero
      by an ITR for either IPv4 [RFC0768] or IPv6 encapsulation
      [UDP-TUNNELS].  When a packet with a zero UDP checksum is received
      by an ETR, the ETR MUST accept the packet for decapsulation.  When
      an ITR transmits a non-zero value for the UDP checksum, it MUST
      send a correctly computed value in this field.  When an ETR
      receives a packet with a non-zero UDP checksum, it MAY choose to
      verify the checksum value.  If it chooses to perform such
      verification, and the verification fails, the packet MUST be
      silently dropped.  If the ETR chooses not to perform the
      verification, or performs the verification successfully, the
      packet MUST be accepted for decapsulation.  The handling of UDP
      checksums for all tunneling protocols, including LISP, is under
      active discussion within the IETF.  When that discussion
      concludes, any necessary changes will be made to align LISP with
      the outcome of the broader discussion.

   UDP Length:  The UDP length field is for an IPv4 encapsulated packet,
      the inner header Total Length plus the UDP and LISP header lengths
      are used.  For an IPv6 encapsulated packet, the inner header
      Payload Length plus the size of the IPv6 header (40 bytes) plus
      the size of the UDP and LISP headers are used.  The UDP header
      length is 8 bytes.

   N: The N bit is the nonce-present bit.  When this bit is set to 1,
      the low-order 24-bits of the first 32-bits of the LISP header
      contains a Nonce.  See Section 6.3.1 for details.  Both N and V
      bits MUST NOT be set in the same packet.  If they are, a
      decapsulating ETR MUST treat the "Nonce/Map-Version" field as



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      having a Nonce value present.

   L: The L bit is the Locator-Status-Bits field enabled bit.  When this
      bit is set to 1, the Locator-Status-Bits in the second 32-bits of
      the LISP header are in use.


     x 1 x x 0 x x x
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |N|L|E|V|I|flags|            Nonce/Map-Version                  |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |                      Locator Status Bits                      |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   E: The E bit is the echo-nonce-request bit.  When this bit is set to
      1, the N bit MUST be 1.  This bit SHOULD be ignored and has no
      meaning when the N bit is set to 0.  See Section 6.3.1 for
      details.

   V: The V bit is the Map-Version present bit.  When this bit is set to
      1, the N bit MUST be 0.  Refer to Section 6.6.3 for more details.
      This bit indicates that the first 4 bytes of the LISP header is
      encoded as:


     0 x 0 1 x x x x
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |N|L|E|V|I|flags|  Source Map-Version   |   Dest Map-Version    |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |                 Instance ID/Locator Status Bits               |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   I: The I bit is the Instance ID bit.  See Section 5.5 for more
      details.  When this bit is set to 1, the Locator Status Bits field
      is reduced to 8-bits and the high-order 24-bits are used as an
      Instance ID.  If the L-bit is set to 0, then the low-order 8 bits
      are transmitted as zero and ignored on receipt.  The format of the
      last 4 bytes of the LISP header would look like:













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     x x x x 1 x x x
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |N|L|E|V|I|flags|            Nonce/Map-Version                  |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |                 Instance ID                   |     LSBs      |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   flags:  The flags field is a 3-bit field is reserved for future flag
      use.  It is set to 0 on transmit and ignored on receipt.

   LISP Nonce:  The LISP nonce field is a 24-bit value that is randomly
      generated by an ITR when the N-bit is set to 1.  The nonce is also
      used when the E-bit is set to request the nonce value to be echoed
      by the other side when packets are returned.  When the E-bit is
      clear but the N-bit is set, a remote ITR is either echoing a
      previously requested echo-nonce or providing a random nonce.  See
      Section 6.3.1 for more details.

   LISP Locator Status Bits:  The locator status bits field in the LISP
      header is set by an ITR to indicate to an ETR the up/down status
      of the Locators in the source site.  Each RLOC in a Map-Reply is
      assigned an ordinal value from 0 to n-1 (when there are n RLOCs in
      a mapping entry).  The Locator Status Bits are numbered from 0 to
      n-1 from the least significant bit of field.  The field is 32-bits
      when the I-bit is set to 0 and is 8 bits when the I-bit is set to
      1.  When a Locator Status Bit is set to 1, the ITR is indicating
      to the ETR the RLOC associated with the bit ordinal has up status.
      See Section 6.3 for details on how an ITR can determine the status
      of other ITRs at the same site.  When a site has multiple EID-
      prefixes which result in multiple mappings (where each could have
      a different locator-set), the Locator Status Bits setting in an
      encapsulated packet MUST reflect the mapping for the EID-prefix
      that the inner-header source EID address matches.

   When doing ITR/PITR encapsulation:

   o  The outer header Time to Live field (or Hop Limit field, in case
      of IPv6) SHOULD be copied from the inner header Time to Live
      field.

   o  The outer header Type of Service field (or the Traffic Class
      field, in the case of IPv6) SHOULD be copied from the inner header
      Type of Service field (with one caveat, see below).

   When doing ETR/PETR decapsulation:






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   o  The inner header Time to Live field (or Hop Limit field, in case
      of IPv6) SHOULD be copied from the outer header Time to Live
      field, when the Time to Live field of the outer header is less
      than the Time to Live of the inner header.  Failing to perform
      this check can cause the Time to Live of the inner header to
      increment across encapsulation/decapsulation cycle.  This check is
      also performed when doing initial encapsulation when a packet
      comes to an ITR or PITR destined for a LISP site.

   o  The inner header Type of Service field (or the Traffic Class
      field, in the case of IPv6) SHOULD be copied from the outer header
      Type of Service field (with one caveat, see below).

   Note if an ETR/PETR is also an ITR/PITR and choose to reencapsulate
   after decapsulating, the net effect of this is that the new outer
   header will carry the same Time to Live as the old outer header.

   Copying the TTL serves two purposes: first, it preserves the distance
   the host intended the packet to travel; second, and more importantly,
   it provides for suppression of looping packets in the event there is
   a loop of concatenated tunnels due to misconfiguration.  See
   Section 9.3 for TTL exception handling for traceroute packets.

   The ECN field occupies bits 6 and 7 of both the IPv4 Type of Service
   field and the IPv6 Traffic Class field [RFC3168].  The ECN field
   requires special treatment in order to avoid discarding indications
   of congestion [RFC3168].  ITR encapsulation MUST copy the 2-bit ECN
   field from the inner header to the outer header.  Re-encapsulation
   MUST copy the 2-bit ECN field from the stripped outer header to the
   new outer header.  If the ECN field contains a congestion indication
   codepoint (the value is '11', the Congestion Experienced (CE)
   codepoint), then ETR decapsulation MUST copy the 2-bit ECN field from
   the stripped outer header to the surviving inner header that is used
   to forward the packet beyond the ETR.  These requirements preserve
   Congestion Experienced (CE) indications when a packet that uses ECN
   traverses a LISP tunnel and becomes marked with a CE indication due
   to congestion between the tunnel endpoints.

5.4.  Dealing with Large Encapsulated Packets

   This section proposes two mechanisms to deal with packets that exceed
   the path MTU between the ITR and ETR.

   It is left to the implementor to decide if the stateless or stateful
   mechanism should be implemented.  Both or neither can be used since
   it is a local decision in the ITR regarding how to deal with MTU
   issues, and sites can interoperate with differing mechanisms.




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   Both stateless and stateful mechanisms also apply to Reencapsulating
   and Recursive Tunneling.  So any actions below referring to an ITR
   also apply to an TE-ITR.

5.4.1.  A Stateless Solution to MTU Handling

   An ITR stateless solution to handle MTU issues is described as
   follows:

   1.  Define an architectural constant S for the maximum size of a
       packet, in bytes, an ITR would like to receive from a source
       inside of its site.

   2.  Define L to be the maximum size, in bytes, a packet of size S
       would be after the ITR prepends the LISP header, UDP header, and
       outer network layer header of size H.

   3.  Calculate: S + H =3D L.

   When an ITR receives a packet from a site-facing interface and adds H
   bytes worth of encapsulation to yield a packet size greater than L
   bytes, it resolves the MTU issue by first splitting the original
   packet into 2 equal-sized fragments.  A LISP header is then prepended
   to each fragment.  The size of the encapsulated fragments is then
   (S/2 + H), which is less than the ITR's estimate of the path MTU
   between the ITR and its correspondent ETR.

   When an ETR receives encapsulated fragments, it treats them as two
   individually encapsulated packets.  It strips the LISP headers then
   forwards each fragment to the destination host of the destination
   site.  The two fragments are reassembled at the destination host into
   the single IP datagram that was originated by the source host.

   This behavior is performed by the ITR when the source host originates
   a packet with the DF field of the IP header is set to 0.  When the DF
   field of the IP header is set to 1, or the packet is an IPv6 packet
   originated by the source host, the ITR will drop the packet when the
   size is greater than L, and sends an ICMP Too Big message to the
   source with a value of S, where S is (L - H).

   When the outer header encapsulation uses an IPv4 header, an
   implementation SHOULD set the DF bit to 1 so ETR fragment reassembly
   can be avoided.  An implementation MAY set the DF bit in such headers
   to 0 if it has good reason to believe there are unresolvable path MTU
   issues between the sending ITR and the receiving ETR.

   This specification recommends that L be defined as 1500.




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5.4.2.  A Stateful Solution to MTU Handling

   An ITR stateful solution to handle MTU issues is described as follows
   and was first introduced in [OPENLISP]:

   1.  The ITR will keep state of the effective MTU for each locator per
       mapping cache entry.  The effective MTU is what the core network
       can deliver along the path between ITR and ETR.

   2.  When an IPv6 encapsulated packet or an IPv4 encapsulated packet
       with DF bit set to 1, exceeds what the core network can deliver,
       one of the intermediate routers on the path will send an ICMP Too
       Big message to the ITR.  The ITR will parse the ICMP message to
       determine which locator is affected by the effective MTU change
       and then record the new effective MTU value in the mapping cache
       entry.

   3.  When a packet is received by the ITR from a source inside of the
       site and the size of the packet is greater than the effective MTU
       stored with the mapping cache entry associated with the
       destination EID the packet is for, the ITR will send an ICMP Too
       Big message back to the source.  The packet size advertised by
       the ITR in the ICMP Too Big message is the effective MTU minus
       the LISP encapsulation length.

   Even though this mechanism is stateful, it has advantages over the
   stateless IP fragmentation mechanism, by not involving the
   destination host with reassembly of ITR fragmented packets.

5.5.  Using Virtualization and Segmentation with LISP

   When multiple organizations inside of a LISP site are using private
   addresses [RFC1918] as EID-prefixes, their address spaces MUST remain
   segregated due to possible address duplication.  An Instance ID in
   the address encoding can aid in making the entire AFI based address
   unique.  See IANA Considerations Section 14.1 for details for
   possible address encodings.

   An Instance ID can be carried in a LISP encapsulated packet.  An ITR
   that prepends a LISP header, will copy a 24-bit value, used by the
   LISP router to uniquely identify the address space.  The value is
   copied to the Instance ID field of the LISP header and the I-bit is
   set to 1.

   When an ETR decapsulates a packet, the Instance ID from the LISP
   header is used as a table identifier to locate the forwarding table
   to use for the inner destination EID lookup.




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   For example, a 802.1Q VLAN tag or VPN identifier could be used as a
   24-bit Instance ID.

















































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6.  EID-to-RLOC Mapping

6.1.  LISP IPv4 and IPv6 Control Plane Packet Formats

   The following new UDP packet types are used to retrieve EID-to-RLOC
   mappings:


       0                   1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |Version|  IHL  |Type of Service|          Total Length         |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |         Identification        |Flags|      Fragment Offset    |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |  Time to Live | Protocol =3D 17 |         Header Checksum       =
|
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                    Source Routing Locator                     |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                 Destination Routing Locator                   |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |           Source Port         |         Dest Port             |
   UDP +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     \ |           UDP Length          |        UDP Checksum           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                                                               |
       |                         LISP Message                          |
       |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |Version| Traffic Class |           Flow Label                  |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |         Payload Length        | Next Header=3D17|   Hop Limit   =
|
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                                                               |
       +                                                               +
       |                                                               |
       +                     Source Routing Locator                    +
       |                                                               |
       +                                                               +
       |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                                                               |
       +                                                               +



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       |                                                               |
       +                  Destination Routing Locator                  +
       |                                                               |
       +                                                               +
       |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |           Source Port         |         Dest Port             |
   UDP +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     \ |           UDP Length          |        UDP Checksum           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                                                               |
       |                         LISP Message                          |
       |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


   The LISP UDP-based messages are the Map-Request and Map-Reply
   messages.  When a UDP Map-Request is sent, the UDP source port is
   chosen by the sender and the destination UDP port number is set to
   4342.  When a UDP Map-Reply is sent, the source UDP port number is
   set to 4342 and the destination UDP port number is copied from the
   source port of either the Map-Request or the invoking data packet.
   Implementations MUST be prepared to accept packets when either the
   source port or destination UDP port is set to 4342 due to NATs
   changing port number values.

   The UDP Length field will reflect the length of the UDP header and
   the LISP Message payload.

   The UDP Checksum is computed and set to non-zero for Map-Request,
   Map-Reply, Map-Register and ECM control messages.  It MUST be checked
   on receipt and if the checksum fails, the packet MUST be dropped.

   LISP-CONS [CONS] uses TCP to send LISP control messages.  The format
   of control messages includes the UDP header so the checksum and
   length fields can be used to protect and delimit message boundaries.

   This main LISP specification is the authoritative source for message
   format definitions for the Map-Request and Map-Reply messages.












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6.1.1.  LISP Packet Type Allocations

   This section will be the authoritative source for allocating LISP
   Type values.  Current allocations are:


       Reserved:                          0    b'0000'
       LISP Map-Request:                  1    b'0001'
       LISP Map-Reply:                    2    b'0010'
       LISP Map-Register:                 3    b'0011'
       LISP Map-Notify:                   4    b'0100'
       LISP Encapsulated Control Message: 8    b'1000'


6.1.2.  Map-Request Message Format



        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |Type=3D1 |A|M|P|S|p|     Reserved      |   IRC   | Record Count  =
|
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                         Nonce . . .                           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                         . . . Nonce                           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |         Source-EID-AFI        |   Source EID Address  ...     |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |         ITR-RLOC-AFI 1        |    ITR-RLOC Address 1  ...    |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                              ...                              |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |         ITR-RLOC-AFI n        |    ITR-RLOC Address n  ...    |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |   Reserved    | EID mask-len  |        EID-prefix-AFI         |
   Rec +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     \ |                       EID-prefix  ...                         |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                   Map-Reply Record  ...                       |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                     Mapping Protocol Data                     |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


   Packet field descriptions:





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   Type:   1 (Map-Request)

   A: This is an authoritative bit, which is set to 0 for UDP-based Map-
      Requests sent by an ITR.

   M: When set, it indicates a Map-Reply Record segment is included in
      the Map-Request.

   P: This is the probe-bit which indicates that a Map-Request SHOULD be
      treated as a locator reachability probe.  The receiver SHOULD
      respond with a Map-Reply with the probe-bit set, indicating the
      Map-Reply is a locator reachability probe reply, with the nonce
      copied from the Map-Request.  See Section 6.3.2 for more details.

   S: This is the SMR bit.  See Section 6.6.2 for details.

   p: This is the PITR bit.  This bit is set to 1 when a PITR sends a
      Map-Request.

   Reserved:  Set to 0 on transmission and ignored on receipt.

   IRC:  This 5-bit field is the ITR-RLOC Count which encodes the
      additional number of (ITR-RLOC-AFI, ITR-RLOC Address) fields
      present in this message.  At least one (ITR-RLOC-AFI, ITR-RLOC-
      Address) pair must always be encoded.  Multiple ITR-RLOC Address
      fields are used so a Map-Replier can select which destination
      address to use for a Map-Reply.  The IRC value ranges from 0 to
      31, and for a value of 1, there are 2 ITR-RLOC addresses encoded
      and so on up to 31 which encodes a total of 32 ITR-RLOC addresses.

   Record Count:  The number of records in this Map-Request message.  A
      record is comprised of the portion of the packet that is labeled
      'Rec' above and occurs the number of times equal to Record Count.
      For this version of the protocol, a receiver MUST accept and
      process Map-Requests that contain one or more records, but a
      sender MUST only send Map-Requests containing one record.  Support
      for requesting multiple EIDs in a single Map-Request message will
      be specified in a future version of the protocol.

   Nonce:  An 8-byte random value created by the sender of the Map-
      Request.  This nonce will be returned in the Map-Reply.  The
      security of the LISP mapping protocol depends critically on the
      strength of the nonce in the Map-Request message.  The nonce
      SHOULD be generated by a properly seeded pseudo-random (or strong
      random) source.  See [RFC4086] for advice on generating security-
      sensitive random data.





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   Source-EID-AFI:  Address family of the "Source EID Address" field.

   Source EID Address:  This is the EID of the source host which
      originated the packet which is invoking this Map-Request.  When
      Map-Requests are used for refreshing a map-cache entry or for
      RLOC-probing, an AFI value 0 is used and this field is of zero
      length.

   ITR-RLOC-AFI:  Address family of the "ITR-RLOC Address" field that
      follows this field.

   ITR-RLOC Address:  Used to give the ETR the option of selecting the
      destination address from any address family for the Map-Reply
      message.  This address MUST be a routable RLOC address of the
      sender of the Map-Request message.

   EID mask-len:  Mask length for EID prefix.

   EID-prefix-AFI:  Address family of EID-prefix according to [RFC5226]

   EID-prefix:  4 bytes if an IPv4 address-family, 16 bytes if an IPv6
      address-family.  When a Map-Request is sent by an ITR because a
      data packet is received for a destination where there is no
      mapping entry, the EID-prefix is set to the destination IP address
      of the data packet.  And the 'EID mask-len' is set to 32 or 128
      for IPv4 or IPv6, respectively.  When an xTR wants to query a site
      about the status of a mapping it already has cached, the EID-
      prefix used in the Map-Request has the same mask-length as the
      EID-prefix returned from the site when it sent a Map-Reply
      message.

   Map-Reply Record:  When the M bit is set, this field is the size of a
      single "Record" in the Map-Reply format.  This Map-Reply record
      contains the EID-to-RLOC mapping entry associated with the Source
      EID.  This allows the ETR which will receive this Map-Request to
      cache the data if it chooses to do so.

   Mapping Protocol Data:  See [CONS] for details.  This field is
      optional and present when the UDP length indicates there is enough
      space in the packet to include it.

6.1.3.  EID-to-RLOC UDP Map-Request Message

   A Map-Request is sent from an ITR when it needs a mapping for an EID,
   wants to test an RLOC for reachability, or wants to refresh a mapping
   before TTL expiration.  For the initial case, the destination IP
   address used for the Map-Request is the destination-EID from the
   packet which had a mapping cache lookup failure.  For the latter 2



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   cases, the destination IP address used for the Map-Request is one of
   the RLOC addresses from the locator-set of the map cache entry.  The
   source address is either an IPv4 or IPv6 RLOC address depending if
   the Map-Request is using an IPv4 versus IPv6 header, respectively.
   In all cases, the UDP source port number for the Map-Request message
   is an ITR/PITR selected 16-bit value and the UDP destination port
   number is set to the well-known destination port number 4342.  A
   successful Map-Reply updates the cached set of RLOCs associated with
   the EID prefix range.

   One or more Map-Request (ITR-RLOC-AFI, ITR-RLOC-Address) fields MUST
   be filled in by the ITR.  The number of fields (minus 1) encoded MUST
   be placed in the IRC field.  The ITR MAY include all locally
   configured locators in this list or just provide one locator address
   from each address family it supports.  If the ITR erroneously
   provides no ITR-RLOC addresses, the Map-Replier MUST drop the Map-
   Request.

   Map-Requests can also be LISP encapsulated using UDP destination port
   4342 with a LISP type value set to "Encapsulated Control Message",
   when sent from an ITR to a Map-Resolver.  Likewise, Map-Requests are
   LISP encapsulated the same way from a Map-Server to an ETR.  Details
   on encapsulated Map-Requests and Map-Resolvers can be found in
   [LISP-MS].

   Map-Requests MUST be rate-limited.  It is recommended that a Map-
   Request for the same EID-prefix be sent no more than once per second.

   An ITR that is configured with mapping database information (i.e. it
   is also an ETR) may optionally include those mappings in a Map-
   Request.  When an ETR configured to accept and verify such
   "piggybacked" mapping data receives such a Map-Request and it does
   not have this mapping in the map-cache, it may originate a "verifying
   Map-Request", addressed to the map-requesting ITR.  If the ETR has a
   map-cache entry that matches the "piggybacked" EID and the RLOC is in
   the locator-set for the entry, then it may send the "verifying Map-
   Request" directly to the originating Map-Request source.  If the RLOC
   is not in the locator-set, then the ETR MUST send the "verifying Map-
   Request" to the "piggybacked" EID.  Doing this forces the "verifying
   Map-Request" to go through the mapping database system to reach the
   authoritative source of information about that EID, guarding against
   RLOC-spoofing in in the "piggybacked" mapping data.









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6.1.4.  Map-Reply Message Format



        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |Type=3D2 |P|E|S|          Reserved               | Record Count  =
|
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                         Nonce . . .                           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                         . . . Nonce                           |
   +-> +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |   |                          Record  TTL                          |
   |   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   R   | Locator Count | EID mask-len  | ACT |A|      Reserved         |
   e   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   c   | Rsvd  |  Map-Version Number   |            EID-AFI            |
   o   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   r   |                          EID-prefix                           |
   d   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |  /|    Priority   |    Weight     |  M Priority   |   M Weight    |
   | L +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   | o |        Unused Flags     |L|p|R|           Loc-AFI             |
   | c +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |  \|                             Locator                           |
   +-> +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                     Mapping Protocol Data                     |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


   Packet field descriptions:

   Type:   2 (Map-Reply)

   P: This is the probe-bit which indicates that the Map-Reply is in
      response to a locator reachability probe Map-Request.  The nonce
      field MUST contain a copy of the nonce value from the original
      Map-Request.  See Section 6.3.2 for more details.

   E: Indicates that the ETR which sends this Map-Reply message is
      advertising that the site is enabled for the Echo-Nonce locator
      reachability algorithm.  See Section 6.3.1 for more details.

   S: This is the Security bit.  When set to 1 the field following the
      Mapping Protocol Data field will have the following format.  The
      detailed format of the Authentication Data Content field can be
      found in [LISP-SEC] when AD Type is equal to 1.



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     0                   1                   2                   3
     0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |    AD Type    |       Authentication Data Content . . .       |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   Reserved:  Set to 0 on transmission and ignored on receipt.

   Record Count:  The number of records in this reply message.  A record
      is comprised of that portion of the packet labeled 'Record' above
      and occurs the number of times equal to Record count.

   Nonce:  A 24-bit value set in a Data-Probe packet or a 64-bit value
      from the Map-Request is echoed in this Nonce field of the Map-
      Reply.

   Record TTL:  The time in minutes the recipient of the Map-Reply will
      store the mapping.  If the TTL is 0, the entry SHOULD be removed
      from the cache immediately.  If the value is 0xffffffff, the
      recipient can decide locally how long to store the mapping.

   Locator Count:  The number of Locator entries.  A locator entry
      comprises what is labeled above as 'Loc'.  The locator count can
      be 0 indicating there are no locators for the EID-prefix.

   EID mask-len:  Mask length for EID prefix.

   ACT:  This 3-bit field describes negative Map-Reply actions.  These
      bits are used only when the 'Locator Count' field is set to 0.
      The action bits are encoded only in Map-Reply messages.  The
      actions defined are used by an ITR or PTR when a destination EID
      matches a negative mapping cache entry.  Unassigned values should
      cause a map-cache entry to be created and, when packets match this
      negative cache entry, they will be dropped.  The current assigned
      values are:



      (0) No-Action:  The map-cache is kept alive and packet
         encapsulation occurs.

      (1) Natively-Forward:  The packet is not encapsulated or dropped
         but natively forwarded.

      (2) Send-Map-Request:  The packet invokes sending a Map-Request.






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      (3) Drop:  A packet that matches this map-cache entry is dropped.

   A: The Authoritative bit, when sent by a UDP-based message is always
      set to 1 by an ETR.  See [CONS] for TCP-based Map-Replies.  When a
      Map-Server is proxy Map-Replying [LISP-MS] for a LISP site, the
      Authoritative bit is set to 0.  This indicates to requesting ITRs
      that the Map-Reply was not originated by a LISP node managed at
      the site that owns the EID-prefix.

   Map-Version Number:  When this 12-bit value is non-zero the Map-Reply
      sender is informing the ITR what the version number is for the
      EID-record contained in the Map-Reply.  The ETR can allocate this
      number internally but MUST coordinate this value with other ETRs
      for the site.  When this value is 0, there is no versioning
      information conveyed.  The Map-Version Number can be included in
      Map-Request and Map-Register messages.  See Section 6.6.3 for more
      details.

   EID-AFI:  Address family of EID-prefix according to [RFC5226].

   EID-prefix:  4 bytes if an IPv4 address-family, 16 bytes if an IPv6
      address-family.

   Priority:  each RLOC is assigned a unicast priority.  Lower values
      are more preferable.  When multiple RLOCs have the same priority,
      they may be used in a load-split fashion.  A value of 255 means
      the RLOC MUST NOT be used for unicast forwarding.

   Weight:  when priorities are the same for multiple RLOCs, the weight
      indicates how to balance unicast traffic between them.  Weight is
      encoded as a relative weight of total unicast packets that match
      the mapping entry.  If a non-zero weight value is used for any
      RLOC, then all RLOCs MUST use a non-zero weight value and then the
      sum of all weight values MUST equal 100.  If a zero value is used
      for any RLOC weight, then all weights MUST be zero and the
      receiver of the Map-Reply will decide how to load-split traffic.
      See Section 6.5 for a suggested hash algorithm to distribute load
      across locators with same priority and equal weight values.

   M Priority:  each RLOC is assigned a multicast priority used by an
      ETR in a receiver multicast site to select an ITR in a source
      multicast site for building multicast distribution trees.  A value
      of 255 means the RLOC MUST NOT be used for joining a multicast
      distribution tree.







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   M Weight:  when priorities are the same for multiple RLOCs, the
      weight indicates how to balance building multicast distribution
      trees across multiple ITRs.  The weight is encoded as a relative
      weight of total number of trees built to the source site
      identified by the EID-prefix.  If a non-zero weight value is used
      for any RLOC, then all RLOCs MUST use a non-zero weight value and
      then the sum of all weight values MUST equal 100.  If a zero value
      is used for any RLOC weight, then all weights MUST be zero and the
      receiver of the Map-Reply will decide how to distribute multicast
      state across ITRs.

   Unused Flags:  set to 0 when sending and ignored on receipt.

   L: when this bit is set, the locator is flagged as a local locator to
      the ETR that is sending the Map-Reply.  When a Map-Server is doing
      proxy Map-Replying [LISP-MS] for a LISP site, the L bit is set to
      0 for all locators in this locator-set.

   p: when this bit is set, an ETR informs the RLOC-probing ITR that the
      locator address, for which this bit is set, is the one being RLOC-
      probed and may be different from the source address of the Map-
      Reply.  An ITR that RLOC-probes a particular locator, MUST use
      this locator for retrieving the data structure used to store the
      fact that the locator is reachable.  The "p" bit is set for a
      single locator in the same locator set.  If an implementation sets
      more than one "p" bit erroneously, the receiver of the Map-Reply
      MUST select the first locator.  The "p" bit MUST NOT be set for
      locator-set records sent in Map-Request and Map-Register messages.

   R: set when the sender of a Map-Reply has a route to the locator in
      the locator data record.  This receiver may find this useful to
      know when determining if the locator is reachable from the
      receiver.  See also Section 6.4 for another way the R-bit may be
      used.

   Locator:  an IPv4 or IPv6 address (as encoded by the 'Loc-AFI' field)
      assigned to an ETR.  Note that the destination RLOC address MAY be
      an anycast address.  A source RLOC can be an anycast address as
      well.  The source or destination RLOC MUST NOT be the broadcast
      address (255.255.255.255 or any subnet broadcast address known to
      the router), and MUST NOT be a link-local multicast address.  The
      source RLOC MUST NOT be a multicast address.  The destination RLOC
      SHOULD be a multicast address if it is being mapped from a
      multicast destination EID.







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   Mapping Protocol Data:  See [CONS] or [ALT] for details.  This field
      is optional and present when the UDP length indicates there is
      enough space in the packet to include it.

6.1.5.  EID-to-RLOC UDP Map-Reply Message

   A Map-Reply returns an EID-prefix with a prefix length that is less
   than or equal to the EID being requested.  The EID being requested is
   either from the destination field of an IP header of a Data-Probe or
   the EID record of a Map-Request.  The RLOCs in the Map-Reply are
   globally-routable IP addresses of all ETRs for the LISP site.  Each
   RLOC conveys status reachability but does not convey path
   reachability from a requesters perspective.  Separate testing of path
   reachability is required, See Section 6.3 for details.

   Note that a Map-Reply may contain different EID-prefix granularity
   (prefix + length) than the Map-Request which triggers it.  This might
   occur if a Map-Request were for a prefix that had been returned by an
   earlier Map-Reply.  In such a case, the requester updates its cache
   with the new prefix information and granularity.  For example, a
   requester with two cached EID-prefixes that are covered by a Map-
   Reply containing one, less-specific prefix, replaces the entry with
   the less-specific EID-prefix.  Note that the reverse, replacement of
   one less-specific prefix with multiple more-specific prefixes, can
   also occur but not by removing the less-specific prefix rather by
   adding the more-specific prefixes which during a lookup will override
   the less-specific prefix.

   When an ETR is configured with overlapping EID-prefixes, a Map-
   Request with an EID that longest matches any EID-prefix MUST be
   returned in a single Map-Reply message.  For instance, if an ETR had
   database mapping entries for EID-prefixes:

     10.0.0.0/8
     10.1.0.0/16
     10.1.1.0/24
     10.1.2.0/24

   A Map-Request for EID 10.1.1.1 would cause a Map-Reply with a record
   count of 1 to be returned with a mapping record EID-prefix of
   10.1.1.0/24.

   A Map-Request for EID 10.1.5.5, would cause a Map-Reply with a record
   count of 3 to be returned with mapping records for EID-prefixes
   10.1.0.0/16, 10.1.1.0/24, and 10.1.2.0/24.

   Note that not all overlapping EID-prefixes need to be returned, only
   the more specifics (note in the second example above 10.0.0.0/8 was



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   not returned for requesting EID 10.1.5.5) entries for the matching
   EID-prefix of the requesting EID.  When more than one EID-prefix is
   returned, all SHOULD use the same Time-to-Live value so they can all
   time out at the same time.  When a more specific EID-prefix is
   received later, its Time-to-Live value in the Map-Reply record can be
   stored even when other less specifics exist.  When a less specific
   EID-prefix is received later, its map-cache expiration time SHOULD be
   set to the minimum expiration time of any more specific EID-prefix in
   the map-cache.

   Map-Replies SHOULD be sent for an EID-prefix no more often than once
   per second to the same requesting router.  For scalability, it is
   expected that aggregation of EID addresses into EID-prefixes will
   allow one Map-Reply to satisfy a mapping for the EID addresses in the
   prefix range thereby reducing the number of Map-Request messages.

   Map-Reply records can have an empty locator-set.  A negative Map-
   Reply is a Map-Reply with an empty locator-set.  Negative Map-Replies
   convey special actions by the sender to the ITR or PTR which have
   solicited the Map-Reply.  There are two primary applications for
   Negative Map-Replies.  The first is for a Map-Resolver to instruct an
   ITR or PTR when a destination is for a LISP site versus a non-LISP
   site.  And the other is to source quench Map-Requests which are sent
   for non-allocated EIDs.

   For each Map-Reply record, the list of locators in a locator-set MUST
   appear in the same order for each ETR that originates a Map-Reply
   message.  The locator-set MUST be sorted in order of ascending IP
   address where an IPv4 locator address is considered numerically 'less
   than' an IPv6 locator address.

   When sending a Map-Reply message, the destination address is copied
   from the one of the ITR-RLOC fields from the Map-Request.  The ETR
   can choose a locator address from one of the address families it
   supports.  For Data-Probes, the destination address of the Map-Reply
   is copied from the source address of the Data-Probe message which is
   invoking the reply.  The source address of the Map-Reply is one of
   the local locator addresses listed in the locator-set of any mapping
   record in the message and SHOULD be chosen to allow uRPF checks to
   succeed in the upstream service provider.  The destination port of a
   Map-Reply message is copied from the source port of the Map-Request
   or Data-Probe and the source port of the Map-Reply message is set to
   the well-known UDP port 4342.

6.1.5.1.  Traffic Redirection with Coarse EID-Prefixes

   When an ETR is misconfigured or compromised, it could return coarse
   EID-prefixes in Map-Reply messages it sends.  The EID-prefix could



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   cover EID-prefixes which are allocated to other sites redirecting
   their traffic to the locators of the compromised site.

   To solve this problem, there are two basic solutions that could be
   used.  The first is to have Map-Servers proxy-map-reply on behalf of
   ETRs so their registered EID-prefixes are the ones returned in Map-
   Replies.  Since the interaction between an ETR and Map-Server is
   secured with shared-keys, it is more difficult for an ETR to
   misbehave.  The second solution is to have ITRs and PTRs cache EID-
   prefixes with mask-lengths that are greater than or equal to a
   configured prefix length.  This limits the damage to a specific width
   of any EID-prefix advertised, but needs to be coordinated with the
   allocation of site prefixes.  These solutions can be used
   independently or at the same time.

   At the time of this writing, other approaches are being considered
   and researched.

6.1.6.  Map-Register Message Format

   The usage details of the Map-Register message can be found in
   specification [LISP-MS].  This section solely defines the message
   format.

   The message is sent in UDP with a destination UDP port of 4342 and a
   randomly selected UDP source port number.

   The Map-Register message format is:























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        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |Type=3D3 |P|            Reserved               |M| Record Count  =
|
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                         Nonce . . .                           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                         . . . Nonce                           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |            Key ID             |  Authentication Data Length   |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       ~                     Authentication Data                       ~
   +-> +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |   |                          Record  TTL                          |
   |   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   R   | Locator Count | EID mask-len  | ACT |A|      Reserved         |
   e   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   c   | Rsvd  |  Map-Version Number   |            EID-AFI            |
   o   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   r   |                          EID-prefix                           |
   d   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |  /|    Priority   |    Weight     |  M Priority   |   M Weight    |
   | L +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   | o |        Unused Flags     |L|p|R|           Loc-AFI             |
   | c +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |  \|                             Locator                           |
   +-> +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


   Packet field descriptions:

   Type:   3 (Map-Register)

   P: This is the proxy-map-reply bit, when set to 1 an ETR sends a Map-
      Register message requesting for the Map-Server to proxy Map-Reply.
      The Map-Server will send non-authoritative Map-Replies on behalf
      of the ETR.  Details on this usage will be provided in a future
      version of this draft.

   Reserved:  Set to 0 on transmission and ignored on receipt.

   M: This is the want-map-notify bit, when set to 1 an ETR is
      requesting for a Map-Notify message to be returned in response to
      sending a Map-Register message.  The Map-Notify message sent by a
      Map-Server is used to an acknowledge receipt of a Map-Register
      message.





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   Record Count:  The number of records in this Map-Register message.  A
      record is comprised of that portion of the packet labeled 'Record'
      above and occurs the number of times equal to Record count.

   Nonce:  This 8-byte Nonce field is set to 0 in Map-Register messages.

   Key ID:  A configured ID to find the configured Message
      Authentication Code (MAC) algorithm and key value used for the
      authentication function.

   Authentication Data Length:  The length in bytes of the
      Authentication Data field that follows this field.  The length of
      the Authentication Data field is dependent on the Message
      Authentication Code (MAC) algorithm used.  The length field allows
      a device that doesn't know the MAC algorithm to correctly parse
      the packet.

   Authentication Data:  The message digest used from the output of the
      Message Authentication Code (MAC) algorithm.  The entire Map-
      Register payload is authenticated with this field preset to 0.
      After the MAC is computed, it is placed in this field.
      Implementations of this specification MUST include support for
      HMAC-SHA-1-96 [RFC2404] and support for HMAC-SHA-128-256 [RFC4634]
      is recommended.

   The definition of the rest of the Map-Register can be found in the
   Map-Reply section.

6.1.7.  Map-Notify Message Format

   The usage details of the Map-Notify message can be found in
   specification [LISP-MS].  This section solely defines the message
   format.

   The message is sent inside a UDP packet with a source UDP port equal
   to 4342 and a destination port equal to the source port from the Map-
   Register message this Map-Notify message is responding to.

   The Map-Notify message format is:












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        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |Type=3D4 |              Reserved                 | Record Count  =
|
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                         Nonce . . .                           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                         . . . Nonce                           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |            Key ID             |  Authentication Data Length   |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       ~                     Authentication Data                       ~
   +-> +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |   |                          Record  TTL                          |
   |   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   R   | Locator Count | EID mask-len  | ACT |A|      Reserved         |
   e   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   c   | Rsvd  |  Map-Version Number   |            EID-AFI            |
   o   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   r   |                          EID-prefix                           |
   d   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |  /|    Priority   |    Weight     |  M Priority   |   M Weight    |
   | L +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   | o |        Unused Flags     |L|p|R|           Loc-AFI             |
   | c +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |  \|                             Locator                           |
   +-> +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


   Packet field descriptions:

   Type:   4 (Map-Notify)

   The Map-Notify message has the same contents as a Map-Register
   message.  See Map-Register section for field descriptions.

6.1.8.  Encapsulated Control Message Format

   An Encapsulated Control Message is used to encapsulate control
   packets sent between xTRs and the mapping database system described
   in [LISP-MS].










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        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |                       IPv4 or IPv6 Header                     |
   OH  |                      (uses RLOC addresses)                    |
     \ |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |       Source Port =3D xxxx      |       Dest Port =3D 4342      =
  |
   UDP +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     \ |           UDP Length          |        UDP Checksum           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   LH  |Type=3D8 |S|                  Reserved                           =
|
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |                       IPv4 or IPv6 Header                     |
   IH  |                  (uses RLOC or EID addresses)                 |
     \ |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |       Source Port =3D xxxx      |       Dest Port =3D yyyy      =
  |
   UDP +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     \ |           UDP Length          |        UDP Checksum           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   LCM |                      LISP Control Message                     |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   Packet header descriptions:

   OH:   The outer IPv4 or IPv6 header which uses RLOC addresses in the
      source and destination header address fields.

   UDP:   The outer UDP header with destination port 4342.  The source
      port is randomly allocated.  The checksum field MUST be non-zero.

   LH:   Type 8 is defined to be a "LISP Encapsulated Control Message"
      and what follows is either an IPv4 or IPv6 header as encoded by
      the first 4 bits after the reserved field.

   S:   This is the Security bit.  When set to 1 the field following the
      Reserved field will have the following format.  The detailed
      format of the Authentication Data Content field can be found in
      [LISP-SEC] when AD Type is equal to 1.











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     0                   1                   2                   3
     0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |    AD Type    |       Authentication Data Content . . .       |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   IH:   The inner IPv4 or IPv6 header which can use either RLOC or EID
      addresses in the header address fields.  When a Map-Request is
      encapsulated in this packet format the destination address in this
      header is an EID.

   UDP:   The inner UDP header where the port assignments depends on the
      control packet being encapsulated.  When the control packet is a
      Map-Request or Map-Register, the source port is ITR/PITR selected
      and the destination port is 4342.  When the control packet is a
      Map-Reply, the source port is 4342 and the destination port is
      assigned from the source port of the invoking Map-Request.  Port
      number 4341 MUST NOT be assigned to either port.  The checksum
      field MUST be non-zero.

   LCM:   The format is one of the control message formats described in
      this section.  At this time, only Map-Request messages and PIM
      Join-Prune messages [MLISP] are allowed to be encapsulated.
      Encapsulating other types of LISP control messages are for further
      study.  When Map-Requests are sent for RLOC-probing purposes (i.e
      the probe-bit is set), they MUST NOT be sent inside Encapsulated
      Control Messages.

6.2.  Routing Locator Selection

   Both client-side and server-side may need control over the selection
   of RLOCs for conversations between them.  This control is achieved by
   manipulating the Priority and Weight fields in EID-to-RLOC Map-Reply
   messages.  Alternatively, RLOC information may be gleaned from
   received tunneled packets or EID-to-RLOC Map-Request messages.

   The following enumerates different scenarios for choosing RLOCs and
   the controls that are available:

   o  Server-side returns one RLOC.  Client-side can only use one RLOC.
      Server-side has complete control of the selection.

   o  Server-side returns a list of RLOC where a subset of the list has
      the same best priority.  Client can only use the subset list
      according to the weighting assigned by the server-side.  In this
      case, the server-side controls both the subset list and load-
      splitting across its members.  The client-side can use RLOCs
      outside of the subset list if it determines that the subset list



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      is unreachable (unless RLOCs are set to a Priority of 255).  Some
      sharing of control exists: the server-side determines the
      destination RLOC list and load distribution while the client-side
      has the option of using alternatives to this list if RLOCs in the
      list are unreachable.

   o  Server-side sets weight of 0 for the RLOC subset list.  In this
      case, the client-side can choose how the traffic load is spread
      across the subset list.  Control is shared by the server-side
      determining the list and the client determining load distribution.
      Again, the client can use alternative RLOCs if the server-provided
      list of RLOCs are unreachable.

   o  Either side (more likely on the server-side ETR) decides not to
      send a Map-Request.  For example, if the server-side ETR does not
      send Map-Requests, it gleans RLOCs from the client-side ITR,
      giving the client-side ITR responsibility for bidirectional RLOC
      reachability and preferability.  Server-side ETR gleaning of the
      client-side ITR RLOC is done by caching the inner header source
      EID and the outer header source RLOC of received packets.  The
      client-side ITR controls how traffic is returned and can alternate
      using an outer header source RLOC, which then can be added to the
      list the server-side ETR uses to return traffic.  Since no
      Priority or Weights are provided using this method, the server-
      side ETR MUST assume each client-side ITR RLOC uses the same best
      Priority with a Weight of zero.  In addition, since EID-prefix
      encoding cannot be conveyed in data packets, the EID-to-RLOC cache
      on tunnel routers can grow to be very large.

   o  A "gleaned" map-cache entry, one learned from the source RLOC of a
      received encapsulated packet, is only stored and used for a few
      seconds, pending verification.  Verification is performed by
      sending a Map-Request to the source EID (the inner header IP
      source address) of the received encapsulated packet.  A reply to
      this "verifying Map-Request" is used to fully populate the map-
      cache entry for the "gleaned" EID and is stored and used for the
      time indicated from the TTL field of a received Map-Reply.  When a
      verified map-cache entry is stored, data gleaning no longer occurs
      for subsequent packets which have a source EID that matches the
      EID-prefix of the verified entry.

   RLOCs that appear in EID-to-RLOC Map-Reply messages are assumed to be
   reachable when the R-bit for the locator record is set to 1.  Neither
   the information contained in a Map-Reply or that stored in the
   mapping database system provides reachability information for RLOCs.
   Note that reachability is not part of the mapping system and is
   determined using one or more of the Routing Locator Reachability
   Algorithms described in the next section.



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6.3.  Routing Locator Reachability

   Several mechanisms for determining RLOC reachability are currently
   defined:

   1.  An ETR may examine the Loc-Status-Bits in the LISP header of an
       encapsulated data packet received from an ITR.  If the ETR is
       also acting as an ITR and has traffic to return to the original
       ITR site, it can use this status information to help select an
       RLOC.

   2.  An ITR may receive an ICMP Network or ICMP Host Unreachable
       message for an RLOC it is using.  This indicates that the RLOC is
       likely down.

   3.  An ITR which participates in the global routing system can
       determine that an RLOC is down if no BGP RIB route exists that
       matches the RLOC IP address.

   4.  An ITR may receive an ICMP Port Unreachable message from a
       destination host.  This occurs if an ITR attempts to use
       interworking [INTERWORK] and LISP-encapsulated data is sent to a
       non-LISP-capable site.

   5.  An ITR may receive a Map-Reply from a ETR in response to a
       previously sent Map-Request.  The RLOC source of the Map-Reply is
       likely up since the ETR was able to send the Map-Reply to the
       ITR.

   6.  When an ETR receives an encapsulated packet from an ITR, the
       source RLOC from the outer header of the packet is likely up.

   7.  An ITR/ETR pair can use the Locator Reachability Algorithms
       described in this section, namely Echo-Noncing or RLOC-Probing.

   When determining Locator up/down reachability by examining the Loc-
   Status-Bits from the LISP encapsulated data packet, an ETR will
   receive up to date status from an encapsulating ITR about
   reachability for all ETRs at the site.  CE-based ITRs at the source
   site can determine reachability relative to each other using the site
   IGP as follows:

   o  Under normal circumstances, each ITR will advertise a default
      route into the site IGP.

   o  If an ITR fails or if the upstream link to its PE fails, its
      default route will either time-out or be withdrawn.




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   Each ITR can thus observe the presence or lack of a default route
   originated by the others to determine the Locator Status Bits it sets
   for them.

   RLOCs listed in a Map-Reply are numbered with ordinals 0 to n-1.  The
   Loc-Status-Bits in a LISP encapsulated packet are numbered from 0 to
   n-1 starting with the least significant bit.  For example, if an RLOC
   listed in the 3rd position of the Map-Reply goes down (ordinal value
   2), then all ITRs at the site will clear the 3rd least significant
   bit (xxxx x0xx) of the Loc-Status-Bits field for the packets they
   encapsulate.

   When an ETR decapsulates a packet, it will check for any change in
   the Loc-Status-Bits field.  When a bit goes from 1 to 0, the ETR will
   refrain from encapsulating packets to an RLOC that is indicated as
   down.  It will only resume using that RLOC if the corresponding Loc-
   Status-Bit returns to a value of 1.  Loc-Status-Bits are associated
   with a locator-set per EID-prefix.  Therefore, when a locator becomes
   unreachable, the Loc-Status-Bit that corresponds to that locator's
   position in the list returned by the last Map-Reply will be set to
   zero for that particular EID-prefix.

   When ITRs at the site are not deployed in CE routers, the IGP can
   still be used to determine the reachability of Locators provided they
   are injected into the IGP.  This is typically done when a /32 address
   is configured on a loopback interface.

   When ITRs receive ICMP Network or Host Unreachable messages as a
   method to determine unreachability, they will refrain from using
   Locators which are described in Locator lists of Map-Replies.
   However, using this approach is unreliable because many network
   operators turn off generation of ICMP Unreachable messages.

   If an ITR does receive an ICMP Network or Host Unreachable message,
   it MAY originate its own ICMP Unreachable message destined for the
   host that originated the data packet the ITR encapsulated.

   Also, BGP-enabled ITRs can unilaterally examine the BGP RIB to see if
   a locator address from a locator-set in a mapping entry matches a
   prefix.  If it does not find one and BGP is running in the Default
   Free Zone (DFZ), it can decide to not use the locator even though the
   Loc-Status-Bits indicate the locator is up.  In this case, the path
   from the ITR to the ETR that is assigned the locator is not
   available.  More details are in [LOC-ID-ARCH].

   Optionally, an ITR can send a Map-Request to a Locator and if a Map-
   Reply is returned, reachability of the Locator has been determined.
   Obviously, sending such probes increases the number of control



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   messages originated by tunnel routers for active flows, so Locators
   are assumed to be reachable when they are advertised.

   This assumption does create a dependency: Locator unreachability is
   detected by the receipt of ICMP Host Unreachable messages.  When an
   Locator has been determined to be unreachable, it is not used for
   active traffic; this is the same as if it were listed in a Map-Reply
   with priority 255.

   The ITR can test the reachability of the unreachable Locator by
   sending periodic Requests.  Both Requests and Replies MUST be rate-
   limited.  Locator reachability testing is never done with data
   packets since that increases the risk of packet loss for end-to-end
   sessions.

   When an ETR decapsulates a packet, it knows that it is reachable from
   the encapsulating ITR because that is how the packet arrived.  In
   most cases, the ETR can also reach the ITR but cannot assume this to
   be true due to the possibility of path asymmetry.  In the presence of
   unidirectional traffic flow from an ITR to an ETR, the ITR SHOULD NOT
   use the lack of return traffic as an indication that the ETR is
   unreachable.  Instead, it MUST use an alternate mechanisms to
   determine reachability.

6.3.1.  Echo Nonce Algorithm

   When data flows bidirectionally between locators from different
   sites, a data-plane mechanism called "nonce echoing" can be used to
   determine reachability between an ITR and ETR.  When an ITR wants to
   solicit a nonce echo, it sets the N and E bits and places a 24-bit
   nonce in the LISP header of the next encapsulated data packet.

   When this packet is received by the ETR, the encapsulated packet is
   forwarded as normal.  When the ETR next sends a data packet to the
   ITR, it includes the nonce received earlier with the N bit set and E
   bit cleared.  The ITR sees this "echoed nonce" and knows the path to
   and from the ETR is up.

   The ITR will set the E-bit and N-bit for every packet it sends while
   in echo-nonce-request state.  The time the ITR waits to process the
   echoed nonce before it determines the path is unreachable is variable
   and a choice left for the implementation.

   If the ITR is receiving packets from the ETR but does not see the
   nonce echoed while being in echo-nonce-request state, then the path
   to the ETR is unreachable.  This decision may be overridden by other
   locator reachability algorithms.  Once the ITR determines the path to
   the ETR is down it can switch to another locator for that EID-prefix.



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   Note that "ITR" and "ETR" are relative terms here.  Both devices MUST
   be implementing both ITR and ETR functionality for the echo nonce
   mechanism to operate.

   The ITR and ETR may both go into echo-nonce-request state at the same
   time.  The number of packets sent or the time during which echo nonce
   requests are sent is an implementation specific setting.  However,
   when an ITR is in echo-nonce-request state, it can echo the ETR's
   nonce in the next set of packets that it encapsulates and then
   subsequently, continue sending echo-nonce-request packets.

   This mechanism does not completely solve the forward path
   reachability problem as traffic may be unidirectional.  That is, the
   ETR receiving traffic at a site may not be the same device as an ITR
   which transmits traffic from that site or the site to site traffic is
   unidirectional so there is no ITR returning traffic.

   The echo-nonce algorithm is bilateral.  That is, if one side sets the
   E-bit and the other side is not enabled for echo-noncing, then the
   echoing of the nonce does not occur and the requesting side may
   regard the locator unreachable erroneously.  An ITR SHOULD only set
   the E-bit in a encapsulated data packet when it knows the ETR is
   enabled for echo-noncing.  This is conveyed by the E-bit in the Map-
   Reply message.

   Note that other locator reachability mechanisms are being researched
   and can be used to compliment or even override the Echo Nonce
   Algorithm.  See next section for an example of control-plane probing.

6.3.2.  RLOC Probing Algorithm

   RLOC Probing is a method that an ITR or PTR can use to determine the
   reachability status of one or more locators that it has cached in a
   map-cache entry.  The probe-bit of the Map-Request and Map-Reply
   messages are used for RLOC Probing.

   RLOC probing is done in the control-plane on a timer basis where an
   ITR or PTR will originate a Map-Request destined to a locator address
   from one of its own locator addresses.  A Map-Request used as an
   RLOC-probe is NOT encapsulated and NOT sent to a Map-Server or on the
   ALT like one would when soliciting mapping data.  The EID record
   encoded in the Map-Request is the EID-prefix of the map-cache entry
   cached by the ITR or PTR.  The ITR may include a mapping data record
   for its own database mapping information which contains the local
   EID-prefixes and RLOCs for its site.

   When an ETR receives a Map-Request message with the probe-bit set, it
   returns a Map-Reply with the probe-bit set.  The source address of



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   the Map-Reply is set from the destination address of the Map-Request
   and the destination address of the Map-Reply is set from the source
   address of the Map-Request.  The Map-Reply SHOULD contain mapping
   data for the EID-prefix contained in the Map-Request.  This provides
   the opportunity for the ITR or PTR, which sent the RLOC-probe to get
   mapping updates if there were changes to the ETR's database mapping
   entries.

   There are advantages and disadvantages of RLOC Probing.  The greatest
   benefit of RLOC Probing is that it can handle many failure scenarios
   allowing the ITR to determine when the path to a specific locator is
   reachable or has become unreachable, thus providing a robust
   mechanism for switching to using another locator from the cached
   locator.  RLOC Probing can also provide rough RTT estimates between a
   pair of locators which can be useful for network management purposes
   as well as for selecting low delay paths.  The major disadvantage of
   RLOC Probing is in the number of control messages required and the
   amount of bandwidth used to obtain those benefits, especially if the
   requirement for failure detection times are very small.

   Continued research and testing will attempt to characterize the
   tradeoffs of failure detection times versus message overhead.

6.4.  EID Reachability within a LISP Site

   A site may be multihomed using two or more ETRs.  The hosts and
   infrastructure within a site will be addressed using one or more EID
   prefixes that are mapped to the RLOCs of the relevant ETRs in the
   mapping system.  One possible failure mode is for an ETR to lose
   reachability to one or more of the EID prefixes within its own site.
   When this occurs when the ETR sends Map-Replies, it can clear the
   R-bit associated with its own locator.  And when the ETR is also an
   ITR, it can clear its locator-status-bit in the encapsulation data
   header.

6.5.  Routing Locator Hashing

   When an ETR provides an EID-to-RLOC mapping in a Map-Reply message to
   a requesting ITR, the locator-set for the EID-prefix may contain
   different priority values for each locator address.  When more than
   one best priority locator exists, the ITR can decide how to load
   share traffic against the corresponding locators.

   The following hash algorithm may be used by an ITR to select a
   locator for a packet destined to an EID for the EID-to-RLOC mapping:






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   1.  Either a source and destination address hash can be used or the
       traditional 5-tuple hash which includes the source and
       destination addresses, source and destination TCP, UDP, or SCTP
       port numbers and the IP protocol number field or IPv6 next-
       protocol fields of a packet a host originates from within a LISP
       site.  When a packet is not a TCP, UDP, or SCTP packet, the
       source and destination addresses only from the header are used to
       compute the hash.

   2.  Take the hash value and divide it by the number of locators
       stored in the locator-set for the EID-to-RLOC mapping.

   3.  The remainder will be yield a value of 0 to "number of locators
       minus 1".  Use the remainder to select the locator in the
       locator-set.

   Note that when a packet is LISP encapsulated, the source port number
   in the outer UDP header needs to be set.  Selecting a hashed value
   allows core routers which are attached to Link Aggregation Groups
   (LAGs) to load-split the encapsulated packets across member links of
   such LAGs.  Otherwise, core routers would see a single flow, since
   packets have a source address of the ITR, for packets which are
   originated by different EIDs at the source site.  A suggested setting
   for the source port number computed by an ITR is a 5-tuple hash
   function on the inner header, as described above.

   Many core router implementations use a 5-tuple hash to decide how to
   balance packet load across members of a LAG.  The 5-tuple hash
   includes the source and destination addresses of the packet and the
   source and destination ports when the protocol number in the packet
   is TCP or UDP.  For this reason, UDP encoding is used for LISP
   encapsulation.

6.6.  Changing the Contents of EID-to-RLOC Mappings

   Since the LISP architecture uses a caching scheme to retrieve and
   store EID-to-RLOC mappings, the only way an ITR can get a more up-to-
   date mapping is to re-request the mapping.  However, the ITRs do not
   know when the mappings change and the ETRs do not keep track of which
   ITRs requested its mappings.  For scalability reasons, we want to
   maintain this approach but need to provide a way for ETRs change
   their mappings and inform the sites that are currently communicating
   with the ETR site using such mappings.

   When a locator record is added to the end of a locator-set, it is
   easy to update mappings.  We assume new mappings will maintain the
   same locator ordering as the old mapping but just have new locators
   appended to the end of the list.  So some ITRs can have a new mapping



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   while other ITRs have only an old mapping that is used until they
   time out.  When an ITR has only an old mapping but detects bits set
   in the loc-status-bits that correspond to locators beyond the list it
   has cached, it simply ignores them.  However, this can only happen
   for locator addresses that are lexicographically greater than the
   locator addresses in the existing locator-set.

   When a locator record is removed from a locator-set, ITRs that have
   the mapping cached will not use the removed locator because the xTRs
   will set the loc-status-bit to 0.  So even if the locator is in the
   list, it will not be used.  For new mapping requests, the xTRs can
   set the locator AFI to 0 (indicating an unspecified address), as well
   as setting the corresponding loc-status-bit to 0.  This forces ITRs
   with old or new mappings to avoid using the removed locator.

   If many changes occur to a mapping over a long period of time, one
   will find empty record slots in the middle of the locator-set and new
   records appended to the locator-set.  At some point, it would be
   useful to compact the locator-set so the loc-status-bit settings can
   be efficiently packed.

   We propose here three approaches for locator-set compaction, one
   operational and two protocol mechanisms.  The operational approach
   uses a clock sweep method.  The protocol approaches use the concept
   of Solicit-Map-Requests and Map-Versioning.

6.6.1.  Clock Sweep

   The clock sweep approach uses planning in advance and the use of
   count-down TTLs to time out mappings that have already been cached.
   The default setting for an EID-to-RLOC mapping TTL is 24 hours.  So
   there is a 24 hour window to time out old mappings.  The following
   clock sweep procedure is used:

   1.  24 hours before a mapping change is to take effect, a network
       administrator configures the ETRs at a site to start the clock
       sweep window.

   2.  During the clock sweep window, ETRs continue to send Map-Reply
       messages with the current (unchanged) mapping records.  The TTL
       for these mappings is set to 1 hour.

   3.  24 hours later, all previous cache entries will have timed out,
       and any active cache entries will time out within 1 hour.  During
       this 1 hour window the ETRs continue to send Map-Reply messages
       with the current (unchanged) mapping records with the TTL set to
       1 minute.




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   4.  At the end of the 1 hour window, the ETRs will send Map-Reply
       messages with the new (changed) mapping records.  So any active
       caches can get the new mapping contents right away if not cached,
       or in 1 minute if they had the mapping cached.  The new mappings
       are cached with a time to live equal to the TTL in the Map-Reply.

6.6.2.  Solicit-Map-Request (SMR)

   Soliciting a Map-Request is a selective way for ETRs, at the site
   where mappings change, to control the rate they receive requests for
   Map-Reply messages.  SMRs are also used to tell remote ITRs to update
   the mappings they have cached.

   Since the ETRs don't keep track of remote ITRs that have cached their
   mappings, they do not know which ITRs need to have their mappings
   updated.  As a result, an ETR will solicit Map-Requests (called an
   SMR message) from those sites to which it has been sending
   encapsulated data to for the last minute.  In particular, an ETR will
   send an SMR an ITR to which it has recently sent encapsulated data.

   An SMR message is simply a bit set in a Map-Request message.  An ITR
   or PTR will send a Map-Request when they receive an SMR message.
   Both the SMR sender and the Map-Request responder MUST rate-limited
   these messages.  Rate-limiting can be implemented as a global rate-
   limiter or one rate-limiter per SMR destination.

   The following procedure shows how a SMR exchange occurs when a site
   is doing locator-set compaction for an EID-to-RLOC mapping:

   1.  When the database mappings in an ETR change, the ETRs at the site
       begin to send Map-Requests with the SMR bit set for each locator
       in each map-cache entry the ETR caches.

   2.  A remote ITR which receives the SMR message will schedule sending
       a Map-Request message to the source locator address of the SMR
       message or to the mapping database system.  A newly allocated
       random nonce is selected and the EID-prefix used is the one
       copied from the SMR message.  If the source locator is the only
       locator in the cached locator-set, the remote ITR SHOULD send a
       Map-Request to the database mapping system just in case the
       single locator has changed and may no longer be reachable to
       accept the Map-Request.

   3.  The remote ITR MUST rate-limit the Map-Request until it gets a
       Map-Reply while continuing to use the cached mapping.  When Map
       Versioning is used, described in Section 6.6.3, an SMR sender can
       detect if an ITR is using the most up to date database mapping.




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   4.  The ETRs at the site with the changed mapping will reply to the
       Map-Request with a Map-Reply message that has a nonce from the
       SMR-invoked Map-Request.  The Map-Reply messages SHOULD be rate
       limited.  This is important to avoid Map-Reply implosion.

   5.  The ETRs, at the site with the changed mapping, record the fact
       that the site that sent the Map-Request has received the new
       mapping data in the mapping cache entry for the remote site so
       the loc-status-bits are reflective of the new mapping for packets
       going to the remote site.  The ETR then stops sending SMR
       messages.

   For security reasons an ITR MUST NOT process unsolicited Map-Replies.
   To avoid map-cache entry corruption by a third-party, a sender of an
   SMR-based Map-Request MUST be verified.  If an ITR receives an SMR-
   based Map-Request and the source is not in the locator-set for the
   stored map-cache entry, then the responding Map-Request MUST be sent
   with an EID destination to the mapping database system.  Since the
   mapping database system is more secure to reach an authoritative ETR,
   it will deliver the Map-Request to the authoritative source of the
   mapping data.

   When an ITR receives an SMR-based Map-Request for which it does not
   have a cached mapping for the EID in the SMR message, it MAY not send
   a SMR-invoked Map-Request.  This scenario can occur when an ETR sends
   SMR messages to all locators in the locator-set it has stored in its
   map-cache but the remote ITRs that receive the SMR may not be sending
   packets to the site.  There is no point in updating the ITRs until
   they need to send, in which case, they will send Map-Requests to
   obtain a map-cache entry.

6.6.3.  Database Map Versioning

   When there is unidirectional packet flow between an ITR and ETR, and
   the EID-to-RLOC mappings change on the ETR, it needs to inform the
   ITR so encapsulation can stop to a removed locator and start to a new
   locator in the locator-set.

   An ETR, when it sends Map-Reply messages, conveys its own Map-Version
   number.  This is known as the Destination Map-Version Number.  ITRs
   include the Destination Map-Version Number in packets they
   encapsulate to the site.  When an ETR decapsulates a packet and
   detects the Destination Map-Version Number is less than the current
   version for its mapping, the SMR procedure described in Section 6.6.2
   occurs.

   An ITR, when it encapsulates packets to ETRs, can convey its own Map-
   Version number.  This is known as the Source Map-Version Number.



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   When an ETR decapsulates a packet and detects the Source Map-Version
   Number is greater than the last Map-Version Number sent in a Map-
   Reply from the ITR's site, the ETR will send a Map-Request to one of
   the ETRs for the source site.

   A Map-Version Number is used as a sequence number per EID-prefix.  So
   values that are greater, are considered to be more recent.  A value
   of 0 for the Source Map-Version Number or the Destination Map-Version
   Number conveys no versioning information and an ITR does no
   comparison with previously received Map-Version Numbers.

   A Map-Version Number can be included in Map-Register messages as
   well.  This is a good way for the Map-Server can assure that all ETRs
   for a site registering to it will be Map-Version number synchronized.

   See [VERSIONING] for a more detailed analysis and description of
   Database Map Versioning.


































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7.  Router Performance Considerations

   LISP is designed to be very hardware-based forwarding friendly.  A
   few implementation techniques can be used to incrementally implement
   LISP:

   o  When a tunnel encapsulated packet is received by an ETR, the outer
      destination address may not be the address of the router.  This
      makes it challenging for the control plane to get packets from the
      hardware.  This may be mitigated by creating special FIB entries
      for the EID-prefixes of EIDs served by the ETR (those for which
      the router provides an RLOC translation).  These FIB entries are
      marked with a flag indicating that control plane processing should
      be performed.  The forwarding logic of testing for particular IP
      protocol number value is not necessary.  No changes to existing,
      deployed hardware should be needed to support this.

   o  On an ITR, prepending a new IP header consists of adding more
      bytes to a MAC rewrite string and prepending the string as part of
      the outgoing encapsulation procedure.  Routers that support GRE
      tunneling [RFC2784] or 6to4 tunneling [RFC3056] may already
      support this action.

   o  A packet's source address or interface the packet was received on
      can be used to select a VRF (Virtual Routing/Forwarding).  The
      VRF's routing table can be used to find EID-to-RLOC mappings.

























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8.  Deployment Scenarios

   This section will explore how and where ITRs and ETRs can be deployed
   and will discuss the pros and cons of each deployment scenario.
   There are two basic deployment trade-offs to consider: centralized
   versus distributed caches and flat, recursive, or re-encapsulating
   tunneling.

   When deciding on centralized versus distributed caching, the
   following issues should be considered:

   o  Are the tunnel routers spread out so that the caches are spread
      across all the memories of each router?

   o  Should management "touch points" be minimized by choosing few
      tunnel routers, just enough for redundancy?

   o  In general, using more ITRs doesn't increase management load,
      since caches are built and stored dynamically.  On the other hand,
      more ETRs does require more management since EID-prefix-to-RLOC
      mappings need to be explicitly configured.

   When deciding on flat, recursive, or re-encapsulation tunneling, the
   following issues should be considered:

   o  Flat tunneling implements a single tunnel between source site and
      destination site.  This generally offers better paths between
      sources and destinations with a single tunnel path.

   o  Recursive tunneling is when tunneled traffic is again further
      encapsulated in another tunnel, either to implement VPNs or to
      perform Traffic Engineering.  When doing VPN-based tunneling, the
      site has some control since the site is prepending a new tunnel
      header.  In the case of TE-based tunneling, the site may have
      control if it is prepending a new tunnel header, but if the site's
      ISP is doing the TE, then the site has no control.  Recursive
      tunneling generally will result in suboptimal paths but at the
      benefit of steering traffic to resource available parts of the
      network.

   o  The technique of re-encapsulation ensures that packets only
      require one tunnel header.  So if a packet needs to be rerouted,
      it is first decapsulated by the ETR and then re-encapsulated with
      a new tunnel header using a new RLOC.

   The next sub-sections will survey where tunnel routers can reside in
   the network.




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8.1.  First-hop/Last-hop Tunnel Routers

   By locating tunnel routers close to hosts, the EID-prefix set is at
   the granularity of an IP subnet.  So at the expense of more EID-
   prefix-to-RLOC sets for the site, the caches in each tunnel router
   can remain relatively small.  But caches always depend on the number
   of non-aggregated EID destination flows active through these tunnel
   routers.

   With more tunnel routers doing encapsulation, the increase in control
   traffic grows as well: since the EID-granularity is greater, more
   Map-Requests and Map-Replies are traveling between more routers.

   The advantage of placing the caches and databases at these stub
   routers is that the products deployed in this part of the network
   have better price-memory ratios then their core router counterparts.
   Memory is typically less expensive in these devices and fewer routes
   are stored (only IGP routes).  These devices tend to have excess
   capacity, both for forwarding and routing state.

   LISP functionality can also be deployed in edge switches.  These
   devices generally have layer-2 ports facing hosts and layer-3 ports
   facing the Internet.  Spare capacity is also often available in these
   devices as well.

8.2.  Border/Edge Tunnel Routers

   Using customer-edge (CE) routers for tunnel endpoints allows the EID
   space associated with a site to be reachable via a small set of RLOCs
   assigned to the CE routers for that site.  This is the default
   behavior envisioned in the rest of this specification.

   This offers the opposite benefit of the first-hop/last-hop tunnel
   router scenario: the number of mapping entries and network management
   touch points are reduced, allowing better scaling.

   One disadvantage is that less of the network's resources are used to
   reach host endpoints thereby centralizing the point-of-failure domain
   and creating network choke points at the CE router.

   Note that more than one CE router at a site can be configured with
   the same IP address.  In this case an RLOC is an anycast address.
   This allows resilience between the CE routers.  That is, if a CE
   router fails, traffic is automatically routed to the other routers
   using the same anycast address.  However, this comes with the
   disadvantage where the site cannot control the entrance point when
   the anycast route is advertised out from all border routers.  Another
   disadvantage of using anycast locators is the limited advertisement



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   scope of /32 (or /128 for IPv6) routes.

8.3.  ISP Provider-Edge (PE) Tunnel Routers

   Use of ISP PE routers as tunnel endpoint routers is not the typical
   deployment scenario envisioned in the specification.  This section
   attempts to capture some of reasoning behind this preference of
   implementing LISP on CE routers.

   Use of ISP PE routers as tunnel endpoint routers gives an ISP, rather
   than a site, control over the location of the egress tunnel
   endpoints.  That is, the ISP can decide if the tunnel endpoints are
   in the destination site (in either CE routers or last-hop routers
   within a site) or at other PE edges.  The advantage of this case is
   that two tunnel headers can be avoided.  By having the PE be the
   first router on the path to encapsulate, it can choose a TE path
   first, and the ETR can decapsulate and re-encapsulate for a tunnel to
   the destination end site.

   An obvious disadvantage is that the end site has no control over
   where its packets flow or the RLOCs used.  Other disadvantages
   include the difficulty in synchronizing path liveness updates between
   CE and PE routers.

   As mentioned in earlier sections a combination of these scenarios is
   possible at the expense of extra packet header overhead, if both site
   and provider want control, then recursive or re-encapsulating tunnels
   are used.

8.4.  LISP Functionality with Conventional NATs

   LISP routers can be deployed behind Network Address Translator (NAT)
   devices to provide the same set of packet services hosts have today
   when they are addressed out of private address space.

   It is important to note that a locator address in any LISP control
   message MUST be a globally routable address and therefore SHOULD NOT
   contain [RFC1918] addresses.  If a LISP router is configured with
   private addresses, they MUST be used only in the outer IP header so
   the NAT device can translate properly.  Otherwise, EID addresses MUST
   be translated before encapsulation is performed.  Both NAT
   translation and LISP encapsulation functions could be co-located in
   the same device.

   More details on LISP address translation can be found in [INTERWORK].






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9.  Traceroute Considerations

   When a source host in a LISP site initiates a traceroute to a
   destination host in another LISP site, it is highly desirable for it
   to see the entire path.  Since packets are encapsulated from ITR to
   ETR, the hop across the tunnel could be viewed as a single hop.
   However, LISP traceroute will provide the entire path so the user can
   see 3 distinct segments of the path from a source LISP host to a
   destination LISP host:


      Segment 1 (in source LISP site based on EIDs):

          source-host ---> first-hop ... next-hop ---> ITR

      Segment 2 (in the core network based on RLOCs):

          ITR ---> next-hop ... next-hop ---> ETR

      Segment 3 (in the destination LISP site based on EIDs):

          ETR ---> next-hop ... last-hop ---> destination-host

   For segment 1 of the path, ICMP Time Exceeded messages are returned
   in the normal matter as they are today.  The ITR performs a TTL
   decrement and test for 0 before encapsulating.  So the ITR hop is
   seen by the traceroute source has an EID address (the address of
   site-facing interface).

   For segment 2 of the path, ICMP Time Exceeded messages are returned
   to the ITR because the TTL decrement to 0 is done on the outer
   header, so the destination of the ICMP messages are to the ITR RLOC
   address, the source RLOC address of the encapsulated traceroute
   packet.  The ITR looks inside of the ICMP payload to inspect the
   traceroute source so it can return the ICMP message to the address of
   the traceroute client as well as retaining the core router IP address
   in the ICMP message.  This is so the traceroute client can display
   the core router address (the RLOC address) in the traceroute output.
   The ETR returns its RLOC address and responds to the TTL decrement to
   0 like the previous core routers did.

   For segment 3, the next-hop router downstream from the ETR will be
   decrementing the TTL for the packet that was encapsulated, sent into
   the core, decapsulated by the ETR, and forwarded because it isn't the
   final destination.  If the TTL is decremented to 0, any router on the
   path to the destination of the traceroute, including the next-hop
   router or destination, will send an ICMP Time Exceeded message to the
   source EID of the traceroute client.  The ICMP message will be



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   encapsulated by the local ITR and sent back to the ETR in the
   originated traceroute source site, where the packet will be delivered
   to the host.

9.1.  IPv6 Traceroute

   IPv6 traceroute follows the procedure described above since the
   entire traceroute data packet is included in ICMP Time Exceeded
   message payload.  Therefore, only the ITR needs to pay special
   attention for forwarding ICMP messages back to the traceroute source.

9.2.  IPv4 Traceroute

   For IPv4 traceroute, we cannot follow the above procedure since IPv4
   ICMP Time Exceeded messages only include the invoking IP header and 8
   bytes that follow the IP header.  Therefore, when a core router sends
   an IPv4 Time Exceeded message to an ITR, all the ITR has in the ICMP
   payload is the encapsulated header it prepended followed by a UDP
   header.  The original invoking IP header, and therefore the identity
   of the traceroute source is lost.

   The solution we propose to solve this problem is to cache traceroute
   IPv4 headers in the ITR and to match them up with corresponding IPv4
   Time Exceeded messages received from core routers and the ETR.  The
   ITR will use a circular buffer for caching the IPv4 and UDP headers
   of traceroute packets.  It will select a 16-bit number as a key to
   find them later when the IPv4 Time Exceeded messages are received.
   When an ITR encapsulates an IPv4 traceroute packet, it will use the
   16-bit number as the UDP source port in the encapsulating header.
   When the ICMP Time Exceeded message is returned to the ITR, the UDP
   header of the encapsulating header is present in the ICMP payload
   thereby allowing the ITR to find the cached headers for the
   traceroute source.  The ITR puts the cached headers in the payload
   and sends the ICMP Time Exceeded message to the traceroute source
   retaining the source address of the original ICMP Time Exceeded
   message (a core router or the ETR of the site of the traceroute
   destination).

   The signature of a traceroute packet comes in two forms.  The first
   form is encoded as a UDP message where the destination port is
   inspected for a range of values.  The second form is encoded as an
   ICMP message where the IP identification field is inspected for a
   well-known value.

9.3.  Traceroute using Mixed Locators

   When either an IPv4 traceroute or IPv6 traceroute is originated and
   the ITR encapsulates it in the other address family header, you



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   cannot get all 3 segments of the traceroute.  Segment 2 of the
   traceroute can not be conveyed to the traceroute source since it is
   expecting addresses from intermediate hops in the same address format
   for the type of traceroute it originated.  Therefore, in this case,
   segment 2 will make the tunnel look like one hop.  All the ITR has to
   do to make this work is to not copy the inner TTL to the outer,
   encapsulating header's TTL when a traceroute packet is encapsulated
   using an RLOC from a different address family.  This will cause no
   TTL decrement to 0 to occur in core routers between the ITR and ETR.










































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10.  Mobility Considerations

   There are several kinds of mobility of which only some might be of
   concern to LISP.  Essentially they are as follows.

10.1.  Site Mobility

   A site wishes to change its attachment points to the Internet, and
   its LISP Tunnel Routers will have new RLOCs when it changes upstream
   providers.  Changes in EID-RLOC mappings for sites are expected to be
   handled by configuration, outside of the LISP protocol.

10.2.  Slow Endpoint Mobility

   An individual endpoint wishes to move, but is not concerned about
   maintaining session continuity.  Renumbering is involved.  LISP can
   help with the issues surrounding renumbering [RFC4192] [LISA96] by
   decoupling the address space used by a site from the address spaces
   used by its ISPs.  [RFC4984]

10.3.  Fast Endpoint Mobility

   Fast endpoint mobility occurs when an endpoint moves relatively
   rapidly, changing its IP layer network attachment point.  Maintenance
   of session continuity is a goal.  This is where the Mobile IPv4
   [RFC3344bis] and Mobile IPv6 [RFC3775] [RFC4866] mechanisms are used,
   and primarily where interactions with LISP need to be explored.

   The problem is that as an endpoint moves, it may require changes to
   the mapping between its EID and a set of RLOCs for its new network
   location.  When this is added to the overhead of mobile IP binding
   updates, some packets might be delayed or dropped.

   In IPv4 mobility, when an endpoint is away from home, packets to it
   are encapsulated and forwarded via a home agent which resides in the
   home area the endpoint's address belongs to.  The home agent will
   encapsulate and forward packets either directly to the endpoint or to
   a foreign agent which resides where the endpoint has moved to.
   Packets from the endpoint may be sent directly to the correspondent
   node, may be sent via the foreign agent, or may be reverse-tunneled
   back to the home agent for delivery to the mobile node.  As the
   mobile node's EID or available RLOC changes, LISP EID-to-RLOC
   mappings are required for communication between the mobile node and
   the home agent, whether via foreign agent or not.  As a mobile
   endpoint changes networks, up to three LISP mapping changes may be
   required:





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   o  The mobile node moves from an old location to a new visited
      network location and notifies its home agent that it has done so.
      The Mobile IPv4 control packets the mobile node sends pass through
      one of the new visited network's ITRs, which needs a EID-RLOC
      mapping for the home agent.

   o  The home agent might not have the EID-RLOC mappings for the mobile
      node's "care-of" address or its foreign agent in the new visited
      network, in which case it will need to acquire them.

   o  When packets are sent directly to the correspondent node, it may
      be that no traffic has been sent from the new visited network to
      the correspondent node's network, and the new visited network's
      ITR will need to obtain an EID-RLOC mapping for the correspondent
      node's site.

   In addition, if the IPv4 endpoint is sending packets from the new
   visited network using its original EID, then LISP will need to
   perform a route-returnability check on the new EID-RLOC mapping for
   that EID.

   In IPv6 mobility, packets can flow directly between the mobile node
   and the correspondent node in either direction.  The mobile node uses
   its "care-of" address (EID).  In this case, the route-returnability
   check would not be needed but one more LISP mapping lookup may be
   required instead:

   o  As above, three mapping changes may be needed for the mobile node
      to communicate with its home agent and to send packets to the
      correspondent node.

   o  In addition, another mapping will be needed in the correspondent
      node's ITR, in order for the correspondent node to send packets to
      the mobile node's "care-of" address (EID) at the new network
      location.

   When both endpoints are mobile the number of potential mapping
   lookups increases accordingly.

   As a mobile node moves there are not only mobility state changes in
   the mobile node, correspondent node, and home agent, but also state
   changes in the ITRs and ETRs for at least some EID-prefixes.

   The goal is to support rapid adaptation, with little delay or packet
   loss for the entire system.  Also IP mobility can be modified to
   require fewer mapping changes.  In order to increase overall system
   performance, there may be a need to reduce the optimization of one
   area in order to place fewer demands on another.



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   In LISP, one possibility is to "glean" information.  When a packet
   arrives, the ETR could examine the EID-RLOC mapping and use that
   mapping for all outgoing traffic to that EID.  It can do this after
   performing a route-returnability check, to ensure that the new
   network location does have a internal route to that endpoint.
   However, this does not cover the case where an ITR (the node assigned
   the RLOC) at the mobile-node location has been compromised.

   Mobile IP packet exchange is designed for an environment in which all
   routing information is disseminated before packets can be forwarded.
   In order to allow the Internet to grow to support expected future
   use, we are moving to an environment where some information may have
   to be obtained after packets are in flight.  Modifications to IP
   mobility should be considered in order to optimize the behavior of
   the overall system.  Anything which decreases the number of new EID-
   RLOC mappings needed when a node moves, or maintains the validity of
   an EID-RLOC mapping for a longer time, is useful.

10.4.  Fast Network Mobility

   In addition to endpoints, a network can be mobile, possibly changing
   xTRs.  A "network" can be as small as a single router and as large as
   a whole site.  This is different from site mobility in that it is
   fast and possibly short-lived, but different from endpoint mobility
   in that a whole prefix is changing RLOCs.  However, the mechanisms
   are the same and there is no new overhead in LISP.  A map request for
   any endpoint will return a binding for the entire mobile prefix.

   If mobile networks become a more common occurrence, it may be useful
   to revisit the design of the mapping service and allow for dynamic
   updates of the database.

   The issue of interactions between mobility and LISP needs to be
   explored further.  Specific improvements to the entire system will
   depend on the details of mapping mechanisms.  Mapping mechanisms
   should be evaluated on how well they support session continuity for
   mobile nodes.

10.5.  LISP Mobile Node Mobility

   A mobile device can use the LISP infrastructure to achieve mobility
   by implementing the LISP encapsulation and decapsulation functions
   and acting as a simple ITR/ETR.  By doing this, such a "LISP mobile
   node" can use topologically-independent EID IP addresses that are not
   advertised into and do not impose a cost on the global routing
   system.  These EIDs are maintained at the edges of the mapping system
   (in LISP Map-Servers and Map-Resolvers) and are provided on demand to
   only the correspondents of the LISP mobile node.



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   Refer to the LISP Mobility Architecture specification [LISP-MN] for
   more details.

















































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11.  Multicast Considerations

   A multicast group address, as defined in the original Internet
   architecture is an identifier of a grouping of topologically
   independent receiver host locations.  The address encoding itself
   does not determine the location of the receiver(s).  The multicast
   routing protocol, and the network-based state the protocol creates,
   determines where the receivers are located.

   In the context of LISP, a multicast group address is both an EID and
   a Routing Locator.  Therefore, no specific semantic or action needs
   to be taken for a destination address, as it would appear in an IP
   header.  Therefore, a group address that appears in an inner IP
   header built by a source host will be used as the destination EID.
   The outer IP header (the destination Routing Locator address),
   prepended by a LISP router, will use the same group address as the
   destination Routing Locator.

   Having said that, only the source EID and source Routing Locator
   needs to be dealt with.  Therefore, an ITR merely needs to put its
   own IP address in the source Routing Locator field when prepending
   the outer IP header.  This source Routing Locator address, like any
   other Routing Locator address MUST be globally routable.

   Therefore, an EID-to-RLOC mapping does not need to be performed by an
   ITR when a received data packet is a multicast data packet or when
   processing a source-specific Join (either by IGMPv3 or PIM).  But the
   source Routing Locator is decided by the multicast routing protocol
   in a receiver site.  That is, an EID to Routing Locator translation
   is done at control-time.

   Another approach is to have the ITR not encapsulate a multicast
   packet and allow the host built packet to flow into the core even if
   the source address is allocated out of the EID namespace.  If the
   RPF-Vector TLV [RFC5496] is used by PIM in the core, then core
   routers can RPF to the ITR (the Locator address which is injected
   into core routing) rather than the host source address (the EID
   address which is not injected into core routing).

   To avoid any EID-based multicast state in the network core, the first
   approach is chosen for LISP-Multicast.  Details for LISP-Multicast
   and Interworking with non-LISP sites is described in specification
   [MLISP].








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12.  Security Considerations

   It is believed that most of the security mechanisms will be part of
   the mapping database service when using control plane procedures for
   obtaining EID-to-RLOC mappings.  For data plane triggered mappings,
   as described in this specification, protection is provided against
   ETR spoofing by using Return- Routability mechanisms evidenced by the
   use of a 24-bit Nonce field in the LISP encapsulation header and a
   64-bit Nonce field in the LISP control message.  The nonce, coupled
   with the ITR accepting only solicited Map-Replies goes a long way
   toward providing decent authentication.

   LISP does not rely on a PKI infrastructure or a more heavy weight
   authentication system.  These systems challenge the scalability of
   LISP which was a primary design goal.

   DoS attack prevention will depend on implementations rate-limiting
   Map-Requests and Map-Replies to the control plane as well as rate-
   limiting the number of data-triggered Map-Replies.

   To deal with map-cache exhaustion attempts in an ITR/PTR, the
   implementation should consider putting a maximum cap on the number of
   entries stored with a reserve list for special or frequently accessed
   sites.  This should be a configuration policy control set by the
   network administrator who manages ITRs and PTRs.


























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13.  Network Management Considerations

   Considerations for Network Management tools exist so the LISP
   protocol suite can be operationally managed.  The mechanisms can be
   found in [LISP-MIB] and [LISP-LIG].














































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14.  IANA Considerations

   This section provides guidance to the Internet Assigned Numbers
   Authority (IANA) regarding registration of values related to the LISP
   specification, in accordance with BCP 26 and RFC 5226 [RFC5226].

   There are two name spaces in LISP that require registration:

   o  LISP IANA registry allocations should not be made for purposes
      unrelated to LISP routing or transport protocols.

   o  The following policies are used here with the meanings defined in
      BCP 26: "Specification Required", "IETF Consensus", "Experimental
      Use", "First Come First Served".

14.1.  LISP Address Type Codes

   Instance ID type codes have a range from 0 to 15, of which 0 and 1
   have been allocated [LCAF].  New Type Codes MUST be allocated
   starting at 2.  Type Codes 2 - 10 are to be assigned by IETF Review.
   Type Codes 11 - 15 are available on a First Come First Served policy.

   The following codes have been allocated:

   Type 0:  Null Body Type

   Type 1:  AFI List Type

   See [LCAF] for details for other possible unapproved address
   encodings.  The unapproved LCAF encodings are an area for further
   study and experimentation.

14.2.  LISP UDP Port Numbers

   The IANA registry has allocated UDP port numbers 4341 and 4342 for
   LISP data-plane and control-plane operation, respectively.















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15.  References

15.1.  Normative References

   [RFC0768]  Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768,
              August 1980.

   [RFC1034]  Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - concepts and facilities",
              STD 13, RFC 1034, November 1987.

   [RFC1700]  Reynolds, J. and J. Postel, "Assigned Numbers", RFC 1700,
              October 1994.

   [RFC1918]  Rekhter, Y., Moskowitz, R., Karrenberg, D., Groot, G., and
              E. Lear, "Address Allocation for Private Internets",
              BCP 5, RFC 1918, February 1996.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC2404]  Madson, C. and R. Glenn, "The Use of HMAC-SHA-1-96 within
              ESP and AH", RFC 2404, November 1998.

   [RFC2784]  Farinacci, D., Li, T., Hanks, S., Meyer, D., and P.
              Traina, "Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)", RFC 2784,
              March 2000.

   [RFC3056]  Carpenter, B. and K. Moore, "Connection of IPv6 Domains
              via IPv4 Clouds", RFC 3056, February 2001.

   [RFC3168]  Ramakrishnan, K., Floyd, S., and D. Black, "The Addition
              of Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) to IP",
              RFC 3168, September 2001.

   [RFC3261]  Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston,
              A., Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and E.
              Schooler, "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261,
              June 2002.

   [RFC3775]  Johnson, D., Perkins, C., and J. Arkko, "Mobility Support
              in IPv6", RFC 3775, June 2004.

   [RFC4086]  Eastlake, D., Schiller, J., and S. Crocker, "Randomness
              Requirements for Security", BCP 106, RFC 4086, June 2005.

   [RFC4632]  Fuller, V. and T. Li, "Classless Inter-domain Routing
              (CIDR): The Internet Address Assignment and Aggregation
              Plan", BCP 122, RFC 4632, August 2006.



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   [RFC4634]  Eastlake, D. and T. Hansen, "US Secure Hash Algorithms
              (SHA and HMAC-SHA)", RFC 4634, July 2006.

   [RFC4866]  Arkko, J., Vogt, C., and W. Haddad, "Enhanced Route
              Optimization for Mobile IPv6", RFC 4866, May 2007.

   [RFC4984]  Meyer, D., Zhang, L., and K. Fall, "Report from the IAB
              Workshop on Routing and Addressing", RFC 4984,
              September 2007.

   [RFC5226]  Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an
              IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 5226,
              May 2008.

   [RFC5496]  Wijnands, IJ., Boers, A., and E. Rosen, "The Reverse Path
              Forwarding (RPF) Vector TLV", RFC 5496, March 2009.

   [UDP-TUNNELS]
              Eubanks, M. and P. Chimento, "UDP Checksums for Tunneled
              Packets"", draft-eubanks-chimento-6man-00.txt (work in
              progress), February 2009.

15.2.  Informative References

   [AFI]      IANA, "Address Family Indicators (AFIs)", ADDRESS FAMILY
              NUMBERS http://www.iana.org/numbers.html, Febuary 2007.

   [ALT]      Farinacci, D., Fuller, V., Meyer, D., and D. Lewis, "LISP
              Alternative Topology (LISP-ALT)",
              draft-ietf-lisp-alt-05.txt (work in progress),
              October 2010.

   [CHIAPPA]  Chiappa, J., "Endpoints and Endpoint names: A Proposed
              Enhancement to the Internet Architecture", Internet-
              Draft http://www.chiappa.net/~jnc/tech/endpoints.txt,
              1999.

   [CONS]     Farinacci, D., Fuller, V., and D. Meyer, "LISP-CONS: A
              Content distribution Overlay Network  Service for LISP",
              draft-meyer-lisp-cons-03.txt (work in progress),
              November 2007.

   [EMACS]    Brim, S., Farinacci, D., Meyer, D., and J. Curran, "EID
              Mappings Multicast Across Cooperating Systems for LISP",
              draft-curran-lisp-emacs-00.txt (work in progress),
              November 2007.

   [INTERWORK]



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              Lewis, D., Meyer, D., Farinacci, D., and V. Fuller,
              "Interworking LISP with IPv4 and IPv6",
              draft-ietf-lisp-interworking-02.txt (work in progress),
              March 2011.

   [LCAF]     Farinacci, D., Meyer, D., and J. Snijders, "LISP Canonical
              Address Format", draft-farinacci-lisp-lcaf-04.txt (work in
              progress), October 2010.

   [LISA96]   Lear, E., Katinsky, J., Coffin, J., and D. Tharp,
              "Renumbering: Threat or Menace?", Usenix , September 1996.

   [LISP-LIG]
              Farinacci, D. and D. Meyer, "LISP Internet Groper (LIG)",
              draft-ietf-lisp-lig-01.txt (work in progress),
              October 2010.

   [LISP-MAIN]
              Farinacci, D., Fuller, V., Meyer, D., and D. Lewis,
              "Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP)",
              draft-farinacci-lisp-12.txt (work in progress),
              March 2009.

   [LISP-MIB]
              Schudel, G., Jain, A., and V. Moreno, "LISP MIB",
              draft-ietf-lisp-mib-01.txt (work in progress), March 2011.

   [LISP-MN]  Farinacci, D., Fuller, V., Lewis, D., and D. Meyer, "LISP
              Mobility Architecture", draft-meyer-lisp-mn-04.txt (work
              in progress), October 2010.

   [LISP-MS]  Farinacci, D. and V. Fuller, "LISP Map Server",
              draft-ietf-lisp-ms-07.txt (work in progress), March 2011.

   [LISP-SEC]
              Maino, F., Ermagon, V., Cabellos, A., Sausez, D., and O.
              Bonaventure, "LISP-Security (LISP-SEC)",
              draft-maino-lisp-sec-00.txt (work in progress),
              February 2011.

   [LOC-ID-ARCH]
              Meyer, D. and D. Lewis, "Architectural Implications of
              Locator/ID  Separation",
              draft-meyer-loc-id-implications-01.txt (work in progress),
              Januaryr 2009.

   [MLISP]    Farinacci, D., Meyer, D., Zwiebel, J., and S. Venaas,
              "LISP for Multicast Environments",



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              draft-ietf-lisp-multicast-04.txt (work in progress),
              October 2010.

   [NERD]     Lear, E., "NERD: A Not-so-novel EID to RLOC Database",
              draft-lear-lisp-nerd-08.txt (work in progress),
              March 2010.

   [OPENLISP]
              Iannone, L. and O. Bonaventure, "OpenLISP Implementation
              Report", draft-iannone-openlisp-implementation-01.txt
              (work in progress), July 2008.

   [RADIR]    Narten, T., "Routing and Addressing Problem Statement",
              draft-narten-radir-problem-statement-00.txt (work in
              progress), July 2007.

   [RFC3344bis]
              Perkins, C., "IP Mobility Support for IPv4, revised",
              draft-ietf-mip4-rfc3344bis-05 (work in progress),
              July 2007.

   [RFC4192]  Baker, F., Lear, E., and R. Droms, "Procedures for
              Renumbering an IPv6 Network without a Flag Day", RFC 4192,
              September 2005.

   [RPMD]     Handley, M., Huici, F., and A. Greenhalgh, "RPMD: Protocol
              for Routing Protocol Meta-data  Dissemination",
              draft-handley-p2ppush-unpublished-2007726.txt (work in
              progress), July 2007.

   [VERSIONING]
              Iannone, L., Saucez, D., and O. Bonaventure, "LISP Mapping
              Versioning", draft-iannone-lisp-mapping-versioning-02.txt
              (work in progress), July 2010.

















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Appendix A.  Acknowledgments

   An initial thank you goes to Dave Oran for planting the seeds for the
   initial ideas for LISP.  His consultation continues to provide value
   to the LISP authors.

   A special and appreciative thank you goes to Noel Chiappa for
   providing architectural impetus over the past decades on separation
   of location and identity, as well as detailed review of the LISP
   architecture and documents, coupled with enthusiasm for making LISP a
   practical and incremental transition for the Internet.

   The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge many people who have
   contributed discussion and ideas to the making of this proposal.
   They include Scott Brim, Andrew Partan, John Zwiebel, Jason Schiller,
   Lixia Zhang, Dorian Kim, Peter Schoenmaker, Vijay Gill, Geoff Huston,
   David Conrad, Mark Handley, Ron Bonica, Ted Seely, Mark Townsley,
   Chris Morrow, Brian Weis, Dave McGrew, Peter Lothberg, Dave Thaler,
   Eliot Lear, Shane Amante, Ved Kafle, Olivier Bonaventure, Luigi
   Iannone, Robin Whittle, Brian Carpenter, Joel Halpern, Terry
   Manderson, Roger Jorgensen, Ran Atkinson, Stig Venaas, Iljitsch van
   Beijnum, Roland Bless, Dana Blair, Bill Lynch, Marc Woolward, Damien
   Saucez, Damian Lezama, Attilla De Groot, Parantap Lahiri, David
   Black, Roque Gagliano, Isidor Kouvelas, Jesper Skriver, Fred Templin,
   Margaret Wasserman, Sam Hartman, Michael Hofling, Pedro Marques, Jari
   Arkko, Gregg Schudel, Srinivas Subramanian, Amit Jain, Xu Xiaohu,
   Dhirendra Trivedi, Yakov Rekhter, John Scudder, John Drake, Dimitri
   Papadimitriou, Ross Callon, Selina Heimlich, Job Snijders, Vina
   Ermagan, Albert Cabellos, Fabio Maino, Victor Moreno, and Chris
   White.

   This work originated in the Routing Research Group (RRG) of the IRTF.
   The individual submission [LISP-MAIN] was converted into this IETF
   LISP working group draft.

















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Appendix B.  Document Change Log

B.1.  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-10.txt

   o  Posted March 2011.

   o  Add p-bit to Map-Request so there is documentary reasons to know
      when a PITR has sent a Map-Request to an ETR.

   o  Add Map-Notify message which is used to acknowledge a Map-Register
      message sent to a Map-Server.

   o  Add M-bit to the Map-Register message so an ETR that wants an
      acknowledgment for the Map-Register can request one.

   o  Add S-bit to the ECM and Map-Reply messages to describe security
      data that can be present in each message.  Then refer to
      [LISP-SEC] for expansive details.

   o  Add Network Management Considerations section and point to the MIB
      and LIG drafts.

   o  Remove the word "simple" per Yakov's comments.

B.2.  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-09.txt

   o  Posted October 2010.

   o  Add to IANA Consideration section about the use of LCAF Type
      values that accepted and maintained by the IANA registry and not
      the LCAF specification.

   o  Indicate that implementations should be able to receive LISP
      control messages when either UDP port is 4342, so they can be
      robust in the face of intervening NAT boxes.

   o  Add paragraph to SMR section to indicate that an ITR does not need
      to respond to an SMR-based Map-Request when it has no map-cache
      entry for the SMR source's EID-prefix.

B.3.  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-08.txt

   o  Posted August 2010.

   o  In section 6.1.6, remove statement about setting TTL to 0 in Map-
      Register messages.





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   o  Clarify language in section 6.1.5 about Map-Replying to Data-
      Probes or Map-Requests.

   o  Indicate that outer TTL should only be copied to inner TTL when it
      is less than inner TTL.

   o  Indicate a source-EID for RLOC-probes are encoded with an AFI
      value of 0.

   o  Indicate that SMRs can have a global or per SMR destination rate-
      limiter.

   o  Add clarifications to the SMR procedures.

   o  Add definitions for "client-side" and 'server-side" terms used in
      this specification.

   o  Clear up language in section 6.4, last paragraph.

   o  Change ACT of value 0 to "no-action".  This is so we can RLOC-
      probe a PETR and have it return a Map-Reply with a locator-set of
      size 0.  The way it is spec'ed the map-cache entry has action
      "dropped".  Drop-action is set to 3.

   o  Add statement about normalizing locator weights.

   o  Clarify R-bit definition in the Map-Reply locator record.

   o  Add section on EID Reachability within a LISP site.

   o  Clarify another disadvantage of using anycast locators.

   o  Reworded Abstract.

   o  Change section 2.0 Introduction to remove obsolete information
      such as the LISP variant definitions.

   o  Change section 5 title from "Tunneling Details" to "LISP
      Encapsulation Details".

   o  Changes to section 5 to include results of network deployment
      experience with MTU.  Recommend that implementations use either
      the stateful or stateless handling.

   o  Make clarification wordsmithing to Section 7 and 8.

   o  Identify that if there is one locator in the locator-set of a map-
      cache entry, that an SMR from that locator should be responded to



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      by sending the the SMR-invoked Map-Request to the database mapping
      system rather than to the RLOC itself (which may be unreachable).

   o  When describing Unicast and Multicast Weights indicate the the
      values are relative weights rather than percentages.  So it
      doesn't imply the sum of all locator weights in the locator-set
      need to be 100.

   o  Do some wordsmithing on copying TTL and TOS fields.

   o  Numerous wordsmithing changes from Dave Meyer.  He fine toothed
      combed the spec.

   o  Removed Section 14 "Prototype Plans and Status".  We felt this
      type of section is no longer appropriate for a protocol
      specification.

   o  Add clarification text for the IRC description per Damien's
      commentary.

   o  Remove text on copying nonce from SMR to SMR-invoked Map- Request
      per Vina's comment about a possible DoS vector.

   o  Clarify (S/2 + H) in the stateless MTU section.

   o  Add text to reflect Damien's comment about the description of the
      "ITR-RLOC Address" field in the Map-Request. that the list of RLOC
      addresses are local addresses of the Map-Requester.

B.4.  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-07.txt

   o  Posted April 2010.

   o  Added I-bit to data header so LSB field can also be used as an
      Instance ID field.  When this occurs, the LSB field is reduced to
      8-bits (from 32-bits).

   o  Added V-bit to the data header so the 24-bit nonce field can also
      be used for source and destination version numbers.

   o  Added Map-Version 12-bit value to the EID-record to be used in all
      of Map-Request, Map-Reply, and Map-Register messages.

   o  Added multiple ITR-RLOC fields to the Map-Request packet so an ETR
      can decide what address to select for the destination of a Map-
      Reply.





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   o  Added L-bit (Local RLOC bit) and p-bit (Probe-Reply RLOC bit) to
      the Locator-Set record of an EID-record for a Map-Reply message.
      The L-bit indicates which RLOCs in the locator-set are local to
      the sender of the message.  The P-bit indicates which RLOC is the
      source of a RLOC-probe Reply (Map-Reply) message.

   o  Add reference to the LISP Canonical Address Format [LCAF] draft.

   o  Made editorial and clarification changes based on comments from
      Dhirendra Trivedi.

   o  Added wordsmithing comments from Joel Halpern on DF=3D1 setting.

   o  Add John Zwiebel clarification to Echo Nonce Algorithm section
      6.3.1.

   o  Add John Zwiebel comment about expanding on proxy-map-reply bit
      for Map-Register messages.

   o  Add NAT section per Ron Bonica comments.

   o  Fix IDnits issues per Ron Bonica.

   o  Added section on Virtualization and Segmentation to explain the
      use if the Instance ID field in the data header.

   o  There are too many P-bits, keep their scope to the packet format
      description and refer to them by name every where else in the
      spec.

   o  Scanned all occurrences of "should", "should not", "must" and
      "must not" and uppercased them.

   o  John Zwiebel offered text for section 4.1 to modernize the
      example.  Thanks Z!

   o  Make it more clear in the definition of "EID-to-RLOC Database"
      that all ETRs need to have the same database mapping.  This
      reflects a comment from John Scudder.

   o  Add a definition "Route-returnability" to the Definition of Terms
      section.

   o  In section 9.2, add text to describe what the signature of
      traceroute packets can look like.

   o  Removed references to Data Probe for introductory example.  Data-
      probes are still part of the LISP design but not encouraged.



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   o  Added the definition for "LISP site" to the Definition of Terms"
      section.

B.5.  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-06.txt

   Editorial based changes:

   o  Posted December 2009.

   o  Fix typo for flags in LISP data header.  Changed from "4" to "5".

   o  Add text to indicate that Map-Register messages must contain a
      computed UDP checksum.

   o  Add definitions for PITR and PETR.

   o  Indicate an AFI value of 0 is an unspecified address.

   o  Indicate that the TTL field of a Map-Register is not used and set
      to 0 by the sender.  This change makes this spec consistent with
      [LISP-MS].

   o  Change "... yield a packet size of L bytes" to "... yield a packet
      size greater than L bytes".

   o  Clarify section 6.1.5 on what addresses and ports are used in Map-
      Reply messages.

   o  Clarify that LSBs that go beyond the number of locators do not to
      be SMRed when the locator addresses are greater lexicographically
      than the locator in the existing locator-set.

   o  Add Gregg, Srini, and Amit to acknowledgment section.

   o  Clarify in the definition of a LISP header what is following the
      UDP header.

   o  Clarify "verifying Map-Request" text in section 6.1.3.

   o  Add Xu Xiaohu to the acknowledgment section for introducing the
      problem of overlapping EID-prefixes among multiple sites in an RRG
      email message.

   Design based changes:

   o  Use stronger language to have the outer IPv4 header set DF=3D1 so =
we
      can avoid fragment reassembly in an ETR or PETR.  This will also
      make IPv4 and IPv6 encapsulation have consistent behavior.



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   o  Map-Requests should not be sent in ECM with the Probe bit is set.
      These type of Map-Requests are used as RLOC-probes and are sent
      directly to locator addresses in the underlying network.

   o  Add text in section 6.1.5 about returning all EID-prefixes in a
      Map-Reply sent by an ETR when there are overlapping EID-prefixes
      configure.

   o  Add text in a new subsection of section 6.1.5 about dealing with
      Map-Replies with coarse EID-prefixes.

B.6.  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-05.txt

   o  Posted September 2009.

   o  Added this Document Change Log appendix.

   o  Added section indicating that encapsulated Map-Requests must use
      destination UDP port 4342.

   o  Don't use AH in Map-Registers.  Put key-id, auth-length, and auth-
      data in Map-Register payload.

   o  Added Jari to acknowledgment section.

   o  State the source-EID is set to 0 when using Map-Requests to
      refresh or RLOC-probe.

   o  Make more clear what source-RLOC should be for a Map-Request.

   o  The LISP-CONS authors thought that the Type definitions for CONS
      should be removed from this specification.

   o  Removed nonce from Map-Register message, it wasn't used so no need
      for it.

   o  Clarify what to do for unspecified Action bits for negative Map-
      Replies.  Since No Action is a drop, make value 0 Drop.

B.7.  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-04.txt

   o  Posted September 2009.

   o  How do deal with record count greater than 1 for a Map-Request.
      Damien and Joel comment.  Joel suggests: 1) Specify that senders
      compliant with the current document will always set the count to
      1, and note that the count is included for future extensibility.
      2) Specify what a receiver compliant with the draft should do if



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      it receives a request with a count greater than 1.  Presumably, it
      should send some error back?

   o  Add Fred Templin in acknowledgment section.

   o  Add Margaret and Sam to the acknowledgment section for their great
      comments.

   o  Say more about LAGs in the UDP section per Sam Hartman's comment.

   o  Sam wants to use MAY instead of SHOULD for ignoring checksums on
      ETR.  =46rom the mailing list: "You'd need to word it as an ITR =
MAY
      send a zero checksum, an ETR MUST accept a 0 checksum and MAY
      ignore the checksum completely.  And of course we'd need to
      confirm that can actually be implemented.  In particular, hardware
      that verifies UDP checksums on receive needs to be checked to make
      sure it permits 0 checksums."

   o  Margaret wants a reference to
      http://www.ietf.org/id/draft-eubanks-chimento-6man-00.txt.

   o  Fix description in Map-Request section.  Where we describe Map-
      Reply Record, change "R-bit" to "M-bit".

   o  Add the mobility bit to Map-Replies.  So PTRs don't probe so often
      for MNs but often enough to get mapping updates.

   o  Indicate SHA1 can be used as well for Map-Registers.

   o  More Fred comments on MTU handling.

   o  Isidor comment about spec'ing better periodic Map-Registers.  Will
      be fixed in draft-ietf-lisp-ms-02.txt.

   o  Margaret's comment on gleaning: "The current specification does
      not make it clear how long gleaned map entries should be retained
      in the cache, nor does it make it clear how/ when they will be
      validated.  The LISP spec should, at the very least, include a
      (short) default lifetime for gleaned entries, require that they be
      validated within a short period of time, and state that a new
      gleaned entry should never overwrite an entry that was obtained
      from the mapping system.  The security implications of storing
      "gleaned" entries should also be explored in detail."

   o  Add section on RLOC-probing per working group feedback.

   o  Change "loc-reach-bits" to "loc-status-bits" per comment from
      Noel.



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   o  Remove SMR-bit from data-plane.  Dino prefers to have it in the
      control plane only.

   o  Change LISP header to allow a "Research Bit" so the Nonce and LSB
      fields can be turned off and used for another future purpose.  For
      Luigi et al versioning convergence.

   o  Add a N-bit to the data header suggested by Noel.  Then the nonce
      field could be used when N is not 1.

   o  Clarify that when E-bit is 0, the nonce field can be an echoed
      nonce or a random nonce.  Comment from Jesper.

   o  Indicate when doing data-gleaning that a verifying Map-Request is
      sent to the source-EID of the gleaned data packet so we can avoid
      map-cache corruption by a 3rd party.  Comment from Pedro.

   o  Indicate that a verifying Map-Request, for accepting mapping data,
      should be sent over the ALT (or to the EID).

   o  Reference IPsec RFC 4302.  Comment from Sam and Brian Weis.

   o  Put E-bit in Map-Reply to tell ITRs that the ETR supports echo-
      noncing.  Comment by Pedro and Dino.

   o  Jesper made a comment to loosen the language about requiring the
      copy of inner TTL to outer TTL since the text to get mixed-AF
      traceroute to work would violate the "MUST" clause.  Changed from
      MUST to SHOULD in section 5.3.

B.8.  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-03.txt

   o  Posted July 2009.

   o  Removed loc-reach-bits longword from control packets per Damien
      comment.

   o  Clarifications in MTU text from Roque.

   o  Added text to indicate that the locator-set be sorted by locator
      address from Isidor.

   o  Clarification text from John Zwiebel in Echo-Nonce section.








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B.9.  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-02.txt

   o  Posted July 2009.

   o  Encapsulation packet format change to add E-bit and make loc-
      reach-bits 32-bits in length.

   o  Added Echo-Nonce Algorithm section.

   o  Clarification how ECN bits are copied.

   o  Moved S-bit in Map-Request.

   o  Added P-bit in Map-Request and Map-Reply messages to anticipate
      RLOC-Probe Algorithm.

   o  Added to Mobility section to reference [LISP-MN].

B.10.  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-01.txt

   o  Posted 2 days after draft-ietf-lisp-00.txt in May 2009.

   o  Defined LEID to be a "LISP EID".

   o  Indicate encapsulation use IPv4 DF=3D0.

   o  Added negative Map-Reply messages with drop, native-forward, and
      send-map-request actions.

   o  Added Proxy-Map-Reply bit to Map-Register.

B.11.  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-00.txt

   o  Posted May 2009.

   o  Rename of draft-farinacci-lisp-12.txt.

   o  Acknowledgment to RRG.













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Authors' Addresses

   Dino Farinacci
   cisco Systems
   Tasman Drive
   San Jose, CA  95134
   USA

   Email: dino@cisco.com


   Vince Fuller
   cisco Systems
   Tasman Drive
   San Jose, CA  95134
   USA

   Email: vaf@cisco.com


   Dave Meyer
   cisco Systems
   170 Tasman Drive
   San Jose, CA
   USA

   Email: dmm@cisco.com


   Darrel Lewis
   cisco Systems
   170 Tasman Drive
   San Jose, CA
   USA

   Email: darlewis@cisco.com















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<pre>
Network Working Group                                       D. Farinacci
Internet-Draft                                                 V. Fuller
Intended status: Experimental                                   D. Meyer
Expires: <strike><font color="red">April 14,</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">September 4,</font></strong> 2011                                      D. Lewis
                                                           cisco Systems
                                                        <strike><font color="red">October 11, 2010</font></strike>
                                                           <strong><font color="green">March 3, 2011</font></strong>

                 Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP)
                           <strike><font color="red">draft-ietf-lisp-09</font></strike>
                           <strong><font color="green">draft-ietf-lisp-10</font></strong>

Abstract

   This draft describes a network-based protocol that enables separation
   of IP addresses into two new numbering spaces: Endpoint Identifiers
   (EIDs) and Routing Locators (RLOCs).  No changes are required to
   either host protocol stacks or to the "core" of the Internet
   infrastructure.  LISP can be incrementally deployed, without a "flag
   day", and offers traffic engineering, multi-homing, and mobility
   benefits even to early adopters, when there are relatively few LISP-
   capable sites.

   Design and development of LISP was largely motivated by the problem
   statement produced by the October, 2006 IAB Routing and Addressing
   Workshop.

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted to IETF in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups.  Note that
   other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-
   Drafts.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
   http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt.

   The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
   http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.

   This Internet-Draft will expire on <strike><font color="red">April 14,</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">September 4,</font></strong> 2011.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) <strike><font color="red">2010</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">2011</font></strong> IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Requirements Notation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   2.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
   3.  Definition of Terms  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
   4.  Basic Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
     4.1.  Packet Flow Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
   5.  LISP Encapsulation Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
     5.1.  LISP IPv4-in-IPv4 Header Format  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
     5.2.  LISP IPv6-in-IPv6 Header Format  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
     5.3.  Tunnel Header Field Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
     5.4.  Dealing with Large Encapsulated Packets  . . . . . . . . . 22
       5.4.1.  A Stateless Solution to MTU Handling . . . . . . . . . 23
       5.4.2.  A Stateful Solution to MTU Handling  . . . . . . . . . 24
     5.5.  Using Virtualization and Segmentation with LISP  . . . . . 24
   6.  EID-to-RLOC Mapping  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
     6.1.  LISP IPv4 and IPv6 Control Plane Packet Formats  . . . . . 26
       6.1.1.  LISP Packet Type Allocations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
       6.1.2.  Map-Request Message Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
       6.1.3.  EID-to-RLOC UDP Map-Request Message  . . . . . . . . . 30
       6.1.4.  Map-Reply Message Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
       6.1.5.  EID-to-RLOC UDP Map-Reply Message  . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">35</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">36</font></strong>
       6.1.6.  Map-Register Message Format  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
       6.1.7.  <strong><font color="green">Map-Notify Message Format  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
       6.1.8.</font></strong>  Encapsulated Control Message Format  . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">39</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">41</font></strong>
     6.2.  Routing Locator Selection  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">41</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">43</font></strong>
     6.3.  Routing Locator Reachability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">42</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">45</font></strong>
       6.3.1.  Echo Nonce Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">45</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">47</font></strong>
       6.3.2.  RLOC Probing Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">46</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">48</font></strong>
     6.4.  EID Reachability within a LISP Site  . . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">47</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">49</font></strong>
     6.5.  Routing Locator Hashing  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">47</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">49</font></strong>
     6.6.  Changing the Contents of EID-to-RLOC Mappings  . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">48</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">50</font></strong>
       6.6.1.  Clock Sweep  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">49</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">51</font></strong>
       6.6.2.  Solicit-Map-Request (SMR)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">49</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">52</font></strong>
       6.6.3.  Database Map Versioning  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">51</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">53</font></strong>
   7.  Router Performance Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">52</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">55</font></strong>
   8.  Deployment Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">53</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">56</font></strong>
     8.1.  First-hop/Last-hop Tunnel Routers  . . . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">54</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">57</font></strong>
     8.2.  Border/Edge Tunnel Routers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">54</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">57</font></strong>
     8.3.  ISP Provider-Edge (PE) Tunnel Routers  . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">55</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">58</font></strong>
     8.4.  LISP Functionality with Conventional NATs  . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">55</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">58</font></strong>
   9.  Traceroute Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">56</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">59</font></strong>
     9.1.  IPv6 Traceroute  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">57</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">60</font></strong>
     9.2.  IPv4 Traceroute  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">57</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">60</font></strong>
     9.3.  Traceroute using Mixed Locators  . . . . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">57</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">60</font></strong>
   10. Mobility Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">59</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">62</font></strong>
     10.1. Site Mobility  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">59</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">62</font></strong>
     10.2. Slow Endpoint Mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">59</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">62</font></strong>
     10.3. Fast Endpoint Mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">59</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">62</font></strong>
     10.4. Fast Network Mobility  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">61</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">64</font></strong>
     10.5. LISP Mobile Node Mobility  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">61</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">64</font></strong>
   11. Multicast Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">63</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">66</font></strong>
   12. Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">64</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">67</font></strong>
   13. <strong><font color="green">Network Management Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
   14.</font></strong> IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">65
     13.1.</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">69
     14.1.</font></strong> LISP Address Type Codes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">65
     13.2.</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">69
     14.2.</font></strong> LISP UDP Port Numbers  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">65
   14.</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">69
   15.</font></strong> References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">66
     14.1.</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">70
     15.1.</font></strong> Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">66
     14.2.</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">70
     15.2.</font></strong> Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">67</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">71</font></strong>
   Appendix A.  Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">70</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">74</font></strong>
   Appendix B.  Document Change Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">71</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">75</font></strong>
     B.1.  Changes to <strike><font color="red">draft-ietf-lisp-09.txt</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">draft-ietf-lisp-10.txt</font></strong>  . . . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">71</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">75</font></strong>
     B.2.  Changes to <strike><font color="red">draft-ietf-lisp-08.txt</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">draft-ietf-lisp-09.txt</font></strong>  . . . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">71</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">75</font></strong>
     B.3.  Changes to <strike><font color="red">draft-ietf-lisp-07.txt</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">draft-ietf-lisp-08.txt</font></strong>  . . . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">73</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">75</font></strong>
     B.4.  Changes to <strike><font color="red">draft-ietf-lisp-06.txt</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">draft-ietf-lisp-07.txt</font></strong>  . . . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">74</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">77</font></strong>
     B.5.  Changes to <strike><font color="red">draft-ietf-lisp-05.txt</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">draft-ietf-lisp-06.txt</font></strong>  . . . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">75</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">79</font></strong>
     B.6.  Changes to <strike><font color="red">draft-ietf-lisp-04.txt</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">draft-ietf-lisp-05.txt</font></strong>  . . . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">76</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">80</font></strong>
     B.7.  Changes to <strike><font color="red">draft-ietf-lisp-03.txt</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">draft-ietf-lisp-04.txt</font></strong>  . . . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">78</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">80</font></strong>
     B.8.  Changes to <strike><font color="red">draft-ietf-lisp-02.txt</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">draft-ietf-lisp-03.txt</font></strong>  . . . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">78</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">82</font></strong>
     B.9.  Changes to <strike><font color="red">draft-ietf-lisp-01.txt</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">draft-ietf-lisp-02.txt</font></strong>  . . . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">78</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">83</font></strong>
     B.10. Changes to <strong><font color="green">draft-ietf-lisp-01.txt  . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
     B.11. Changes to</font></strong> draft-ietf-lisp-00.txt  . . . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">79</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">83</font></strong>
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">80</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">84</font></strong>

1.  Requirements Notation

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

2.  Introduction

   This document describes the Locator/Identifier Separation Protocol
   (LISP), which provides a set of functions for routers to exchange
   information used to map from non-routeable Endpoint Identifiers
   (EIDs) to routeable Routing Locators (RLOCs).  It also defines a
   mechanism for these LISP routers to encapsulate IP packets addressed
   with EIDs for transmission across an Internet that uses RLOCs for
   routing and forwarding.

   Creation of LISP was initially motivated by discussions during the
   IAB-sponsored Routing and Addressing Workshop held in Amsterdam in
   October, 2006 (see [RFC4984]).  A key conclusion of the workshop was
   that the Internet routing and addressing system was not scaling well
   in the face of the explosive growth of new sites; one reason for this
   poor scaling is the increasing number of multi-homed and other sites
   that cannot be addressed as part of topologically- or provider-based
   aggregated prefixes.  Additional work that more completely described
   the problem statement may be found in [RADIR].

   A basic observation, made many years ago in early networking research
   such as that documented in [CHIAPPA] and [RFC4984], is that using a
   single address field for both identifying a device and for
   determining where it is topologically located in the network requires
   optimization along two conflicting axes: for routing to be efficient,
   the address must be assigned topologically; for collections of
   devices to be easily and effectively managed, without the need for
   renumbering in response to topological change (such as that caused by
   adding or removing attachment points to the network or by mobility
   events), the address must explicitly not be tied to the topology.

   The approach that LISP takes to solving the routing scalability
   problem is to replace IP addresses with two new types of numbers:
   Routing Locators (RLOCs), which are topologically assigned to network
   attachment points (and are therefore amenable to aggregation) and
   used for routing and forwarding of packets through the network; and
   Endpoint Identifiers (EIDs), which are assigned independently from
   the network topology, are used for numbering devices, and are
   aggregated along administrative boundaries.  LISP then defines
   functions for mapping between the two numbering spaces and for
   encapsulating traffic originated by devices using non-routeable EIDs
   for transport across a network infrastructure that routes and
   forwards using RLOCs.  Both RLOCs and EIDs are syntactically-
   identical to IP addresses; it is the semantics of how they are used
   that differs.

   This document describes the protocol that implements these functions.
   The database which stores the mappings between EIDs and RLOCs is
   explicitly a separate "module" to facilitate experimentation with a
   variety of approaches.  One database design that is being developed
   and prototyped as part of the LISP working group work is [ALT].
   Others that have been described but not implemented include [CONS],
   [EMACS], [RPMD], [NERD].  Finally, [LISP-MS], documents a general-
   purpose service interface for accessing a mapping database; this
   interface is intended to make the mapping database modular so that
   different approaches can be tried without the need to modify
   installed xTRs.

3.  Definition of Terms

   Provider Independent (PI) Addresses:   PI addresses are an address
      block assigned from a pool where blocks are not associated with
      any particular location in the network (e.g. from a particular
      service provider), and is therefore not topologically aggregatable
      in the routing system.

   Provider Assigned (PA) Addresses:   PA addresses are an a address
      block assigned to a site by each service provider to which a site
      connects.  Typically, each block is sub-block of a service
      provider Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) [RFC4632] block and
      is aggregated into the larger block before being advertised into
      the global Internet.  Traditionally, IP multihoming has been
      implemented by each multi-homed site acquiring its own, globally-
      visible prefix.  LISP uses only topologically-assigned and
      aggregatable address blocks for RLOCs, eliminating this
      demonstrably non-scalable practice.

   Routing Locator (RLOC):   A RLOC is an IPv4 or IPv6 address of an
      egress tunnel router (ETR).  A RLOC is the output of a EID-to-RLOC
      mapping lookup.  An EID maps to one or more RLOCs.  Typically,
      RLOCs are numbered from topologically-aggregatable blocks that are
      assigned to a site at each point to which it attaches to the
      global Internet; where the topology is defined by the connectivity
      of provider networks, RLOCs can be thought of as PA addresses.
      Multiple RLOCs can be assigned to the same ETR device or to
      multiple ETR devices at a site.

   Endpoint ID (EID):   An EID is a 32-bit (for IPv4) or 128-bit (for
      IPv6) value used in the source and destination address fields of
      the first (most inner) LISP header of a packet.  The host obtains
      a destination EID the same way it obtains an destination address
      today, for example through a Domain Name System (DNS) [RFC1034]
      lookup or Session Invitation Protocol (SIP) [RFC3261] exchange.
      The source EID is obtained via existing mechanisms used to set a
      host's "local" IP address.  An EID is allocated to a host from an
      EID-prefix block associated with the site where the host is
      located.  An EID can be used by a host to refer to other hosts.
      EIDs MUST NOT be used as LISP RLOCs.  Note that EID blocks may be
      assigned in a hierarchical manner, independent of the network
      topology, to facilitate scaling of the mapping database.  In
      addition, an EID block assigned to a site may have site-local
      structure (subnetting) for routing within the site; this structure
      is not visible to the global routing system.  When used in
      discussions with other Locator/ID separation proposals, a LISP EID
      will be called a "LEID".  Throughout this document, any references
      to "EID" refers to an LEID.

   EID-prefix:   An EID-prefix is a power-of-two block of EIDs which are
      allocated to a site by an address allocation authority.  EID-
      prefixes are associated with a set of RLOC addresses which make up
      a "database mapping".  EID-prefix allocations can be broken up
      into smaller blocks when an RLOC set is to be associated with the
      smaller EID-prefix.  A globally routed address block (whether PI
      or PA) is not an EID-prefix.  However, a globally routed address
      block may be removed from global routing and reused as an EID-
      prefix.  A site that receives an explicitly allocated EID-prefix
      may not use that EID-prefix as a globally routed prefix assigned
      to RLOCs.

   End-system:   An end-system is an IPv4 or IPv6 device that originates
      packets with a single IPv4 or IPv6 header.  The end-system
      supplies an EID value for the destination address field of the IP
      header when communicating globally (i.e. outside of its routing
      domain).  An end-system can be a host computer, a switch or router
      device, or any network appliance.

   Ingress Tunnel Router (ITR):   An ITR is a router which accepts an IP
      packet with a single IP header (more precisely, an IP packet that
      does not contain a LISP header).  The router treats this "inner"
      IP destination address as an EID and performs an EID-to-RLOC
      mapping lookup.  The router then prepends an "outer" IP header
      with one of its globally-routable RLOCs in the source address
      field and the result of the mapping lookup in the destination
      address field.  Note that this destination RLOC may be an
      intermediate, proxy device that has better knowledge of the EID-
      to-RLOC mapping closer to the destination EID.  In general, an ITR
      receives IP packets from site end-systems on one side and sends
      LISP-encapsulated IP packets toward the Internet on the other
      side.

      Specifically, when a service provider prepends a LISP header for
      Traffic Engineering purposes, the router that does this is also
      regarded as an ITR.  The outer RLOC the ISP ITR uses can be based
      on the outer destination address (the originating ITR's supplied
      RLOC) or the inner destination address (the originating hosts
      supplied EID).

   TE-ITR:   A TE-ITR is an ITR that is deployed in a service provider
      network that prepends an additional LISP header for Traffic
      Engineering purposes.

   Egress Tunnel Router (ETR):   An ETR is a router that accepts an IP
      packet where the destination address in the "outer" IP header is
      one of its own RLOCs.  The router strips the "outer" header and
      forwards the packet based on the next IP header found.  In
      general, an ETR receives LISP-encapsulated IP packets from the
      Internet on one side and sends decapsulated IP packets to site
      end-systems on the other side.  ETR functionality does not have to
      be limited to a router device.  A server host can be the endpoint
      of a LISP tunnel as well.

   TE-ETR:   A TE-ETR is an ETR that is deployed in a service provider
      network that strips an outer LISP header for Traffic Engineering
      purposes.

   xTR:   A xTR is a reference to an ITR or ETR when direction of data
      flow is not part of the context description. xTR refers to the
      router that is the tunnel endpoint.  Used synonymously with the
      term "Tunnel Router".  For example, "An xTR can be located at the
      Customer Edge (CE) router", meaning both ITR and ETR functionality
      is at the CE router.

   EID-to-RLOC Cache:   The EID-to-RLOC cache is a short-lived, on-
      demand table in an ITR that stores, tracks, and is responsible for
      timing-out and otherwise validating EID-to-RLOC mappings.  This
      cache is distinct from the full "database" of EID-to-RLOC
      mappings, it is dynamic, local to the ITR(s), and relatively small
      while the database is distributed, relatively static, and much
      more global in scope.

   EID-to-RLOC Database:   The EID-to-RLOC database is a global
      distributed database that contains all known EID-prefix to RLOC
      mappings.  Each potential ETR typically contains a small piece of
      the database: the EID-to-RLOC mappings for the EID prefixes
      "behind" the router.  These map to one of the router's own,
      globally-visible, IP addresses.  The same database mapping entries
      MUST be configured on all ETRs for a given site.  That is, the
      EID-prefixes for the site and locator-set for each EID-prefix MUST
      be the same on all ETRs so they consistently send Map-Reply
      messages with the same database mapping contents.

   Recursive Tunneling:   Recursive tunneling occurs when a packet has
      more than one LISP IP header.  Additional layers of tunneling may
      be employed to implement traffic engineering or other re-routing
      as needed.  When this is done, an additional "outer" LISP header
      is added and the original RLOCs are preserved in the "inner"
      header.  Any references to tunnels in this specification refers to
      dynamic encapsulating tunnels and never are they statically
      configured.

   Reencapsulating Tunnels:   Reencapsulating tunneling occurs when a
      packet has no more than one LISP IP header (two IP headers total)
      and when it needs to be diverted to new RLOC, an ETR can
      decapsulate the packet (remove the LISP header) and prepends a new
      tunnel header, with new RLOC, on to the packet.  Doing this allows
      a packet to be re-routed by the re-encapsulating router without
      adding the overhead of additional tunnel headers.  Any references
      to tunnels in this specification refers to dynamic encapsulating
      tunnels and never are they statically configured.

   LISP Header:   a term used in this document to refer to the outer
      IPv4 or IPv6 header, a UDP header, and a LISP-specific 8-byte
      header that follows the UDP header, an ITR prepends or an ETR
      strips.

   Address Family Identifier (AFI):   a term used to describe an address
      encoding in a packet.  An address family currently pertains to an
      IPv4 or IPv6 address.  See [AFI] and [RFC1700] for details.  An
      AFI value of 0 used in this specification indicates an unspecified
      encoded address where the length of the address is 0 bytes
      following the 16-bit AFI value of 0.

   Negative Mapping Entry:   A negative mapping entry, also known as a
      negative cache entry, is an EID-to-RLOC entry where an EID-prefix
      is advertised or stored with no RLOCs.  That is, the locator-set
      for the EID-to-RLOC entry is empty or has an encoded locator count
      of 0.  This type of entry could be used to describe a prefix from
      a non-LISP site, which is explicitly not in the mapping database.
      There are a set of well defined actions that are encoded in a
      Negative Map-Reply.

   Data Probe:   A data-probe is a LISP-encapsulated data packet where
      the inner header destination address equals the outer header
      destination address used to trigger a Map-Reply by a decapsulating
      ETR.  In addition, the original packet is decapsulated and
      delivered to the destination host.  A Data Probe is used in some
      of the mapping database designs to "probe" or request a Map-Reply
      from an ETR; in other cases, Map-Requests are used.  See each
      mapping database design for details.

   Proxy ITR (PITR):   A PITR is also known as a PTR is defined and
      described in [INTERWORK], a PITR acts like an ITR but does so on
      behalf of non-LISP sites which send packets to destinations at
      LISP sites.

   Proxy ETR (PETR):   A PETR is defined and described in [INTERWORK], a
      PETR acts like an ETR but does so on behalf of LISP sites which
      send packets to destinations at non-LISP sites.

   Route-returnability:  is an assumption that the underlying routing
      system will deliver packets to the destination.  When combined
      with a nonce that is provided by a sender and returned by a
      receiver limits off-path data insertion.

   LISP site:  is a set of routers in an edge network that are under a
      single technical administration.  LISP routers which reside in the
      edge network are the demarcation points to separate the edge
      network from the core network.

   Client-side:  a term used in this document to indicate a connection
      initiation attempt by an EID.  The ITR(s) at the LISP site are the
      first to get involved in obtaining database map cache entries by
      sending Map-Request messages.

   Server-side:  a term used in this document to indicate a connection
      initiation attempt is being accepted for a destination EID.  The
      ETR(s) at the destination LISP site are the first to send Map-
      Replies to the source site initiating the connection.  The ETR(s)
      at this destination site can obtain mappings by gleaning
      information from Map-Requests, Data-Probes, or encapsulated
      packets.

4.  Basic Overview

   One key concept of LISP is that end-systems (hosts) operate the same
   way they do today.  The IP addresses that hosts use for tracking
   sockets, connections, and for sending and receiving packets do not
   change.  In LISP terminology, these IP addresses are called Endpoint
   Identifiers (EIDs).

   Routers continue to forward packets based on IP destination
   addresses.  When a packet is LISP encapsulated, these addresses are
   referred to as Routing Locators (RLOCs).  Most routers along a path
   between two hosts will not change; they continue to perform routing/
   forwarding lookups on the destination addresses.  For routers between
   the source host and the ITR as well as routers from the ETR to the
   destination host, the destination address is an EID.  For the routers
   between the ITR and the ETR, the destination address is an RLOC.

   Another key LISP concept is the "Tunnel Router".  A tunnel router
   prepends LISP headers on host-originated packets and strip them prior
   to final delivery to their destination.  The IP addresses in this
   "outer header" are RLOCs.  During end-to-end packet exchange between
   two Internet hosts, an ITR prepends a new LISP header to each packet
   and an egress tunnel router strips the new header.  The ITR performs
   EID-to-RLOC lookups to determine the routing path to the ETR, which
   has the RLOC as one of its IP addresses.

   Some basic rules governing LISP are:

   o  End-systems (hosts) only send to addresses which are EIDs.  They
      don't know addresses are EIDs versus RLOCs but assume packets get
      to LISP routers, which in turn, deliver packets to the destination
      the end-system has specified.

   o  EIDs are always IP addresses assigned to hosts.

   o  LISP routers mostly deal with Routing Locator addresses.  See
      details later in Section 4.1 to clarify what is meant by "mostly".

   o  RLOCs are always IP addresses assigned to routers; preferably,
      topologically-oriented addresses from provider CIDR blocks.

   o  When a router originates packets it may use as a source address
      either an EID or RLOC.  When acting as a host (e.g. when
      terminating a transport session such as SSH, TELNET, or SNMP), it
      may use an EID that is explicitly assigned for that purpose.  An
      EID that identifies the router as a host MUST NOT be used as an
      RLOC; an EID is only routable within the scope of a site.  A
      typical BGP configuration might demonstrate this "hybrid" EID/RLOC
      usage where a router could use its "host-like" EID to terminate
      iBGP sessions to other routers in a site while at the same time
      using RLOCs to terminate eBGP sessions to routers outside the
      site.

   o  EIDs are not expected to be usable for global end-to-end
      communication in the absence of an EID-to-RLOC mapping operation.
      They are expected to be used locally for intra-site communication.

   o  EID prefixes are likely to be hierarchically assigned in a manner
      which is optimized for administrative convenience and to
      facilitate scaling of the EID-to-RLOC mapping database.  The
      hierarchy is based on a address allocation hierarchy which is
      independent of the network topology.

   o  EIDs may also be structured (subnetted) in a manner suitable for
      local routing within an autonomous system.

   An additional LISP header may be prepended to packets by a TE-ITR
   when re-routing of the path for a packet is desired.  An obvious
   instance of this would be an ISP router that needs to perform traffic
   engineering for packets flowing through its network.  In such a
   situation, termed Recursive Tunneling, an ISP transit acts as an
   additional ingress tunnel router and the RLOC it uses for the new
   prepended header would be either a TE-ETR within the ISP (along
   intra-ISP traffic engineered path) or a TE-ETR within another ISP (an
   inter-ISP traffic engineered path, where an agreement to build such a
   path exists).

   In order to avoid excessive packet overhead as well as possible
   encapsulation loops, this document mandates that a maximum of two
   LISP headers can be prepended to a packet.  It is believed two
   headers is sufficient, where the first prepended header is used at a
   site for Location/Identity separation and second prepended header is
   used inside a service provider for Traffic Engineering purposes.

   Tunnel Routers can be placed fairly flexibly in a multi-AS topology.
   For example, the ITR for a particular end-to-end packet exchange
   might be the first-hop or default router within a site for the source
   host.  Similarly, the egress tunnel router might be the last-hop
   router directly-connected to the destination host.  Another example,
   perhaps for a VPN service out-sourced to an ISP by a site, the ITR
   could be the site's border router at the service provider attachment
   point.  Mixing and matching of site-operated, ISP-operated, and other
   tunnel routers is allowed for maximum flexibility.  See Section 8 for
   more details.

4.1.  Packet Flow Sequence

   This section provides an example of the unicast packet flow with the
   following conditions:

   o  Source host "host1.abc.com" is sending a packet to
      "host2.xyz.com", exactly what host1 would do if the site was not
      using LISP.

   o  Each site is multi-homed, so each tunnel router has an address
      (RLOC) assigned from the service provider address block for each
      provider to which that particular tunnel router is attached.

   o  The ITR(s) and ETR(s) are directly connected to the source and
      destination, respectively, but the source and destination can be
      located anywhere in LISP site.

   o  Map-Requests can be sent on the underlying routing system topology
      or over an alternative topology [ALT].

   o  Map-Replies are sent on the underlying routing system topology.

   Client host1.abc.com wants to communicate with server host2.xyz.com:

   1.  host1.abc.com wants to open a TCP connection to host2.xyz.com.
       It does a DNS lookup on host2.xyz.com.  An A/AAAA record is
       returned.  This address is the destination EID.  The locally-
       assigned address of host1.abc.com is used as the source EID.  An
       IPv4 or IPv6 packet is built and forwarded through the LISP site
       as a normal IP packet until it reaches a LISP ITR.

   2.  The LISP ITR must be able to map the EID destination to an RLOC
       of one of the ETRs at the destination site.  The specific method
       used to do this is not described in this example.  See [ALT] or
       [CONS] for possible solutions.

   3.  The ITR will send a LISP Map-Request.  Map-Requests SHOULD be
       rate-limited.

   4.  When an alternate mapping system is not in use, the Map-Request
       packet is routed through the underlying routing system.
       Otherwise, the Map-Request packet is routed on an alternate
       logical topology.  In either case, when the Map-Request arrives
       at one of the ETRs at the destination site, it will process the
       packet as a control message.

   5.  The ETR looks at the destination EID of the Map-Request and
       matches it against the prefixes in the ETR's configured EID-to-
       RLOC mapping database.  This is the list of EID-prefixes the ETR
       is supporting for the site it resides in.  If there is no match,
       the Map-Request is dropped.  Otherwise, a LISP Map-Reply is
       returned to the ITR.

   6.  The ITR receives the Map-Reply message, parses the message (to
       check for format validity) and stores the mapping information
       from the packet.  This information is stored in the ITR's EID-to-
       RLOC mapping cache.  Note that the map cache is an on-demand
       cache.  An ITR will manage its map cache in such a way that
       optimizes for its resource constraints.

   7.  Subsequent packets from host1.abc.com to host2.xyz.com will have
       a LISP header prepended by the ITR using the appropriate RLOC as
       the LISP header destination address learned from the ETR.  Note
       the packet may be sent to a different ETR than the one which
       returned the Map-Reply due to the source site's hashing policy or
       the destination site's locator-set policy.

   8.  The ETR receives these packets directly (since the destination
       address is one of its assigned IP addresses), strips the LISP
       header and forwards the packets to the attached destination host.

   In order to eliminate the need for a mapping lookup in the reverse
   direction, an ETR MAY create a cache entry that maps the source EID
   (inner header source IP address) to the source RLOC (outer header
   source IP address) in a received LISP packet.  Such a cache entry is
   termed a "gleaned" mapping and only contains a single RLOC for the
   EID in question.  More complete information about additional RLOCs
   SHOULD be verified by sending a LISP Map-Request for that EID.  Both
   ITR and the ETR may also influence the decision the other makes in
   selecting an RLOC.  See Section 6 for more details.

5.  LISP Encapsulation Details

   Since additional tunnel headers are prepended, the packet becomes
   larger and can exceed the MTU of any link traversed from the ITR to
   the ETR.  It is recommended in IPv4 that packets do not get
   fragmented as they are encapsulated by the ITR.  Instead, the packet
   is dropped and an ICMP Too Big message is returned to the source.

   This specification recommends that implementations support for one of
   the proposed fragmentation and reassembly schemes.  These two <strike><font color="red">simple</font></strike>
   existing schemes are detailed in Section 5.4.

5.1.  LISP IPv4-in-IPv4 Header Format

        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |Version|  IHL  |Type of Service|          Total Length         |
    /  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |   |         Identification        |Flags|      Fragment Offset    |
   |   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   OH  |  Time to Live | Protocol = 17 |         Header Checksum       |
   |   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |   |                    Source Routing Locator                     |
    \  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     \ |                 Destination Routing Locator                   |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |       Source Port = xxxx      |       Dest Port = 4341        |
   UDP +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     \ |           UDP Length          |        UDP Checksum           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   L   |N|L|E|V|I|flags|            Nonce/Map-Version                  |
   I \ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   S / |                 Instance ID/Locator Status Bits               |
   P   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |Version|  IHL  |Type of Service|          Total Length         |
    /  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |   |         Identification        |Flags|      Fragment Offset    |
   |   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   IH  |  Time to Live |    Protocol   |         Header Checksum       |
   |   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |   |                           Source EID                          |
    \  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     \ |                         Destination EID                       |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

5.2.  LISP IPv6-in-IPv6 Header Format

        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |Version| Traffic Class |           Flow Label                  |
    /  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   |   |         Payload Length        | Next Header=17|   Hop Limit   |
   v   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                                                               |
   O   +                                                               +
   u   |                                                               |
   t   +                     Source Routing Locator                    +
   e   |                                                               |
   r   +                                                               +
       |                                                               |
   H   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   d   |                                                               |
   r   +                                                               +
       |                                                               |
   ^   +                  Destination Routing Locator                  +
   |   |                                                               |
    \  +                                                               +
     \ |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |       Source Port = xxxx      |       Dest Port = 4341        |
   UDP +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     \ |           UDP Length          |        UDP Checksum           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   L   |N|L|E|V|I|flags|            Nonce/Map-Version                  |
   I \ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   S / |                 Instance ID/Locator Status Bits               |
   P   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |Version| Traffic Class |           Flow Label                  |
    /  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   /   |         Payload Length        |  Next Header  |   Hop Limit   |
   v   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                                                               |
   I   +                                                               +
   n   |                                                               |
   n   +                          Source EID                           +
   e   |                                                               |
   r   +                                                               +
       |                                                               |
   H   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   d   |                                                               |
   r   +                                                               +
       |                                                               |
   ^   +                        Destination EID                        +
   \   |                                                               |
    \  +                                                               +
     \ |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

5.3.  Tunnel Header Field Descriptions

   Inner Header:  The inner header is the header on the datagram
      received from the originating host.  The source and destination IP
      addresses are EIDs.

   Outer Header:  The outer header is a new header prepended by an ITR.
      The address fields contain RLOCs obtained from the ingress
      router's EID-to-RLOC cache.  The IP protocol number is "UDP (17)"
      from [RFC0768].  The DF bit of the Flags field is set to 0 when
      the method in Section 5.4.1 is used and set to 1 when the method
      in Section 5.4.2 is used.

   UDP Header:  The UDP header contains a ITR selected source port when
      encapsulating a packet.  See Section 6.5 for details on the hash
      algorithm used to select a source port based on the 5-tuple of the
      inner header.  The destination port MUST be set to the well-known
      IANA assigned port value 4341.

   UDP Checksum:  The UDP checksum field SHOULD be transmitted as zero
      by an ITR for either IPv4 [RFC0768] or IPv6 encapsulation
      [UDP-TUNNELS].  When a packet with a zero UDP checksum is received
      by an ETR, the ETR MUST accept the packet for decapsulation.  When
      an ITR transmits a non-zero value for the UDP checksum, it MUST
      send a correctly computed value in this field.  When an ETR
      receives a packet with a non-zero UDP checksum, it MAY choose to
      verify the checksum value.  If it chooses to perform such
      verification, and the verification fails, the packet MUST be
      silently dropped.  If the ETR chooses not to perform the
      verification, or performs the verification successfully, the
      packet MUST be accepted for decapsulation.  The handling of UDP
      checksums for all tunneling protocols, including LISP, is under
      active discussion within the IETF.  When that discussion
      concludes, any necessary changes will be made to align LISP with
      the outcome of the broader discussion.

   UDP Length:  The UDP length field is for an IPv4 encapsulated packet,
      the inner header Total Length plus the UDP and LISP header lengths
      are used.  For an IPv6 encapsulated packet, the inner header
      Payload Length plus the size of the IPv6 header (40 bytes) plus
      the size of the UDP and LISP headers are used.  The UDP header
      length is 8 bytes.

   N: The N bit is the nonce-present bit.  When this bit is set to 1,
      the low-order 24-bits of the first 32-bits of the LISP header
      contains a Nonce.  See Section 6.3.1 for details.  Both N and V
      bits MUST NOT be set in the same packet.  If they are, a
      decapsulating ETR MUST treat the "Nonce/Map-Version" field as
      having a Nonce value present.

   L: The L bit is the Locator-Status-Bits field enabled bit.  When this
      bit is set to 1, the Locator-Status-Bits in the second 32-bits of
      the LISP header are in use.

     x 1 x x 0 x x x
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |N|L|E|V|I|flags|            Nonce/Map-Version                  |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |                      Locator Status Bits                      |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   E: The E bit is the echo-nonce-request bit.  When this bit is set to
      1, the N bit MUST be 1.  This bit SHOULD be ignored and has no
      meaning when the N bit is set to 0.  See Section 6.3.1 for
      details.

   V: The V bit is the Map-Version present bit.  When this bit is set to
      1, the N bit MUST be 0.  Refer to Section 6.6.3 for more details.
      This bit indicates that the first 4 bytes of the LISP header is
      encoded as:

     0 x 0 1 x x x x
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |N|L|E|V|I|flags|  Source Map-Version   |   Dest Map-Version    |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |                 Instance ID/Locator Status Bits               |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   I: The I bit is the Instance ID bit.  See Section 5.5 for more
      details.  When this bit is set to 1, the Locator Status Bits field
      is reduced to 8-bits and the high-order 24-bits are used as an
      Instance ID.  If the L-bit is set to 0, then the low-order 8 bits
      are transmitted as zero and ignored on receipt.  The format of the
      last 4 bytes of the LISP header would look like:

     x x x x 1 x x x
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |N|L|E|V|I|flags|            Nonce/Map-Version                  |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |                 Instance ID                   |     LSBs      |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   flags:  The flags field is a 3-bit field is reserved for future flag
      use.  It is set to 0 on transmit and ignored on receipt.

   LISP Nonce:  The LISP nonce field is a 24-bit value that is randomly
      generated by an ITR when the N-bit is set to 1.  The nonce is also
      used when the E-bit is set to request the nonce value to be echoed
      by the other side when packets are returned.  When the E-bit is
      clear but the N-bit is set, a remote ITR is either echoing a
      previously requested echo-nonce or providing a random nonce.  See
      Section 6.3.1 for more details.

   LISP Locator Status Bits:  The locator status bits field in the LISP
      header is set by an ITR to indicate to an ETR the up/down status
      of the Locators in the source site.  Each RLOC in a Map-Reply is
      assigned an ordinal value from 0 to n-1 (when there are n RLOCs in
      a mapping entry).  The Locator Status Bits are numbered from 0 to
      n-1 from the least significant bit of field.  The field is 32-bits
      when the I-bit is set to 0 and is 8 bits when the I-bit is set to
      1.  When a Locator Status Bit is set to 1, the ITR is indicating
      to the ETR the RLOC associated with the bit ordinal has up status.
      See Section 6.3 for details on how an ITR can determine the status
      of other ITRs at the same site.  When a site has multiple EID-
      prefixes which result in multiple mappings (where each could have
      a different locator-set), the Locator Status Bits setting in an
      encapsulated packet MUST reflect the mapping for the EID-prefix
      that the inner-header source EID address matches.

   When doing ITR/PITR encapsulation:

   o  The outer header Time to Live field (or Hop Limit field, in case
      of IPv6) SHOULD be copied from the inner header Time to Live
      field.

   o  The outer header Type of Service field (or the Traffic Class
      field, in the case of IPv6) SHOULD be copied from the inner header
      Type of Service field (with one caveat, see below).

   When doing ETR/PETR decapsulation:

   o  The inner header Time to Live field (or Hop Limit field, in case
      of IPv6) SHOULD be copied from the outer header Time to Live
      field, when the Time to Live field of the outer header is less
      than the Time to Live of the inner header.  Failing to perform
      this check can cause the Time to Live of the inner header to
      increment across encapsulation/decapsulation cycle.  This check is
      also performed when doing initial encapsulation when a packet
      comes to an ITR or PITR destined for a LISP site.

   o  The inner header Type of Service field (or the Traffic Class
      field, in the case of IPv6) SHOULD be copied from the outer header
      Type of Service field (with one caveat, see below).

   Note if an ETR/PETR is also an ITR/PITR and choose to reencapsulate
   after decapsulating, the net effect of this is that the new outer
   header will carry the same Time to Live as the old outer header.

   Copying the TTL serves two purposes: first, it preserves the distance
   the host intended the packet to travel; second, and more importantly,
   it provides for suppression of looping packets in the event there is
   a loop of concatenated tunnels due to misconfiguration.  See
   Section 9.3 for TTL exception handling for traceroute packets.

   The ECN field occupies bits 6 and 7 of both the IPv4 Type of Service
   field and the IPv6 Traffic Class field [RFC3168].  The ECN field
   requires special treatment in order to avoid discarding indications
   of congestion [RFC3168].  ITR encapsulation MUST copy the 2-bit ECN
   field from the inner header to the outer header.  Re-encapsulation
   MUST copy the 2-bit ECN field from the stripped outer header to the
   new outer header.  If the ECN field contains a congestion indication
   codepoint (the value is '11', the Congestion Experienced (CE)
   codepoint), then ETR decapsulation MUST copy the 2-bit ECN field from
   the stripped outer header to the surviving inner header that is used
   to forward the packet beyond the ETR.  These requirements preserve
   Congestion Experienced (CE) indications when a packet that uses ECN
   traverses a LISP tunnel and becomes marked with a CE indication due
   to congestion between the tunnel endpoints.

5.4.  Dealing with Large Encapsulated Packets

   This section proposes two <strike><font color="red">simple</font></strike> mechanisms to deal with packets that exceed
   the path MTU between the ITR and ETR.

   It is left to the implementor to decide if the stateless or stateful
   mechanism should be implemented.  Both or neither can be used since
   it is a local decision in the ITR regarding how to deal with MTU
   issues, and sites can interoperate with differing mechanisms.

   Both stateless and stateful mechanisms also apply to Reencapsulating
   and Recursive Tunneling.  So any actions below referring to an ITR
   also apply to an TE-ITR.

5.4.1.  A Stateless Solution to MTU Handling

   An ITR stateless solution to handle MTU issues is described as
   follows:

   1.  Define an architectural constant S for the maximum size of a
       packet, in bytes, an ITR would like to receive from a source
       inside of its site.

   2.  Define L to be the maximum size, in bytes, a packet of size S
       would be after the ITR prepends the LISP header, UDP header, and
       outer network layer header of size H.

   3.  Calculate: S + H = L.

   When an ITR receives a packet from a site-facing interface and adds H
   bytes worth of encapsulation to yield a packet size greater than L
   bytes, it resolves the MTU issue by first splitting the original
   packet into 2 equal-sized fragments.  A LISP header is then prepended
   to each fragment.  The size of the encapsulated fragments is then
   (S/2 + H), which is less than the ITR's estimate of the path MTU
   between the ITR and its correspondent ETR.

   When an ETR receives encapsulated fragments, it treats them as two
   individually encapsulated packets.  It strips the LISP headers then
   forwards each fragment to the destination host of the destination
   site.  The two fragments are reassembled at the destination host into
   the single IP datagram that was originated by the source host.

   This behavior is performed by the ITR when the source host originates
   a packet with the DF field of the IP header is set to 0.  When the DF
   field of the IP header is set to 1, or the packet is an IPv6 packet
   originated by the source host, the ITR will drop the packet when the
   size is greater than L, and sends an ICMP Too Big message to the
   source with a value of S, where S is (L - H).

   When the outer header encapsulation uses an IPv4 header, an
   implementation SHOULD set the DF bit to 1 so ETR fragment reassembly
   can be avoided.  An implementation MAY set the DF bit in such headers
   to 0 if it has good reason to believe there are unresolvable path MTU
   issues between the sending ITR and the receiving ETR.

   This specification recommends that L be defined as 1500.

5.4.2.  A Stateful Solution to MTU Handling

   An ITR stateful solution to handle MTU issues is described as follows
   and was first introduced in [OPENLISP]:

   1.  The ITR will keep state of the effective MTU for each locator per
       mapping cache entry.  The effective MTU is what the core network
       can deliver along the path between ITR and ETR.

   2.  When an IPv6 encapsulated packet or an IPv4 encapsulated packet
       with DF bit set to 1, exceeds what the core network can deliver,
       one of the intermediate routers on the path will send an ICMP Too
       Big message to the ITR.  The ITR will parse the ICMP message to
       determine which locator is affected by the effective MTU change
       and then record the new effective MTU value in the mapping cache
       entry.

   3.  When a packet is received by the ITR from a source inside of the
       site and the size of the packet is greater than the effective MTU
       stored with the mapping cache entry associated with the
       destination EID the packet is for, the ITR will send an ICMP Too
       Big message back to the source.  The packet size advertised by
       the ITR in the ICMP Too Big message is the effective MTU minus
       the LISP encapsulation length.

   Even though this mechanism is stateful, it has advantages over the
   stateless IP fragmentation mechanism, by not involving the
   destination host with reassembly of ITR fragmented packets.

5.5.  Using Virtualization and Segmentation with LISP

   When multiple organizations inside of a LISP site are using private
   addresses [RFC1918] as EID-prefixes, their address spaces MUST remain
   segregated due to possible address duplication.  An Instance ID in
   the address encoding can aid in making the entire AFI based address
   unique.  See IANA Considerations Section <strike><font color="red">13.1</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">14.1</font></strong> for details for
   possible address encodings.

   An Instance ID can be carried in a LISP encapsulated packet.  An ITR
   that prepends a LISP header, will copy a 24-bit value, used by the
   LISP router to uniquely identify the address space.  The value is
   copied to the Instance ID field of the LISP header and the I-bit is
   set to 1.

   When an ETR decapsulates a packet, the Instance ID from the LISP
   header is used as a table identifier to locate the forwarding table
   to use for the inner destination EID lookup.

   For example, a 802.1Q VLAN tag or VPN identifier could be used as a
   24-bit Instance ID.

6.  EID-to-RLOC Mapping

6.1.  LISP IPv4 and IPv6 Control Plane Packet Formats

   The following new UDP packet types are used to retrieve EID-to-RLOC
   mappings:

       0                   1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |Version|  IHL  |Type of Service|          Total Length         |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |         Identification        |Flags|      Fragment Offset    |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |  Time to Live | Protocol = 17 |         Header Checksum       |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                    Source Routing Locator                     |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                 Destination Routing Locator                   |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |           Source Port         |         Dest Port             |
   UDP +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     \ |           UDP Length          |        UDP Checksum           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                                                               |
       |                         LISP Message                          |
       |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |Version| Traffic Class |           Flow Label                  |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |         Payload Length        | Next Header=17|   Hop Limit   |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                                                               |
       +                                                               +
       |                                                               |
       +                     Source Routing Locator                    +
       |                                                               |
       +                                                               +
       |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                                                               |
       +                                                               +
       |                                                               |
       +                  Destination Routing Locator                  +
       |                                                               |
       +                                                               +
       |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |           Source Port         |         Dest Port             |
   UDP +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     \ |           UDP Length          |        UDP Checksum           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                                                               |
       |                         LISP Message                          |
       |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   The LISP UDP-based messages are the Map-Request and Map-Reply
   messages.  When a UDP Map-Request is sent, the UDP source port is
   chosen by the sender and the destination UDP port number is set to
   4342.  When a UDP Map-Reply is sent, the source UDP port number is
   set to 4342 and the destination UDP port number is copied from the
   source port of either the Map-Request or the invoking data packet.
   Implementations MUST be prepared to accept packets when either the
   source port or destination UDP port is set to 4342 due to NATs
   changing port number values.

   The UDP Length field will reflect the length of the UDP header and
   the LISP Message payload.

   The UDP Checksum is computed and set to non-zero for Map-Request,
   Map-Reply, Map-Register and ECM control messages.  It MUST be checked
   on receipt and if the checksum fails, the packet MUST be dropped.

   LISP-CONS [CONS] uses TCP to send LISP control messages.  The format
   of control messages includes the UDP header so the checksum and
   length fields can be used to protect and delimit message boundaries.

   This main LISP specification is the authoritative source for message
   format definitions for the Map-Request and Map-Reply messages.

6.1.1.  LISP Packet Type Allocations

   This section will be the authoritative source for allocating LISP
   Type values.  Current allocations are:

       Reserved:                          0    b'0000'
       LISP Map-Request:                  1    b'0001'
       LISP Map-Reply:                    2    b'0010'
       LISP Map-Register:                 3    b'0011'
       LISP <strong><font color="green">Map-Notify:                   4    b'0100'
       LISP</font></strong> Encapsulated Control Message: 8    b'1000'

6.1.2.  Map-Request Message Format

        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |Type=1 <strike><font color="red">|A|M|P|S|</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">|A|M|P|S|p|</font></strong>     Reserved      |   IRC   | Record Count  |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                         Nonce . . .                           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                         . . . Nonce                           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |         Source-EID-AFI        |   Source EID Address  ...     |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |         ITR-RLOC-AFI 1        |    ITR-RLOC Address 1  ...    |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                              ...                              |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |         ITR-RLOC-AFI n        |    ITR-RLOC Address n  ...    |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |   Reserved    | EID mask-len  |        EID-prefix-AFI         |
   Rec +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     \ |                       EID-prefix  ...                         |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                   Map-Reply Record  ...                       |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                     Mapping Protocol Data                     |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   Packet field descriptions:

   Type:   1 (Map-Request)

   A: This is an authoritative bit, which is set to 0 for UDP-based Map-
      Requests sent by an ITR.

   M: When set, it indicates a Map-Reply Record segment is included in
      the Map-Request.

   P: This is the probe-bit which indicates that a Map-Request SHOULD be
      treated as a locator reachability probe.  The receiver SHOULD
      respond with a Map-Reply with the probe-bit set, indicating the
      Map-Reply is a locator reachability probe reply, with the nonce
      copied from the Map-Request.  See Section 6.3.2 for more details.

   S: This is the SMR bit.  See Section 6.6.2 for details.

   <strong><font color="green">p: This is the PITR bit.  This bit is set to 1 when a PITR sends a
      Map-Request.</font></strong>

   Reserved:  Set to 0 on transmission and ignored on receipt.

   IRC:  This 5-bit field is the ITR-RLOC Count which encodes the
      additional number of (ITR-RLOC-AFI, ITR-RLOC Address) fields
      present in this message.  At least one (ITR-RLOC-AFI, ITR-RLOC-
      Address) pair must always be encoded.  Multiple ITR-RLOC Address
      fields are used so a Map-Replier can select which destination
      address to use for a Map-Reply.  The IRC value ranges from 0 to
      31, and for a value of 1, there are 2 ITR-RLOC addresses encoded
      and so on up to 31 which encodes a total of 32 ITR-RLOC addresses.

   Record Count:  The number of records in this Map-Request message.  A
      record is comprised of the portion of the packet that is labeled
      'Rec' above and occurs the number of times equal to Record Count.
      For this version of the protocol, a receiver MUST accept and
      process Map-Requests that contain one or more records, but a
      sender MUST only send Map-Requests containing one record.  Support
      for requesting multiple EIDs in a single Map-Request message will
      be specified in a future version of the protocol.

   Nonce:  An 8-byte random value created by the sender of the Map-
      Request.  This nonce will be returned in the Map-Reply.  The
      security of the LISP mapping protocol depends critically on the
      strength of the nonce in the Map-Request message.  The nonce
      SHOULD be generated by a properly seeded pseudo-random (or strong
      random) source.  See [RFC4086] for advice on generating security-
      sensitive random data.

   Source-EID-AFI:  Address family of the "Source EID Address" field.

   Source EID Address:  This is the EID of the source host which
      originated the packet which is invoking this Map-Request.  When
      Map-Requests are used for refreshing a map-cache entry or for
      RLOC-probing, an AFI value 0 is used and this field is of zero
      length.

   ITR-RLOC-AFI:  Address family of the "ITR-RLOC Address" field that
      follows this field.

   ITR-RLOC Address:  Used to give the ETR the option of selecting the
      destination address from any address family for the Map-Reply
      message.  This address MUST be a routable RLOC address of the
      sender of the Map-Request message.

   EID mask-len:  Mask length for EID prefix.

   EID-prefix-AFI:  Address family of EID-prefix according to [RFC5226]

   EID-prefix:  4 bytes if an IPv4 address-family, 16 bytes if an IPv6
      address-family.  When a Map-Request is sent by an ITR because a
      data packet is received for a destination where there is no
      mapping entry, the EID-prefix is set to the destination IP address
      of the data packet.  And the 'EID mask-len' is set to 32 or 128
      for IPv4 or IPv6, respectively.  When an xTR wants to query a site
      about the status of a mapping it already has cached, the EID-
      prefix used in the Map-Request has the same mask-length as the
      EID-prefix returned from the site when it sent a Map-Reply
      message.

   Map-Reply Record:  When the M bit is set, this field is the size of a
      single "Record" in the Map-Reply format.  This Map-Reply record
      contains the EID-to-RLOC mapping entry associated with the Source
      EID.  This allows the ETR which will receive this Map-Request to
      cache the data if it chooses to do so.

   Mapping Protocol Data:  See [CONS] for details.  This field is
      optional and present when the UDP length indicates there is enough
      space in the packet to include it.

6.1.3.  EID-to-RLOC UDP Map-Request Message

   A Map-Request is sent from an ITR when it needs a mapping for an EID,
   wants to test an RLOC for reachability, or wants to refresh a mapping
   before TTL expiration.  For the initial case, the destination IP
   address used for the Map-Request is the destination-EID from the
   packet which had a mapping cache lookup failure.  For the latter 2
   cases, the destination IP address used for the Map-Request is one of
   the RLOC addresses from the locator-set of the map cache entry.  The
   source address is either an IPv4 or IPv6 RLOC address depending if
   the Map-Request is using an IPv4 versus IPv6 header, respectively.
   In all cases, the UDP source port number for the Map-Request message
   is an ITR/PITR selected 16-bit value and the UDP destination port
   number is set to the well-known destination port number 4342.  A
   successful Map-Reply updates the cached set of RLOCs associated with
   the EID prefix range.

   One or more Map-Request (ITR-RLOC-AFI, ITR-RLOC-Address) fields MUST
   be filled in by the ITR.  The number of fields (minus 1) encoded MUST
   be placed in the IRC field.  The ITR MAY include all locally
   configured locators in this list or just provide one locator address
   from each address family it supports.  If the ITR erroneously
   provides no ITR-RLOC addresses, the Map-Replier MUST drop the Map-
   Request.

   Map-Requests can also be LISP encapsulated using UDP destination port
   4342 with a LISP type value set to "Encapsulated Control Message",
   when sent from an ITR to a Map-Resolver.  Likewise, Map-Requests are
   LISP encapsulated the same way from a Map-Server to an ETR.  Details
   on encapsulated Map-Requests and Map-Resolvers can be found in
   [LISP-MS].

   Map-Requests MUST be rate-limited.  It is recommended that a Map-
   Request for the same EID-prefix be sent no more than once per second.

   An ITR that is configured with mapping database information (i.e. it
   is also an ETR) may optionally include those mappings in a Map-
   Request.  When an ETR configured to accept and verify such
   "piggybacked" mapping data receives such a Map-Request and it does
   not have this mapping in the map-cache, it may originate a "verifying
   Map-Request", addressed to the map-requesting ITR.  If the ETR has a
   map-cache entry that matches the "piggybacked" EID and the RLOC is in
   the locator-set for the entry, then it may send the "verifying Map-
   Request" directly to the originating Map-Request source.  If the RLOC
   is not in the locator-set, then the ETR MUST send the "verifying Map-
   Request" to the "piggybacked" EID.  Doing this forces the "verifying
   Map-Request" to go through the mapping database system to reach the
   authoritative source of information about that EID, guarding against
   RLOC-spoofing in in the "piggybacked" mapping data.

6.1.4.  Map-Reply Message Format

        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |Type=2 <strike><font color="red">|P|E|</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">|P|E|S|</font></strong>          Reserved               | Record Count  |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                         Nonce . . .                           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                         . . . Nonce                           |
   +-&gt; +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |   |                          Record  TTL                          |
   |   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   R   | Locator Count | EID mask-len  | ACT |A|      Reserved         |
   e   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   c   | Rsvd  |  Map-Version Number   |            EID-AFI            |
   o   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   r   |                          EID-prefix                           |
   d   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |  /|    Priority   |    Weight     |  M Priority   |   M Weight    |
   | L +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   | o |        Unused Flags     |L|p|R|           Loc-AFI             |
   | c +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |  \|                             Locator                           |
   +-&gt; +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                     Mapping Protocol Data                     |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   Packet field descriptions:

   Type:   2 (Map-Reply)

   P: This is the probe-bit which indicates that the Map-Reply is in
      response to a locator reachability probe Map-Request.  The nonce
      field MUST contain a copy of the nonce value from the original
      Map-Request.  See Section 6.3.2 for more details.

   E: Indicates that the ETR which sends this Map-Reply message is
      advertising that the site is enabled for the Echo-Nonce locator
      reachability algorithm.  See Section 6.3.1 for more details.

   <strike><font color="red">Reserved:  Set to 0 on transmission and ignored on receipt.

   Record Count:  The number of records in this reply message.  A record</font></strike>

   <strong><font color="green">S: This</font></strong> is <strike><font color="red">comprised of that portion of the packet labeled 'Record' above
      and occurs</font></strike> the <strike><font color="red">number of times equal to Record count.

   Nonce:  A 24-bit value</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">Security bit.  When</font></strong> set <strike><font color="red">in a Data-Probe packet or a 64-bit value
      from</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">to 1</font></strong> the <strike><font color="red">Map-Request is echoed in this Nonce</font></strike> field <strike><font color="red">of</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">following</font></strong> the <strike><font color="red">Map-
      Reply.

   Record TTL:  The time in minutes</font></strike>
      <strong><font color="green">Mapping Protocol Data field will have</font></strong> the <strike><font color="red">recipient</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">following format.  The
      detailed format of the Authentication Data Content field can be
      found in [LISP-SEC] when AD Type is equal to 1.

     0                   1                   2                   3
     0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |    AD Type    |       Authentication Data Content . . .       |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   Reserved:  Set to 0 on transmission and ignored on receipt.

   Record Count:  The number of records in this reply message.  A record
      is comprised of that portion of the packet labeled 'Record' above
      and occurs the number of times equal to Record count.

   Nonce:  A 24-bit value set in a Data-Probe packet or a 64-bit value
      from the Map-Request is echoed in this Nonce field of the Map-
      Reply.

   Record TTL:  The time in minutes the recipient</font></strong> of the Map-Reply will
      store the mapping.  If the TTL is 0, the entry SHOULD be removed
      from the cache immediately.  If the value is 0xffffffff, the
      recipient can decide locally how long to store the mapping.

   Locator Count:  The number of Locator entries.  A locator entry
      comprises what is labeled above as 'Loc'.  The locator count can
      be 0 indicating there are no locators for the EID-prefix.

   EID mask-len:  Mask length for EID prefix.

   ACT:  This 3-bit field describes negative Map-Reply actions.  These
      bits are used only when the 'Locator Count' field is set to 0.
      The action bits are encoded only in Map-Reply messages.  The
      actions defined are used by an ITR or PTR when a destination EID
      matches a negative mapping cache entry.  Unassigned values should
      cause a map-cache entry to be created and, when packets match this
      negative cache entry, they will be dropped.  The current assigned
      values are:

      (0) No-Action:  The map-cache is kept alive and packet
         encapsulation occurs.

      (1) Natively-Forward:  The packet is not encapsulated or dropped
         but natively forwarded.

      (2) Send-Map-Request:  The packet invokes sending a Map-Request.

      (3) Drop:  A packet that matches this map-cache entry is dropped.

   A: The Authoritative bit, when sent by a UDP-based message is always
      set to 1 by an ETR.  See [CONS] for TCP-based Map-Replies.  When a
      Map-Server is proxy Map-Replying [LISP-MS] for a LISP site, the
      Authoritative bit is set to 0.  This indicates to requesting ITRs
      that the Map-Reply was not originated by a LISP node managed at
      the site that owns the EID-prefix.

   Map-Version Number:  When this 12-bit value is non-zero the Map-Reply
      sender is informing the ITR what the version number is for the
      EID-record contained in the Map-Reply.  The ETR can allocate this
      number internally but MUST coordinate this value with other ETRs
      for the site.  When this value is 0, there is no versioning
      information conveyed.  The Map-Version Number can be included in
      Map-Request and Map-Register messages.  See Section 6.6.3 for more
      details.

   EID-AFI:  Address family of EID-prefix according to [RFC5226].

   EID-prefix:  4 bytes if an IPv4 address-family, 16 bytes if an IPv6
      address-family.

   Priority:  each RLOC is assigned a unicast priority.  Lower values
      are more preferable.  When multiple RLOCs have the same priority,
      they may be used in a load-split fashion.  A value of 255 means
      the RLOC MUST NOT be used for unicast forwarding.

   Weight:  when priorities are the same for multiple RLOCs, the weight
      indicates how to balance unicast traffic between them.  Weight is
      encoded as a relative weight of total unicast packets that match
      the mapping entry.  If a non-zero weight value is used for any
      RLOC, then all RLOCs MUST use a non-zero weight value and then the
      sum of all weight values MUST equal 100.  If a zero value is used
      for any RLOC weight, then all weights MUST be zero and the
      receiver of the Map-Reply will decide how to load-split traffic.
      See Section 6.5 for a suggested hash algorithm to distribute load
      across locators with same priority and equal weight values.

   M Priority:  each RLOC is assigned a multicast priority used by an
      ETR in a receiver multicast site to select an ITR in a source
      multicast site for building multicast distribution trees.  A value
      of 255 means the RLOC MUST NOT be used for joining a multicast
      distribution tree.

   M Weight:  when priorities are the same for multiple RLOCs, the
      weight indicates how to balance building multicast distribution
      trees across multiple ITRs.  The weight is encoded as a relative
      weight of total number of trees built to the source site
      identified by the EID-prefix.  If a non-zero weight value is used
      for any RLOC, then all RLOCs MUST use a non-zero weight value and
      then the sum of all weight values MUST equal 100.  If a zero value
      is used for any RLOC weight, then all weights MUST be zero and the
      receiver of the Map-Reply will decide how to distribute multicast
      state across ITRs.

   Unused Flags:  set to 0 when sending and ignored on receipt.

   L: when this bit is set, the locator is flagged as a local locator to
      the ETR that is sending the Map-Reply.  When a Map-Server is doing
      proxy Map-Replying [LISP-MS] for a LISP site, the L bit is set to
      0 for all locators in this locator-set.

   p: when this bit is set, an ETR informs the RLOC-probing ITR that the
      locator address, for which this bit is set, is the one being RLOC-
      probed and may be different from the source address of the Map-
      Reply.  An ITR that RLOC-probes a particular locator, MUST use
      this locator for retrieving the data structure used to store the
      fact that the locator is reachable.  The "p" bit is set for a
      single locator in the same locator set.  If an implementation sets
      more than one "p" bit erroneously, the receiver of the Map-Reply
      MUST select the first locator.  The "p" bit MUST NOT be set for
      locator-set records sent in Map-Request and Map-Register messages.

   R: set when the sender of a Map-Reply has a route to the locator in
      the locator data record.  This receiver may find this useful to
      know when determining if the locator is reachable from the
      receiver.  See also Section 6.4 for another way the R-bit may be
      used.

   Locator:  an IPv4 or IPv6 address (as encoded by the 'Loc-AFI' field)
      assigned to an ETR.  Note that the destination RLOC address MAY be
      an anycast address.  A source RLOC can be an anycast address as
      well.  The source or destination RLOC MUST NOT be the broadcast
      address (255.255.255.255 or any subnet broadcast address known to
      the router), and MUST NOT be a link-local multicast address.  The
      source RLOC MUST NOT be a multicast address.  The destination RLOC
      SHOULD be a multicast address if it is being mapped from a
      multicast destination EID.

   Mapping Protocol Data:  See [CONS] or [ALT] for details.  This field
      is optional and present when the UDP length indicates there is
      enough space in the packet to include it.

6.1.5.  EID-to-RLOC UDP Map-Reply Message

   A Map-Reply returns an EID-prefix with a prefix length that is less
   than or equal to the EID being requested.  The EID being requested is
   either from the destination field of an IP header of a Data-Probe or
   the EID record of a Map-Request.  The RLOCs in the Map-Reply are
   globally-routable IP addresses of all ETRs for the LISP site.  Each
   RLOC conveys status reachability but does not convey path
   reachability from a requesters perspective.  Separate testing of path
   reachability is required, See Section 6.3 for details.

   Note that a Map-Reply may contain different EID-prefix granularity
   (prefix + length) than the Map-Request which triggers it.  This might
   occur if a Map-Request were for a prefix that had been returned by an
   earlier Map-Reply.  In such a case, the requester updates its cache
   with the new prefix information and granularity.  For example, a
   requester with two cached EID-prefixes that are covered by a Map-
   Reply containing one, less-specific prefix, replaces the entry with
   the less-specific EID-prefix.  Note that the reverse, replacement of
   one less-specific prefix with multiple more-specific prefixes, can
   also occur but not by removing the less-specific prefix rather by
   adding the more-specific prefixes which during a lookup will override
   the less-specific prefix.

   When an ETR is configured with overlapping EID-prefixes, a Map-
   Request with an EID that longest matches any EID-prefix MUST be
   returned in a single Map-Reply message.  For instance, if an ETR had
   database mapping entries for EID-prefixes:

     10.0.0.0/8
     10.1.0.0/16
     10.1.1.0/24
     10.1.2.0/24

   A Map-Request for EID 10.1.1.1 would cause a Map-Reply with a record
   count of 1 to be returned with a mapping record EID-prefix of
   10.1.1.0/24.

   A Map-Request for EID 10.1.5.5, would cause a Map-Reply with a record
   count of 3 to be returned with mapping records for EID-prefixes
   10.1.0.0/16, 10.1.1.0/24, and 10.1.2.0/24.

   Note that not all overlapping EID-prefixes need to be returned, only
   the more specifics (note in the second example above 10.0.0.0/8 was
   not returned for requesting EID 10.1.5.5) entries for the matching
   EID-prefix of the requesting EID.  When more than one EID-prefix is
   returned, all SHOULD use the same Time-to-Live value so they can all
   time out at the same time.  When a more specific EID-prefix is
   received later, its Time-to-Live value in the Map-Reply record can be
   stored even when other less specifics exist.  When a less specific
   EID-prefix is received later, its map-cache expiration time SHOULD be
   set to the minimum expiration time of any more specific EID-prefix in
   the map-cache.

   Map-Replies SHOULD be sent for an EID-prefix no more often than once
   per second to the same requesting router.  For scalability, it is
   expected that aggregation of EID addresses into EID-prefixes will
   allow one Map-Reply to satisfy a mapping for the EID addresses in the
   prefix range thereby reducing the number of Map-Request messages.

   Map-Reply records can have an empty locator-set.  A negative Map-
   Reply is a Map-Reply with an empty locator-set.  Negative Map-Replies
   convey special actions by the sender to the ITR or PTR which have
   solicited the Map-Reply.  There are two primary applications for
   Negative Map-Replies.  The first is for a Map-Resolver to instruct an
   ITR or PTR when a destination is for a LISP site versus a non-LISP
   site.  And the other is to source quench Map-Requests which are sent
   for non-allocated EIDs.

   For each Map-Reply record, the list of locators in a locator-set MUST
   appear in the same order for each ETR that originates a Map-Reply
   message.  The locator-set MUST be sorted in order of ascending IP
   address where an IPv4 locator address is considered numerically 'less
   than' an IPv6 locator address.

   When sending a Map-Reply message, the destination address is copied
   from the one of the ITR-RLOC fields from the Map-Request.  The ETR
   can choose a locator address from one of the address families it
   supports.  For Data-Probes, the destination address of the Map-Reply
   is copied from the source address of the Data-Probe message which is
   invoking the reply.  The source address of the Map-Reply is one of
   the local locator addresses listed in the locator-set of any mapping
   record in the message and SHOULD be chosen to allow uRPF checks to
   succeed in the upstream service provider.  The destination port of a
   Map-Reply message is copied from the source port of the Map-Request
   or Data-Probe and the source port of the Map-Reply message is set to
   the well-known UDP port 4342.

6.1.5.1.  Traffic Redirection with Coarse EID-Prefixes

   When an ETR is misconfigured or compromised, it could return coarse
   EID-prefixes in Map-Reply messages it sends.  The EID-prefix could
   cover EID-prefixes which are allocated to other sites redirecting
   their traffic to the locators of the compromised site.

   To solve this problem, there are two basic solutions that could be
   used.  The first is to have Map-Servers proxy-map-reply on behalf of
   ETRs so their registered EID-prefixes are the ones returned in Map-
   Replies.  Since the interaction between an ETR and Map-Server is
   secured with shared-keys, it is more difficult for an ETR to
   misbehave.  The second solution is to have ITRs and PTRs cache EID-
   prefixes with mask-lengths that are greater than or equal to a
   configured prefix length.  This limits the damage to a specific width
   of any EID-prefix advertised, but needs to be coordinated with the
   allocation of site prefixes.  These solutions can be used
   independently or at the same time.

   At the time of this writing, other approaches are being considered
   and researched.

6.1.6.  Map-Register Message Format

   The usage details of the Map-Register message can be found in
   specification [LISP-MS].  This section solely defines the message
   format.

   The message is sent in UDP with a destination UDP port of 4342 and a
   randomly selected UDP source port number.

   The Map-Register message format is:

        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |Type=3 |P|            Reserved                 <strike><font color="red">|</font></strike>               <strong><font color="green">|M|</font></strong> Record Count  |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                         Nonce . . .                           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                         . . . Nonce                           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |            Key ID             |  Authentication Data Length   |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       ~                     Authentication Data                       ~
   +-&gt; +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |   |                          Record  TTL                          |
   |   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   R   | Locator Count | EID mask-len  | ACT |A|      Reserved         |
   e   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   c   | Rsvd  |  Map-Version Number   |            EID-AFI            |
   o   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   r   |                          EID-prefix                           |
   d   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |  /|    Priority   |    Weight     |  M Priority   |   M Weight    |
   | L +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   | o |        Unused Flags     |L|p|R|           Loc-AFI             |
   | c +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |  \|                             Locator                           |
   +-&gt; +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   Packet field descriptions:

   Type:   3 (Map-Register)

   P: This is the proxy-map-reply bit, when set to 1 an ETR sends a Map-
      Register message requesting for the Map-Server to proxy Map-Reply.
      The Map-Server will send non-authoritative Map-Replies on behalf
      of the ETR.  Details on this usage will be provided in a future
      version of this draft.

   Reserved:  Set to 0 on transmission and ignored on receipt.

   <strong><font color="green">M: This is the want-map-notify bit, when set to 1 an ETR is
      requesting for a Map-Notify message to be returned in response to
      sending a Map-Register message.  The Map-Notify message sent by a
      Map-Server is used to an acknowledge receipt of a Map-Register
      message.</font></strong>

   Record Count:  The number of records in this Map-Register message.  A
      record is comprised of that portion of the packet labeled 'Record'
      above and occurs the number of times equal to Record count.

   Nonce:  This 8-byte Nonce field is set to 0 in Map-Register messages.

   Key ID:  A configured ID to find the configured Message
      Authentication Code (MAC) algorithm and key value used for the
      authentication function.

   Authentication Data Length:  The length in bytes of the
      Authentication Data field that follows this field.  The length of
      the Authentication Data field is dependent on the Message
      Authentication Code (MAC) algorithm used.  The length field allows
      a device that doesn't know the MAC algorithm to correctly parse
      the packet.

   Authentication Data:  The message digest used from the output of the
      Message Authentication Code (MAC) algorithm.  The entire Map-
      Register payload is authenticated with this field preset to 0.
      After the MAC is computed, it is placed in this field.
      Implementations of this specification MUST include support for
      HMAC-SHA-1-96 [RFC2404] and support for HMAC-SHA-128-256 [RFC4634]
      is recommended.

   The definition of the rest of the Map-Register can be found in the
   Map-Reply section.

6.1.7.  <strong><font color="green">Map-Notify Message Format

   The usage details of the Map-Notify message can be found in
   specification [LISP-MS].  This section solely defines the message
   format.

   The message is sent inside a UDP packet with a source UDP port equal
   to 4342 and a destination port equal to the source port from the Map-
   Register message this Map-Notify message is responding to.

   The Map-Notify message format is:

        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |Type=4 |              Reserved                 | Record Count  |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                         Nonce . . .                           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                         . . . Nonce                           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |            Key ID             |  Authentication Data Length   |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       ~                     Authentication Data                       ~
   +-&gt; +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |   |                          Record  TTL                          |
   |   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   R   | Locator Count | EID mask-len  | ACT |A|      Reserved         |
   e   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   c   | Rsvd  |  Map-Version Number   |            EID-AFI            |
   o   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   r   |                          EID-prefix                           |
   d   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |  /|    Priority   |    Weight     |  M Priority   |   M Weight    |
   | L +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   | o |        Unused Flags     |L|p|R|           Loc-AFI             |
   | c +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |  \|                             Locator                           |
   +-&gt; +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   Packet field descriptions:

   Type:   4 (Map-Notify)

   The Map-Notify message has the same contents as a Map-Register
   message.  See Map-Register section for field descriptions.

6.1.8.</font></strong>  Encapsulated Control Message Format

   An Encapsulated Control Message is used to encapsulate control
   packets sent between xTRs and the mapping database system described
   in [LISP-MS].

        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |                       IPv4 or IPv6 Header                     |
   OH  |                      (uses RLOC addresses)                    |
     \ |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |       Source Port = xxxx      |       Dest Port = 4342        |
   UDP +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     \ |           UDP Length          |        UDP Checksum           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   LH  |Type=8 <strike><font color="red">|</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">|S|</font></strong>                  Reserved                           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |                       IPv4 or IPv6 Header                     |
   IH  |                  (uses RLOC or EID addresses)                 |
     \ |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |       Source Port = xxxx      |       Dest Port = yyyy        |
   UDP +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     \ |           UDP Length          |        UDP Checksum           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   LCM |                      LISP Control Message                     |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   Packet header descriptions:

   OH:   The outer IPv4 or IPv6 header which uses RLOC addresses in the
      source and destination header address fields.

   UDP:   The outer UDP header with destination port 4342.  The source
      port is randomly allocated.  The checksum field MUST be non-zero.

   LH:   Type 8 <strike><font color="red">is defined to be a "LISP Encapsulated Control Message"
      and what follows is either an IPv4 or IPv6 header as encoded by
      the first</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">is defined to be a "LISP Encapsulated Control Message"
      and what follows is either an IPv4 or IPv6 header as encoded by
      the first 4 bits after the reserved field.

   S:   This is the Security bit.  When set to 1 the field following the
      Reserved field will have the following format.  The detailed
      format of the Authentication Data Content field can be found in
      [LISP-SEC] when AD Type is equal to 1.

     0                   1                   2                   3
     0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3</font></strong> 4 <strike><font color="red">bits after the reserved field.</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |    AD Type    |       Authentication Data Content . . .       |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+</font></strong>

   IH:   The inner IPv4 or IPv6 header which can use either RLOC or EID
      addresses in the header address fields.  When a Map-Request is
      encapsulated in this packet format the destination address in this
      header is an EID.

   UDP:   The inner UDP header where the port assignments depends on the
      control packet being encapsulated.  When the control packet is a
      Map-Request or Map-Register, the source port is ITR/PITR selected
      and the destination port is 4342.  When the control packet is a
      Map-Reply, the source port is 4342 and the destination port is
      assigned from the source port of the invoking Map-Request.  Port
      number 4341 MUST NOT be assigned to either port.  The checksum
      field MUST be non-zero.

   LCM:   The format is one of the control message formats described in
      this section.  At this time, only Map-Request messages and PIM
      Join-Prune messages [MLISP] are allowed to be encapsulated.
      Encapsulating other types of LISP control messages are for further
      study.  When Map-Requests are sent for RLOC-probing purposes (i.e
      the probe-bit is set), they MUST NOT be sent inside Encapsulated
      Control Messages.

6.2.  Routing Locator Selection

   Both client-side and server-side may need control over the selection
   of RLOCs for conversations between them.  This control is achieved by
   manipulating the Priority and Weight fields in EID-to-RLOC Map-Reply
   messages.  Alternatively, RLOC information may be gleaned from
   received tunneled packets or EID-to-RLOC Map-Request messages.

   The following enumerates different scenarios for choosing RLOCs and
   the controls that are available:

   o  Server-side returns one RLOC.  Client-side can only use one RLOC.
      Server-side has complete control of the selection.

   o  Server-side returns a list of RLOC where a subset of the list has
      the same best priority.  Client can only use the subset list
      according to the weighting assigned by the server-side.  In this
      case, the server-side controls both the subset list and load-
      splitting across its members.  The client-side can use RLOCs
      outside of the subset list if it determines that the subset list
      is unreachable (unless RLOCs are set to a Priority of 255).  Some
      sharing of control exists: the server-side determines the
      destination RLOC list and load distribution while the client-side
      has the option of using alternatives to this list if RLOCs in the
      list are unreachable.

   o  Server-side sets weight of 0 for the RLOC subset list.  In this
      case, the client-side can choose how the traffic load is spread
      across the subset list.  Control is shared by the server-side
      determining the list and the client determining load distribution.
      Again, the client can use alternative RLOCs if the server-provided
      list of RLOCs are unreachable.

   o  Either side (more likely on the server-side ETR) decides not to
      send a Map-Request.  For example, if the server-side ETR does not
      send Map-Requests, it gleans RLOCs from the client-side ITR,
      giving the client-side ITR responsibility for bidirectional RLOC
      reachability and preferability.  Server-side ETR gleaning of the
      client-side ITR RLOC is done by caching the inner header source
      EID and the outer header source RLOC of received packets.  The
      client-side ITR controls how traffic is returned and can alternate
      using an outer header source RLOC, which then can be added to the
      list the server-side ETR uses to return traffic.  Since no
      Priority or Weights are provided using this method, the server-
      side ETR MUST assume each client-side ITR RLOC uses the same best
      Priority with a Weight of zero.  In addition, since EID-prefix
      encoding cannot be conveyed in data packets, the EID-to-RLOC cache
      on tunnel routers can grow to be very large.

   o  A "gleaned" map-cache entry, one learned from the source RLOC of a
      received encapsulated packet, is only stored and used for a few
      seconds, pending verification.  Verification is performed by
      sending a Map-Request to the source EID (the inner header IP
      source address) of the received encapsulated packet.  A reply to
      this "verifying Map-Request" is used to fully populate the map-
      cache entry for the "gleaned" EID and is stored and used for the
      time indicated from the TTL field of a received Map-Reply.  When a
      verified map-cache entry is stored, data gleaning no longer occurs
      for subsequent packets which have a source EID that matches the
      EID-prefix of the verified entry.

   RLOCs that appear in EID-to-RLOC Map-Reply messages are assumed to be
   reachable when the R-bit for the locator record is set to 1.  Neither
   the information contained in a Map-Reply or that stored in the
   mapping database system provides reachability information for RLOCs.
   Note that reachability is not part of the mapping system and is
   determined using one or more of the Routing Locator Reachability
   Algorithms described in the next section.

6.3.  Routing Locator Reachability

   Several mechanisms for determining RLOC reachability are currently
   defined:

   1.  An ETR may examine the Loc-Status-Bits in the LISP header of an
       encapsulated data packet received from an ITR.  If the ETR is
       also acting as an ITR and has traffic to return to the original
       ITR site, it can use this status information to help select an
       RLOC.

   2.  An ITR may receive an ICMP Network or ICMP Host Unreachable
       message for an RLOC it is using.  This indicates that the RLOC is
       likely down.

   3.  An ITR which participates in the global routing system can
       determine that an RLOC is down if no BGP RIB route exists that
       matches the RLOC IP address.

   4.  An ITR may receive an ICMP Port Unreachable message from a
       destination host.  This occurs if an ITR attempts to use
       interworking [INTERWORK] and LISP-encapsulated data is sent to a
       non-LISP-capable site.

   5.  An ITR may receive a Map-Reply from a ETR in response to a
       previously sent Map-Request.  The RLOC source of the Map-Reply is
       likely up since the ETR was able to send the Map-Reply to the
       ITR.

   6.  When an ETR receives an encapsulated packet from an ITR, the
       source RLOC from the outer header of the packet is likely up.

   7.  An ITR/ETR pair can use the Locator Reachability Algorithms
       described in this section, namely Echo-Noncing or RLOC-Probing.

   When determining Locator up/down reachability by examining the Loc-
   Status-Bits from the LISP encapsulated data packet, an ETR will
   receive up to date status from an encapsulating ITR about
   reachability for all ETRs at the site.  CE-based ITRs at the source
   site can determine reachability relative to each other using the site
   IGP as follows:

   o  Under normal circumstances, each ITR will advertise a default
      route into the site IGP.

   o  If an ITR fails or if the upstream link to its PE fails, its
      default route will either time-out or be withdrawn.

   Each ITR can thus observe the presence or lack of a default route
   originated by the others to determine the Locator Status Bits it sets
   for them.

   RLOCs listed in a Map-Reply are numbered with ordinals 0 to n-1.  The
   Loc-Status-Bits in a LISP encapsulated packet are numbered from 0 to
   n-1 starting with the least significant bit.  For example, if an RLOC
   listed in the 3rd position of the Map-Reply goes down (ordinal value
   2), then all ITRs at the site will clear the 3rd least significant
   bit (xxxx x0xx) of the Loc-Status-Bits field for the packets they
   encapsulate.

   When an ETR decapsulates a packet, it will check for any change in
   the Loc-Status-Bits field.  When a bit goes from 1 to 0, the ETR will
   refrain from encapsulating packets to an RLOC that is indicated as
   down.  It will only resume using that RLOC if the corresponding Loc-
   Status-Bit returns to a value of 1.  Loc-Status-Bits are associated
   with a locator-set per EID-prefix.  Therefore, when a locator becomes
   unreachable, the Loc-Status-Bit that corresponds to that locator's
   position in the list returned by the last Map-Reply will be set to
   zero for that particular EID-prefix.

   When ITRs at the site are not deployed in CE routers, the IGP can
   still be used to determine the reachability of Locators provided they
   are injected into the IGP.  This is typically done when a /32 address
   is configured on a loopback interface.

   When ITRs receive ICMP Network or Host Unreachable messages as a
   method to determine unreachability, they will refrain from using
   Locators which are described in Locator lists of Map-Replies.
   However, using this approach is unreliable because many network
   operators turn off generation of ICMP Unreachable messages.

   If an ITR does receive an ICMP Network or Host Unreachable message,
   it MAY originate its own ICMP Unreachable message destined for the
   host that originated the data packet the ITR encapsulated.

   Also, BGP-enabled ITRs can unilaterally examine the BGP RIB to see if
   a locator address from a locator-set in a mapping entry matches a
   prefix.  If it does not find one and BGP is running in the Default
   Free Zone (DFZ), it can decide to not use the locator even though the
   Loc-Status-Bits indicate the locator is up.  In this case, the path
   from the ITR to the ETR that is assigned the locator is not
   available.  More details are in [LOC-ID-ARCH].

   Optionally, an ITR can send a Map-Request to a Locator and if a Map-
   Reply is returned, reachability of the Locator has been determined.
   Obviously, sending such probes increases the number of control
   messages originated by tunnel routers for active flows, so Locators
   are assumed to be reachable when they are advertised.

   This assumption does create a dependency: Locator unreachability is
   detected by the receipt of ICMP Host Unreachable messages.  When an
   Locator has been determined to be unreachable, it is not used for
   active traffic; this is the same as if it were listed in a Map-Reply
   with priority 255.

   The ITR can test the reachability of the unreachable Locator by
   sending periodic Requests.  Both Requests and Replies MUST be rate-
   limited.  Locator reachability testing is never done with data
   packets since that increases the risk of packet loss for end-to-end
   sessions.

   When an ETR decapsulates a packet, it knows that it is reachable from
   the encapsulating ITR because that is how the packet arrived.  In
   most cases, the ETR can also reach the ITR but cannot assume this to
   be true due to the possibility of path asymmetry.  In the presence of
   unidirectional traffic flow from an ITR to an ETR, the ITR SHOULD NOT
   use the lack of return traffic as an indication that the ETR is
   unreachable.  Instead, it MUST use an alternate mechanisms to
   determine reachability.

6.3.1.  Echo Nonce Algorithm

   When data flows bidirectionally between locators from different
   sites, a <strike><font color="red">simple</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">data-plane</font></strong> mechanism called "nonce echoing" can be used to
   determine reachability between an ITR and ETR.  When an ITR wants to
   solicit a nonce echo, it sets the N and E bits and places a 24-bit
   nonce in the LISP header of the next encapsulated data packet.

   When this packet is received by the ETR, the encapsulated packet is
   forwarded as normal.  When the ETR next sends a data packet to the
   ITR, it includes the nonce received earlier with the N bit set and E
   bit cleared.  The ITR sees this "echoed nonce" and knows the path to
   and from the ETR is up.

   The ITR will set the E-bit and N-bit for every packet it sends while
   in echo-nonce-request state.  The time the ITR waits to process the
   echoed nonce before it determines the path is unreachable is variable
   and a choice left for the implementation.

   If the ITR is receiving packets from the ETR but does not see the
   nonce echoed while being in echo-nonce-request state, then the path
   to the ETR is unreachable.  This decision may be overridden by other
   locator reachability algorithms.  Once the ITR determines the path to
   the ETR is down it can switch to another locator for that EID-prefix.

   Note that "ITR" and "ETR" are relative terms here.  Both devices MUST
   be implementing both ITR and ETR functionality for the echo nonce
   mechanism to operate.

   The ITR and ETR may both go into echo-nonce-request state at the same
   time.  The number of packets sent or the time during which echo nonce
   requests are sent is an implementation specific setting.  However,
   when an ITR is in echo-nonce-request state, it can echo the ETR's
   nonce in the next set of packets that it encapsulates and then
   subsequently, continue sending echo-nonce-request packets.

   This mechanism does not completely solve the forward path
   reachability problem as traffic may be unidirectional.  That is, the
   ETR receiving traffic at a site may not be the same device as an ITR
   which transmits traffic from that site or the site to site traffic is
   unidirectional so there is no ITR returning traffic.

   The echo-nonce algorithm is bilateral.  That is, if one side sets the
   E-bit and the other side is not enabled for echo-noncing, then the
   echoing of the nonce does not occur and the requesting side may
   regard the locator unreachable erroneously.  An ITR SHOULD only set
   the E-bit in a encapsulated data packet when it knows the ETR is
   enabled for echo-noncing.  This is conveyed by the E-bit in the Map-
   Reply message.

   Note that other locator reachability mechanisms are being researched
   and can be used to compliment or even override the Echo Nonce
   Algorithm.  See next section for an example of control-plane probing.

6.3.2.  RLOC Probing Algorithm

   RLOC Probing is a method that an ITR or PTR can use to determine the
   reachability status of one or more locators that it has cached in a
   map-cache entry.  The probe-bit of the Map-Request and Map-Reply
   messages are used for RLOC Probing.

   RLOC probing is done in the control-plane on a timer basis where an
   ITR or PTR will originate a Map-Request destined to a locator address
   from one of its own locator addresses.  A Map-Request used as an
   RLOC-probe is NOT encapsulated and NOT sent to a Map-Server or on the
   ALT like one would when soliciting mapping data.  The EID record
   encoded in the Map-Request is the EID-prefix of the map-cache entry
   cached by the ITR or PTR.  The ITR may include a mapping data record
   for its own database mapping information which contains the local
   EID-prefixes and RLOCs for its site.

   When an ETR receives a Map-Request message with the probe-bit set, it
   returns a Map-Reply with the probe-bit set.  The source address of
   the Map-Reply is set from the destination address of the Map-Request
   and the destination address of the Map-Reply is set from the source
   address of the Map-Request.  The Map-Reply SHOULD contain mapping
   data for the EID-prefix contained in the Map-Request.  This provides
   the opportunity for the ITR or PTR, which sent the RLOC-probe to get
   mapping updates if there were changes to the ETR's database mapping
   entries.

   There are advantages and disadvantages of RLOC Probing.  The greatest
   benefit of RLOC Probing is that it can handle many failure scenarios
   allowing the ITR to determine when the path to a specific locator is
   reachable or has become unreachable, thus providing a robust
   mechanism for switching to using another locator from the cached
   locator.  RLOC Probing can also provide rough RTT estimates between a
   pair of locators which can be useful for network management purposes
   as well as for selecting low delay paths.  The major disadvantage of
   RLOC Probing is in the number of control messages required and the
   amount of bandwidth used to obtain those benefits, especially if the
   requirement for failure detection times are very small.

   Continued research and testing will attempt to characterize the
   tradeoffs of failure detection times versus message overhead.

6.4.  EID Reachability within a LISP Site

   A site may be multihomed using two or more ETRs.  The hosts and
   infrastructure within a site will be addressed using one or more EID
   prefixes that are mapped to the RLOCs of the relevant ETRs in the
   mapping system.  One possible failure mode is for an ETR to lose
   reachability to one or more of the EID prefixes within its own site.
   When this occurs when the ETR sends Map-Replies, it can clear the
   R-bit associated with its own locator.  And when the ETR is also an
   ITR, it can clear its locator-status-bit in the encapsulation data
   header.

6.5.  Routing Locator Hashing

   When an ETR provides an EID-to-RLOC mapping in a Map-Reply message to
   a requesting ITR, the locator-set for the EID-prefix may contain
   different priority values for each locator address.  When more than
   one best priority locator exists, the ITR can decide how to load
   share traffic against the corresponding locators.

   The following hash algorithm may be used by an ITR to select a
   locator for a packet destined to an EID for the EID-to-RLOC mapping:

   1.  Either a source and destination address hash can be used or the
       traditional 5-tuple hash which includes the source and
       destination addresses, source and destination TCP, UDP, or SCTP
       port numbers and the IP protocol number field or IPv6 next-
       protocol fields of a packet a host originates from within a LISP
       site.  When a packet is not a TCP, UDP, or SCTP packet, the
       source and destination addresses only from the header are used to
       compute the hash.

   2.  Take the hash value and divide it by the number of locators
       stored in the locator-set for the EID-to-RLOC mapping.

   3.  The remainder will be yield a value of 0 to "number of locators
       minus 1".  Use the remainder to select the locator in the
       locator-set.

   Note that when a packet is LISP encapsulated, the source port number
   in the outer UDP header needs to be set.  Selecting a hashed value
   allows core routers which are attached to Link Aggregation Groups
   (LAGs) to load-split the encapsulated packets across member links of
   such LAGs.  Otherwise, core routers would see a single flow, since
   packets have a source address of the ITR, for packets which are
   originated by different EIDs at the source site.  A suggested setting
   for the source port number computed by an ITR is a 5-tuple hash
   function on the inner header, as described above.

   Many core router implementations use a 5-tuple hash to decide how to
   balance packet load across members of a LAG.  The 5-tuple hash
   includes the source and destination addresses of the packet and the
   source and destination ports when the protocol number in the packet
   is TCP or UDP.  For this reason, UDP encoding is used for LISP
   encapsulation.

6.6.  Changing the Contents of EID-to-RLOC Mappings

   Since the LISP architecture uses a caching scheme to retrieve and
   store EID-to-RLOC mappings, the only way an ITR can get a more up-to-
   date mapping is to re-request the mapping.  However, the ITRs do not
   know when the mappings change and the ETRs do not keep track of which
   ITRs requested its mappings.  For scalability reasons, we want to
   maintain this approach but need to provide a way for ETRs change
   their mappings and inform the sites that are currently communicating
   with the ETR site using such mappings.

   When a locator record is added to the end of a locator-set, it is
   easy to update mappings.  We assume new mappings will maintain the
   same locator ordering as the old mapping but just have new locators
   appended to the end of the list.  So some ITRs can have a new mapping
   while other ITRs have only an old mapping that is used until they
   time out.  When an ITR has only an old mapping but detects bits set
   in the loc-status-bits that correspond to locators beyond the list it
   has cached, it simply ignores them.  However, this can only happen
   for locator addresses that are lexicographically greater than the
   locator addresses in the existing locator-set.

   When a locator record is removed from a locator-set, ITRs that have
   the mapping cached will not use the removed locator because the xTRs
   will set the loc-status-bit to 0.  So even if the locator is in the
   list, it will not be used.  For new mapping requests, the xTRs can
   set the locator AFI to 0 (indicating an unspecified address), as well
   as setting the corresponding loc-status-bit to 0.  This forces ITRs
   with old or new mappings to avoid using the removed locator.

   If many changes occur to a mapping over a long period of time, one
   will find empty record slots in the middle of the locator-set and new
   records appended to the locator-set.  At some point, it would be
   useful to compact the locator-set so the loc-status-bit settings can
   be efficiently packed.

   We propose here three approaches for locator-set compaction, one
   operational and two protocol mechanisms.  The operational approach
   uses a clock sweep method.  The protocol approaches use the concept
   of Solicit-Map-Requests and Map-Versioning.

6.6.1.  Clock Sweep

   The clock sweep approach uses planning in advance and the use of
   count-down TTLs to time out mappings that have already been cached.
   The default setting for an EID-to-RLOC mapping TTL is 24 hours.  So
   there is a 24 hour window to time out old mappings.  The following
   clock sweep procedure is used:

   1.  24 hours before a mapping change is to take effect, a network
       administrator configures the ETRs at a site to start the clock
       sweep window.

   2.  During the clock sweep window, ETRs continue to send Map-Reply
       messages with the current (unchanged) mapping records.  The TTL
       for these mappings is set to 1 hour.

   3.  24 hours later, all previous cache entries will have timed out,
       and any active cache entries will time out within 1 hour.  During
       this 1 hour window the ETRs continue to send Map-Reply messages
       with the current (unchanged) mapping records with the TTL set to
       1 minute.

   4.  At the end of the 1 hour window, the ETRs will send Map-Reply
       messages with the new (changed) mapping records.  So any active
       caches can get the new mapping contents right away if not cached,
       or in 1 minute if they had the mapping cached.  The new mappings
       are cached with a time to live equal to the TTL in the Map-Reply.

6.6.2.  Solicit-Map-Request (SMR)

   Soliciting a Map-Request is a selective way for ETRs, at the site
   where mappings change, to control the rate they receive requests for
   Map-Reply messages.  SMRs are also used to tell remote ITRs to update
   the mappings they have cached.

   Since the ETRs don't keep track of remote ITRs that have cached their
   mappings, they do not know which ITRs need to have their mappings
   updated.  As a result, an ETR will solicit Map-Requests (called an
   SMR message) from those sites to which it has been sending
   encapsulated data to for the last minute.  In particular, an ETR will
   send an SMR an ITR to which it has recently sent encapsulated data.

   An SMR message is simply a bit set in a Map-Request message.  An ITR
   or PTR will send a Map-Request when they receive an SMR message.
   Both the SMR sender and the Map-Request responder MUST rate-limited
   these messages.  Rate-limiting can be implemented as a global rate-
   limiter or one rate-limiter per SMR destination.

   The following procedure shows how a SMR exchange occurs when a site
   is doing locator-set compaction for an EID-to-RLOC mapping:

   1.  When the database mappings in an ETR change, the ETRs at the site
       begin to send Map-Requests with the SMR bit set for each locator
       in each map-cache entry the ETR caches.

   2.  A remote ITR which receives the SMR message will schedule sending
       a Map-Request message to the source locator address of the SMR
       message or to the mapping database system.  A newly allocated
       random nonce is selected and the EID-prefix used is the one
       copied from the SMR message.  If the source locator is the only
       locator in the cached locator-set, the remote ITR SHOULD send a
       Map-Request to the database mapping system just in case the
       single locator has changed and may no longer be reachable to
       accept the Map-Request.

   3.  The remote ITR MUST rate-limit the Map-Request until it gets a
       Map-Reply while continuing to use the cached mapping.  When Map
       Versioning is used, described in Section 6.6.3, an SMR sender can
       detect if an ITR is using the most up to date database mapping.

   4.  The ETRs at the site with the changed mapping will reply to the
       Map-Request with a Map-Reply message that has a nonce from the
       SMR-invoked Map-Request.  The Map-Reply messages SHOULD be rate
       limited.  This is important to avoid Map-Reply implosion.

   5.  The ETRs, at the site with the changed mapping, record the fact
       that the site that sent the Map-Request has received the new
       mapping data in the mapping cache entry for the remote site so
       the loc-status-bits are reflective of the new mapping for packets
       going to the remote site.  The ETR then stops sending SMR
       messages.

   For security reasons an ITR MUST NOT process unsolicited Map-Replies.
   To avoid map-cache entry corruption by a third-party, a sender of an
   SMR-based Map-Request MUST be verified.  If an ITR receives an SMR-
   based Map-Request and the source is not in the locator-set for the
   stored map-cache entry, then the responding Map-Request MUST be sent
   with an EID destination to the mapping database system.  Since the
   mapping database system is more secure to reach an authoritative ETR,
   it will deliver the Map-Request to the authoritative source of the
   mapping data.

   When an ITR receives an SMR-based Map-Request for which it does not
   have a cached mapping for the EID in the SMR message, it MAY not send
   a SMR-invoked Map-Request.  This scenario can occur when an ETR sends
   SMR messages to all locators in the locator-set it has stored in its
   map-cache but the remote ITRs that receive the SMR may not be sending
   packets to the site.  There is no point in updating the ITRs until
   they need to send, in which case, they will send Map-Requests to
   obtain a map-cache entry.

6.6.3.  Database Map Versioning

   When there is unidirectional packet flow between an ITR and ETR, and
   the EID-to-RLOC mappings change on the ETR, it needs to inform the
   ITR so encapsulation can stop to a removed locator and start to a new
   locator in the locator-set.

   An ETR, when it sends Map-Reply messages, conveys its own Map-Version
   number.  This is known as the Destination Map-Version Number.  ITRs
   include the Destination Map-Version Number in packets they
   encapsulate to the site.  When an ETR decapsulates a packet and
   detects the Destination Map-Version Number is less than the current
   version for its mapping, the SMR procedure described in Section 6.6.2
   occurs.

   An ITR, when it encapsulates packets to ETRs, can convey its own Map-
   Version number.  This is known as the Source Map-Version Number.

   When an ETR decapsulates a packet and detects the Source Map-Version
   Number is greater than the last Map-Version Number sent in a Map-
   Reply from the ITR's site, the ETR will send a Map-Request to one of
   the ETRs for the source site.

   A Map-Version Number is used as a sequence number per EID-prefix.  So
   values that are greater, are considered to be more recent.  A value
   of 0 for the Source Map-Version Number or the Destination Map-Version
   Number conveys no versioning information and an ITR does no
   comparison with previously received Map-Version Numbers.

   A Map-Version Number can be included in Map-Register messages as
   well.  This is a good way for the Map-Server can assure that all ETRs
   for a site registering to it will be Map-Version number synchronized.

   See [VERSIONING] for a more detailed analysis and description of
   Database Map Versioning.

7.  Router Performance Considerations

   LISP is designed to be very hardware-based forwarding friendly.  A
   few implementation techniques can be used to incrementally implement
   LISP:

   o  When a tunnel encapsulated packet is received by an ETR, the outer
      destination address may not be the address of the router.  This
      makes it challenging for the control plane to get packets from the
      hardware.  This may be mitigated by creating special FIB entries
      for the EID-prefixes of EIDs served by the ETR (those for which
      the router provides an RLOC translation).  These FIB entries are
      marked with a flag indicating that control plane processing should
      be performed.  The forwarding logic of testing for particular IP
      protocol number value is not necessary.  No changes to existing,
      deployed hardware should be needed to support this.

   o  On an ITR, prepending a new IP header consists of adding more
      bytes to a MAC rewrite string and prepending the string as part of
      the outgoing encapsulation procedure.  Routers that support GRE
      tunneling [RFC2784] or 6to4 tunneling [RFC3056] may already
      support this action.

   o  A packet's source address or interface the packet was received on
      can be used to select a VRF (Virtual Routing/Forwarding).  The
      VRF's routing table can be used to find EID-to-RLOC mappings.

8.  Deployment Scenarios

   This section will explore how and where ITRs and ETRs can be deployed
   and will discuss the pros and cons of each deployment scenario.
   There are two basic deployment trade-offs to consider: centralized
   versus distributed caches and flat, recursive, or re-encapsulating
   tunneling.

   When deciding on centralized versus distributed caching, the
   following issues should be considered:

   o  Are the tunnel routers spread out so that the caches are spread
      across all the memories of each router?

   o  Should management "touch points" be minimized by choosing few
      tunnel routers, just enough for redundancy?

   o  In general, using more ITRs doesn't increase management load,
      since caches are built and stored dynamically.  On the other hand,
      more ETRs does require more management since EID-prefix-to-RLOC
      mappings need to be explicitly configured.

   When deciding on flat, recursive, or re-encapsulation tunneling, the
   following issues should be considered:

   o  Flat tunneling implements a single tunnel between source site and
      destination site.  This generally offers better paths between
      sources and destinations with a single tunnel path.

   o  Recursive tunneling is when tunneled traffic is again further
      encapsulated in another tunnel, either to implement VPNs or to
      perform Traffic Engineering.  When doing VPN-based tunneling, the
      site has some control since the site is prepending a new tunnel
      header.  In the case of TE-based tunneling, the site may have
      control if it is prepending a new tunnel header, but if the site's
      ISP is doing the TE, then the site has no control.  Recursive
      tunneling generally will result in suboptimal paths but at the
      benefit of steering traffic to resource available parts of the
      network.

   o  The technique of re-encapsulation ensures that packets only
      require one tunnel header.  So if a packet needs to be rerouted,
      it is first decapsulated by the ETR and then re-encapsulated with
      a new tunnel header using a new RLOC.

   The next sub-sections will survey where tunnel routers can reside in
   the network.

8.1.  First-hop/Last-hop Tunnel Routers

   By locating tunnel routers close to hosts, the EID-prefix set is at
   the granularity of an IP subnet.  So at the expense of more EID-
   prefix-to-RLOC sets for the site, the caches in each tunnel router
   can remain relatively small.  But caches always depend on the number
   of non-aggregated EID destination flows active through these tunnel
   routers.

   With more tunnel routers doing encapsulation, the increase in control
   traffic grows as well: since the EID-granularity is greater, more
   Map-Requests and Map-Replies are traveling between more routers.

   The advantage of placing the caches and databases at these stub
   routers is that the products deployed in this part of the network
   have better price-memory ratios then their core router counterparts.
   Memory is typically less expensive in these devices and fewer routes
   are stored (only IGP routes).  These devices tend to have excess
   capacity, both for forwarding and routing state.

   LISP functionality can also be deployed in edge switches.  These
   devices generally have layer-2 ports facing hosts and layer-3 ports
   facing the Internet.  Spare capacity is also often available in these
   devices as well.

8.2.  Border/Edge Tunnel Routers

   Using customer-edge (CE) routers for tunnel endpoints allows the EID
   space associated with a site to be reachable via a small set of RLOCs
   assigned to the CE routers for that site.  This is the default
   behavior envisioned in the rest of this specification.

   This offers the opposite benefit of the first-hop/last-hop tunnel
   router scenario: the number of mapping entries and network management
   touch points are reduced, allowing better scaling.

   One disadvantage is that less of the network's resources are used to
   reach host endpoints thereby centralizing the point-of-failure domain
   and creating network choke points at the CE router.

   Note that more than one CE router at a site can be configured with
   the same IP address.  In this case an RLOC is an anycast address.
   This allows resilience between the CE routers.  That is, if a CE
   router fails, traffic is automatically routed to the other routers
   using the same anycast address.  However, this comes with the
   disadvantage where the site cannot control the entrance point when
   the anycast route is advertised out from all border routers.  Another
   disadvantage of using anycast locators is the limited advertisement
   scope of /32 (or /128 for IPv6) routes.

8.3.  ISP Provider-Edge (PE) Tunnel Routers

   Use of ISP PE routers as tunnel endpoint routers is not the typical
   deployment scenario envisioned in the specification.  This section
   attempts to capture some of reasoning behind this preference of
   implementing LISP on CE routers.

   Use of ISP PE routers as tunnel endpoint routers gives an ISP, rather
   than a site, control over the location of the egress tunnel
   endpoints.  That is, the ISP can decide if the tunnel endpoints are
   in the destination site (in either CE routers or last-hop routers
   within a site) or at other PE edges.  The advantage of this case is
   that two tunnel headers can be avoided.  By having the PE be the
   first router on the path to encapsulate, it can choose a TE path
   first, and the ETR can decapsulate and re-encapsulate for a tunnel to
   the destination end site.

   An obvious disadvantage is that the end site has no control over
   where its packets flow or the RLOCs used.  Other disadvantages
   include the difficulty in synchronizing path liveness updates between
   CE and PE routers.

   As mentioned in earlier sections a combination of these scenarios is
   possible at the expense of extra packet header overhead, if both site
   and provider want control, then recursive or re-encapsulating tunnels
   are used.

8.4.  LISP Functionality with Conventional NATs

   LISP routers can be deployed behind Network Address Translator (NAT)
   devices to provide the same set of packet services hosts have today
   when they are addressed out of private address space.

   It is important to note that a locator address in any LISP control
   message MUST be a globally routable address and therefore SHOULD NOT
   contain [RFC1918] addresses.  If a LISP router is configured with
   private addresses, they MUST be used only in the outer IP header so
   the NAT device can translate properly.  Otherwise, EID addresses MUST
   be translated before encapsulation is performed.  Both NAT
   translation and LISP encapsulation functions could be co-located in
   the same device.

   More details on LISP address translation can be found in [INTERWORK].

9.  Traceroute Considerations

   When a source host in a LISP site initiates a traceroute to a
   destination host in another LISP site, it is highly desirable for it
   to see the entire path.  Since packets are encapsulated from ITR to
   ETR, the hop across the tunnel could be viewed as a single hop.
   However, LISP traceroute will provide the entire path so the user can
   see 3 distinct segments of the path from a source LISP host to a
   destination LISP host:

      Segment 1 (in source LISP site based on EIDs):

          source-host ---&gt; first-hop ... next-hop ---&gt; ITR

      Segment 2 (in the core network based on RLOCs):

          ITR ---&gt; next-hop ... next-hop ---&gt; ETR

      Segment 3 (in the destination LISP site based on EIDs):

          ETR ---&gt; next-hop ... last-hop ---&gt; destination-host

   For segment 1 of the path, ICMP Time Exceeded messages are returned
   in the normal matter as they are today.  The ITR performs a TTL
   decrement and test for 0 before encapsulating.  So the ITR hop is
   seen by the traceroute source has an EID address (the address of
   site-facing interface).

   For segment 2 of the path, ICMP Time Exceeded messages are returned
   to the ITR because the TTL decrement to 0 is done on the outer
   header, so the destination of the ICMP messages are to the ITR RLOC
   address, the source RLOC address of the encapsulated traceroute
   packet.  The ITR looks inside of the ICMP payload to inspect the
   traceroute source so it can return the ICMP message to the address of
   the traceroute client as well as retaining the core router IP address
   in the ICMP message.  This is so the traceroute client can display
   the core router address (the RLOC address) in the traceroute output.
   The ETR returns its RLOC address and responds to the TTL decrement to
   0 like the previous core routers did.

   For segment 3, the next-hop router downstream from the ETR will be
   decrementing the TTL for the packet that was encapsulated, sent into
   the core, decapsulated by the ETR, and forwarded because it isn't the
   final destination.  If the TTL is decremented to 0, any router on the
   path to the destination of the traceroute, including the next-hop
   router or destination, will send an ICMP Time Exceeded message to the
   source EID of the traceroute client.  The ICMP message will be
   encapsulated by the local ITR and sent back to the ETR in the
   originated traceroute source site, where the packet will be delivered
   to the host.

9.1.  IPv6 Traceroute

   IPv6 traceroute follows the procedure described above since the
   entire traceroute data packet is included in ICMP Time Exceeded
   message payload.  Therefore, only the ITR needs to pay special
   attention for forwarding ICMP messages back to the traceroute source.

9.2.  IPv4 Traceroute

   For IPv4 traceroute, we cannot follow the above procedure since IPv4
   ICMP Time Exceeded messages only include the invoking IP header and 8
   bytes that follow the IP header.  Therefore, when a core router sends
   an IPv4 Time Exceeded message to an ITR, all the ITR has in the ICMP
   payload is the encapsulated header it prepended followed by a UDP
   header.  The original invoking IP header, and therefore the identity
   of the traceroute source is lost.

   The solution we propose to solve this problem is to cache traceroute
   IPv4 headers in the ITR and to match them up with corresponding IPv4
   Time Exceeded messages received from core routers and the ETR.  The
   ITR will use a circular buffer for caching the IPv4 and UDP headers
   of traceroute packets.  It will select a 16-bit number as a key to
   find them later when the IPv4 Time Exceeded messages are received.
   When an ITR encapsulates an IPv4 traceroute packet, it will use the
   16-bit number as the UDP source port in the encapsulating header.
   When the ICMP Time Exceeded message is returned to the ITR, the UDP
   header of the encapsulating header is present in the ICMP payload
   thereby allowing the ITR to find the cached headers for the
   traceroute source.  The ITR puts the cached headers in the payload
   and sends the ICMP Time Exceeded message to the traceroute source
   retaining the source address of the original ICMP Time Exceeded
   message (a core router or the ETR of the site of the traceroute
   destination).

   The signature of a traceroute packet comes in two forms.  The first
   form is encoded as a UDP message where the destination port is
   inspected for a range of values.  The second form is encoded as an
   ICMP message where the IP identification field is inspected for a
   well-known value.

9.3.  Traceroute using Mixed Locators

   When either an IPv4 traceroute or IPv6 traceroute is originated and
   the ITR encapsulates it in the other address family header, you
   cannot get all 3 segments of the traceroute.  Segment 2 of the
   traceroute can not be conveyed to the traceroute source since it is
   expecting addresses from intermediate hops in the same address format
   for the type of traceroute it originated.  Therefore, in this case,
   segment 2 will make the tunnel look like one hop.  All the ITR has to
   do to make this work is to not copy the inner TTL to the outer,
   encapsulating header's TTL when a traceroute packet is encapsulated
   using an RLOC from a different address family.  This will cause no
   TTL decrement to 0 to occur in core routers between the ITR and ETR.

10.  Mobility Considerations

   There are several kinds of mobility of which only some might be of
   concern to LISP.  Essentially they are as follows.

10.1.  Site Mobility

   A site wishes to change its attachment points to the Internet, and
   its LISP Tunnel Routers will have new RLOCs when it changes upstream
   providers.  Changes in EID-RLOC mappings for sites are expected to be
   handled by configuration, outside of the LISP protocol.

10.2.  Slow Endpoint Mobility

   An individual endpoint wishes to move, but is not concerned about
   maintaining session continuity.  Renumbering is involved.  LISP can
   help with the issues surrounding renumbering [RFC4192] [LISA96] by
   decoupling the address space used by a site from the address spaces
   used by its ISPs.  [RFC4984]

10.3.  Fast Endpoint Mobility

   Fast endpoint mobility occurs when an endpoint moves relatively
   rapidly, changing its IP layer network attachment point.  Maintenance
   of session continuity is a goal.  This is where the Mobile IPv4
   [RFC3344bis] and Mobile IPv6 [RFC3775] [RFC4866] mechanisms are used,
   and primarily where interactions with LISP need to be explored.

   The problem is that as an endpoint moves, it may require changes to
   the mapping between its EID and a set of RLOCs for its new network
   location.  When this is added to the overhead of mobile IP binding
   updates, some packets might be delayed or dropped.

   In IPv4 mobility, when an endpoint is away from home, packets to it
   are encapsulated and forwarded via a home agent which resides in the
   home area the endpoint's address belongs to.  The home agent will
   encapsulate and forward packets either directly to the endpoint or to
   a foreign agent which resides where the endpoint has moved to.
   Packets from the endpoint may be sent directly to the correspondent
   node, may be sent via the foreign agent, or may be reverse-tunneled
   back to the home agent for delivery to the mobile node.  As the
   mobile node's EID or available RLOC changes, LISP EID-to-RLOC
   mappings are required for communication between the mobile node and
   the home agent, whether via foreign agent or not.  As a mobile
   endpoint changes networks, up to three LISP mapping changes may be
   required:

   o  The mobile node moves from an old location to a new visited
      network location and notifies its home agent that it has done so.
      The Mobile IPv4 control packets the mobile node sends pass through
      one of the new visited network's ITRs, which needs a EID-RLOC
      mapping for the home agent.

   o  The home agent might not have the EID-RLOC mappings for the mobile
      node's "care-of" address or its foreign agent in the new visited
      network, in which case it will need to acquire them.

   o  When packets are sent directly to the correspondent node, it may
      be that no traffic has been sent from the new visited network to
      the correspondent node's network, and the new visited network's
      ITR will need to obtain an EID-RLOC mapping for the correspondent
      node's site.

   In addition, if the IPv4 endpoint is sending packets from the new
   visited network using its original EID, then LISP will need to
   perform a route-returnability check on the new EID-RLOC mapping for
   that EID.

   In IPv6 mobility, packets can flow directly between the mobile node
   and the correspondent node in either direction.  The mobile node uses
   its "care-of" address (EID).  In this case, the route-returnability
   check would not be needed but one more LISP mapping lookup may be
   required instead:

   o  As above, three mapping changes may be needed for the mobile node
      to communicate with its home agent and to send packets to the
      correspondent node.

   o  In addition, another mapping will be needed in the correspondent
      node's ITR, in order for the correspondent node to send packets to
      the mobile node's "care-of" address (EID) at the new network
      location.

   When both endpoints are mobile the number of potential mapping
   lookups increases accordingly.

   As a mobile node moves there are not only mobility state changes in
   the mobile node, correspondent node, and home agent, but also state
   changes in the ITRs and ETRs for at least some EID-prefixes.

   The goal is to support rapid adaptation, with little delay or packet
   loss for the entire system.  Also IP mobility can be modified to
   require fewer mapping changes.  In order to increase overall system
   performance, there may be a need to reduce the optimization of one
   area in order to place fewer demands on another.

   In LISP, one possibility is to "glean" information.  When a packet
   arrives, the ETR could examine the EID-RLOC mapping and use that
   mapping for all outgoing traffic to that EID.  It can do this after
   performing a route-returnability check, to ensure that the new
   network location does have a internal route to that endpoint.
   However, this does not cover the case where an ITR (the node assigned
   the RLOC) at the mobile-node location has been compromised.

   Mobile IP packet exchange is designed for an environment in which all
   routing information is disseminated before packets can be forwarded.
   In order to allow the Internet to grow to support expected future
   use, we are moving to an environment where some information may have
   to be obtained after packets are in flight.  Modifications to IP
   mobility should be considered in order to optimize the behavior of
   the overall system.  Anything which decreases the number of new EID-
   RLOC mappings needed when a node moves, or maintains the validity of
   an EID-RLOC mapping for a longer time, is useful.

10.4.  Fast Network Mobility

   In addition to endpoints, a network can be mobile, possibly changing
   xTRs.  A "network" can be as small as a single router and as large as
   a whole site.  This is different from site mobility in that it is
   fast and possibly short-lived, but different from endpoint mobility
   in that a whole prefix is changing RLOCs.  However, the mechanisms
   are the same and there is no new overhead in LISP.  A map request for
   any endpoint will return a binding for the entire mobile prefix.

   If mobile networks become a more common occurrence, it may be useful
   to revisit the design of the mapping service and allow for dynamic
   updates of the database.

   The issue of interactions between mobility and LISP needs to be
   explored further.  Specific improvements to the entire system will
   depend on the details of mapping mechanisms.  Mapping mechanisms
   should be evaluated on how well they support session continuity for
   mobile nodes.

10.5.  LISP Mobile Node Mobility

   A mobile device can use the LISP infrastructure to achieve mobility
   by implementing the LISP encapsulation and decapsulation functions
   and acting as a simple ITR/ETR.  By doing this, such a "LISP mobile
   node" can use topologically-independent EID IP addresses that are not
   advertised into and do not impose a cost on the global routing
   system.  These EIDs are maintained at the edges of the mapping system
   (in LISP Map-Servers and Map-Resolvers) and are provided on demand to
   only the correspondents of the LISP mobile node.

   Refer to the LISP Mobility Architecture specification [LISP-MN] for
   more details.

11.  Multicast Considerations

   A multicast group address, as defined in the original Internet
   architecture is an identifier of a grouping of topologically
   independent receiver host locations.  The address encoding itself
   does not determine the location of the receiver(s).  The multicast
   routing protocol, and the network-based state the protocol creates,
   determines where the receivers are located.

   In the context of LISP, a multicast group address is both an EID and
   a Routing Locator.  Therefore, no specific semantic or action needs
   to be taken for a destination address, as it would appear in an IP
   header.  Therefore, a group address that appears in an inner IP
   header built by a source host will be used as the destination EID.
   The outer IP header (the destination Routing Locator address),
   prepended by a LISP router, will use the same group address as the
   destination Routing Locator.

   Having said that, only the source EID and source Routing Locator
   needs to be dealt with.  Therefore, an ITR merely needs to put its
   own IP address in the source Routing Locator field when prepending
   the outer IP header.  This source Routing Locator address, like any
   other Routing Locator address MUST be globally routable.

   Therefore, an EID-to-RLOC mapping does not need to be performed by an
   ITR when a received data packet is a multicast data packet or when
   processing a source-specific Join (either by IGMPv3 or PIM).  But the
   source Routing Locator is decided by the multicast routing protocol
   in a receiver site.  That is, an EID to Routing Locator translation
   is done at control-time.

   Another approach is to have the ITR not encapsulate a multicast
   packet and allow the host built packet to flow into the core even if
   the source address is allocated out of the EID namespace.  If the
   RPF-Vector TLV [RFC5496] is used by PIM in the core, then core
   routers can RPF to the ITR (the Locator address which is injected
   into core routing) rather than the host source address (the EID
   address which is not injected into core routing).

   To avoid any EID-based multicast state in the network core, the first
   approach is chosen for LISP-Multicast.  Details for LISP-Multicast
   and Interworking with non-LISP sites is described in specification
   [MLISP].

12.  Security Considerations

   It is believed that most of the security mechanisms will be part of
   the mapping database service when using control plane procedures for
   obtaining EID-to-RLOC mappings.  For data plane triggered mappings,
   as described in this specification, protection is provided against
   ETR spoofing by using Return- Routability mechanisms evidenced by the
   use of a 24-bit Nonce field in the LISP encapsulation header and a
   64-bit Nonce field in the LISP control message.  The nonce, coupled
   with the ITR accepting only solicited Map-Replies goes a long way
   toward providing decent authentication.

   LISP does not rely on a PKI infrastructure or a more heavy weight
   authentication system.  These systems challenge the scalability of
   LISP which was a primary design goal.

   DoS attack prevention will depend on implementations rate-limiting
   Map-Requests and Map-Replies to the control plane as well as rate-
   limiting the number of data-triggered Map-Replies.

   To deal with map-cache exhaustion attempts in an ITR/PTR, the
   implementation should consider putting a maximum cap on the number of
   entries stored with a reserve list for special or frequently accessed
   sites.  This should be a configuration policy control set by the
   network administrator who manages ITRs and PTRs.

13.  <strong><font color="green">Network Management Considerations

   Considerations for Network Management tools exist so the LISP
   protocol suite can be operationally managed.  The mechanisms can be
   found in [LISP-MIB] and [LISP-LIG].

14.</font></strong>  IANA Considerations

   This section provides guidance to the Internet Assigned Numbers
   Authority (IANA) regarding registration of values related to the LISP
   specification, in accordance with BCP 26 and RFC 5226 [RFC5226].

   There are two name spaces in LISP that require registration:

   o  LISP IANA registry allocations should not be made for purposes
      unrelated to LISP routing or transport protocols.

   o  The following policies are used here with the meanings defined in
      BCP 26: "Specification Required", "IETF Consensus", "Experimental
      Use", "First Come First Served".

<strike><font color="red">13.1.</font></strike>

<strong><font color="green">14.1.</font></strong>  LISP Address Type Codes

   Instance ID type codes have a range from 0 to 15, of which 0 and 1
   have been allocated [LCAF].  New Type Codes MUST be allocated
   starting at 2.  Type Codes 2 - 10 are to be assigned by IETF Review.
   Type Codes 11 - 15 are available on a First Come First Served policy.

   The following codes have been allocated:

   Type 0:  Null Body Type

   Type 1:  AFI List Type

   See [LCAF] for details for other possible unapproved address
   encodings.  The unapproved LCAF encodings are an area for further
   study and experimentation.

<strike><font color="red">13.2.</font></strike>

<strong><font color="green">14.2.</font></strong>  LISP UDP Port Numbers

   The IANA registry has allocated UDP port numbers 4341 and 4342 for
   LISP data-plane and control-plane operation, respectively.

<strike><font color="red">14.</font></strike>

<strong><font color="green">15.</font></strong>  References

<strike><font color="red">14.1.</font></strike>

<strong><font color="green">15.1.</font></strong>  Normative References

   [RFC0768]  Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768,
              August 1980.

   [RFC1034]  Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - concepts and facilities",
              STD 13, RFC 1034, November 1987.

   [RFC1700]  Reynolds, J. and J. Postel, "Assigned Numbers", RFC 1700,
              October 1994.

   [RFC1918]  Rekhter, Y., Moskowitz, R., Karrenberg, D., Groot, G., and
              E. Lear, "Address Allocation for Private Internets",
              BCP 5, RFC 1918, February 1996.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC2404]  Madson, C. and R. Glenn, "The Use of HMAC-SHA-1-96 within
              ESP and AH", RFC 2404, November 1998.

   [RFC2784]  Farinacci, D., Li, T., Hanks, S., Meyer, D., and P.
              Traina, "Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)", RFC 2784,
              March 2000.

   [RFC3056]  Carpenter, B. and K. Moore, "Connection of IPv6 Domains
              via IPv4 Clouds", RFC 3056, February 2001.

   [RFC3168]  Ramakrishnan, K., Floyd, S., and D. Black, "The Addition
              of Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) to IP",
              RFC 3168, September 2001.

   [RFC3261]  Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston,
              A., Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and E.
              Schooler, "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261,
              June 2002.

   [RFC3775]  Johnson, D., Perkins, C., and J. Arkko, "Mobility Support
              in IPv6", RFC 3775, June 2004.

   [RFC4086]  Eastlake, D., Schiller, J., and S. Crocker, "Randomness
              Requirements for Security", BCP 106, RFC 4086, June 2005.

   [RFC4632]  Fuller, V. and T. Li, "Classless Inter-domain Routing
              (CIDR): The Internet Address Assignment and Aggregation
              Plan", BCP 122, RFC 4632, August 2006.

   [RFC4634]  Eastlake, D. and T. Hansen, "US Secure Hash Algorithms
              (SHA and HMAC-SHA)", RFC 4634, July 2006.

   [RFC4866]  Arkko, J., Vogt, C., and W. Haddad, "Enhanced Route
              Optimization for Mobile IPv6", RFC 4866, May 2007.

   [RFC4984]  Meyer, D., Zhang, L., and K. Fall, "Report from the IAB
              Workshop on Routing and Addressing", RFC 4984,
              September 2007.

   [RFC5226]  Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an
              IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 5226,
              May 2008.

   [RFC5496]  Wijnands, IJ., Boers, A., and E. Rosen, "The Reverse Path
              Forwarding (RPF) Vector TLV", RFC 5496, March 2009.

   [UDP-TUNNELS]
              Eubanks, M. and P. Chimento, "UDP Checksums for Tunneled
              Packets"", draft-eubanks-chimento-6man-00.txt (work in
              progress), February 2009.

<strike><font color="red">14.2.</font></strike>

<strong><font color="green">15.2.</font></strong>  Informative References

   [AFI]      IANA, "Address Family Indicators (AFIs)", ADDRESS FAMILY
              NUMBERS http://www.iana.org/numbers.html, Febuary 2007.

   [ALT]      Farinacci, D., Fuller, V., Meyer, D., and D. Lewis, "LISP
              Alternative Topology (LISP-ALT)",
              <strike><font color="red">draft-ietf-lisp-alt-04.txt</font></strike>
              <strong><font color="green">draft-ietf-lisp-alt-05.txt</font></strong> (work in progress), <strike><font color="red">April</font></strike>
              <strong><font color="green">October</font></strong> 2010.

   [CHIAPPA]  Chiappa, J., "Endpoints and Endpoint names: A Proposed
              Enhancement to the Internet Architecture", Internet-
              Draft http://www.chiappa.net/~jnc/tech/endpoints.txt,
              1999.

   [CONS]     Farinacci, D., Fuller, V., and D. Meyer, "LISP-CONS: A
              Content distribution Overlay Network  Service for LISP",
              draft-meyer-lisp-cons-03.txt (work in progress),
              November 2007.

   [EMACS]    Brim, S., Farinacci, D., Meyer, D., and J. Curran, "EID
              Mappings Multicast Across Cooperating Systems for LISP",
              draft-curran-lisp-emacs-00.txt (work in progress),
              November 2007.

   [INTERWORK]
              Lewis, D., Meyer, D., Farinacci, D., and V. Fuller,
              "Interworking LISP with IPv4 and IPv6",
              <strike><font color="red">draft-ietf-lisp-interworking-01.txt</font></strike>
              <strong><font color="green">draft-ietf-lisp-interworking-02.txt</font></strong> (work in progress),
              March <strike><font color="red">2010.</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">2011.</font></strong>

   [LCAF]     Farinacci, D., Meyer, D., and J. Snijders, "LISP Canonical
              Address Format", <strike><font color="red">draft-farinacci-lisp-lcaf-02.txt</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">draft-farinacci-lisp-lcaf-04.txt</font></strong> (work in
              progress), October 2010.

   [LISA96]   Lear, E., Katinsky, J., Coffin, J., and D. Tharp,
              "Renumbering: Threat or Menace?", Usenix , September 1996.

   <strong><font color="green">[LISP-LIG]
              Farinacci, D. and D. Meyer, "LISP Internet Groper (LIG)",
              draft-ietf-lisp-lig-01.txt (work in progress),
              October 2010.</font></strong>

   [LISP-MAIN]
              Farinacci, D., Fuller, V., Meyer, D., and D. Lewis,
              "Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP)",
              draft-farinacci-lisp-12.txt (work in progress),
              March 2009.

   <strong><font color="green">[LISP-MIB]
              Schudel, G., Jain, A., and V. Moreno, "LISP MIB",
              draft-ietf-lisp-mib-01.txt (work in progress), March 2011.</font></strong>

   [LISP-MN]  Farinacci, D., Fuller, V., Lewis, D., and D. Meyer, "LISP
              Mobility Architecture", <strike><font color="red">draft-meyer-lisp-mn-05.txt</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">draft-meyer-lisp-mn-04.txt</font></strong> (work
              in progress), October 2010.

   [LISP-MS]  Farinacci, D. and V. Fuller, "LISP Map Server",
              <strike><font color="red">draft-ietf-lisp-ms-05.txt</font></strike>
              <strong><font color="green">draft-ietf-lisp-ms-07.txt</font></strong> (work in progress), <strike><font color="red">April 2010.</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">March 2011.

   [LISP-SEC]
              Maino, F., Ermagon, V., Cabellos, A., Sausez, D., and O.
              Bonaventure, "LISP-Security (LISP-SEC)",
              draft-maino-lisp-sec-00.txt (work in progress),
              February 2011.</font></strong>

   [LOC-ID-ARCH]
              Meyer, D. and D. Lewis, "Architectural Implications of
              Locator/ID  Separation",
              draft-meyer-loc-id-implications-01.txt (work in progress),
              Januaryr 2009.

   [MLISP]    Farinacci, D., Meyer, D., Zwiebel, J., and S. Venaas,
              "LISP for Multicast Environments",
              draft-ietf-lisp-multicast-04.txt (work in progress),
              October 2010.

   [NERD]     Lear, E., "NERD: A Not-so-novel EID to RLOC Database",
              draft-lear-lisp-nerd-08.txt (work in progress),
              March 2010.

   [OPENLISP]
              Iannone, L. and O. Bonaventure, "OpenLISP Implementation
              Report", draft-iannone-openlisp-implementation-01.txt
              (work in progress), July 2008.

   [RADIR]    Narten, T., "Routing and Addressing Problem Statement",
              draft-narten-radir-problem-statement-00.txt (work in
              progress), July 2007.

   [RFC3344bis]
              Perkins, C., "IP Mobility Support for IPv4, revised",
              draft-ietf-mip4-rfc3344bis-05 (work in progress),
              July 2007.

   [RFC4192]  Baker, F., Lear, E., and R. Droms, "Procedures for
              Renumbering an IPv6 Network without a Flag Day", RFC 4192,
              September 2005.

   [RPMD]     Handley, M., Huici, F., and A. Greenhalgh, "RPMD: Protocol
              for Routing Protocol Meta-data  Dissemination",
              draft-handley-p2ppush-unpublished-2007726.txt (work in
              progress), July 2007.

   [VERSIONING]
              Iannone, L., Saucez, D., and O. Bonaventure, "LISP Mapping
              Versioning", draft-iannone-lisp-mapping-versioning-02.txt
              (work in progress), July 2010.

Appendix A.  Acknowledgments

   An initial thank you goes to Dave Oran for planting the seeds for the
   initial ideas for LISP.  His consultation continues to provide value
   to the LISP authors.

   A special and appreciative thank you goes to Noel Chiappa for
   providing architectural impetus over the past decades on separation
   of location and identity, as well as detailed review of the LISP
   architecture and documents, coupled with enthusiasm for making LISP a
   practical and incremental transition for the Internet.

   The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge many people who have
   contributed discussion and ideas to the making of this proposal.
   They include Scott Brim, Andrew Partan, John Zwiebel, Jason Schiller,
   Lixia Zhang, Dorian Kim, Peter Schoenmaker, Vijay Gill, Geoff Huston,
   David Conrad, Mark Handley, Ron Bonica, Ted Seely, Mark Townsley,
   Chris Morrow, Brian Weis, Dave McGrew, Peter Lothberg, Dave Thaler,
   Eliot Lear, Shane Amante, Ved Kafle, Olivier Bonaventure, Luigi
   Iannone, Robin Whittle, Brian Carpenter, Joel Halpern, <strong><font color="green">Terry
   Manderson,</font></strong> Roger Jorgensen, Ran Atkinson, Stig Venaas, Iljitsch van
   Beijnum, Roland Bless, Dana Blair, Bill Lynch, Marc Woolward, Damien
   Saucez, Damian Lezama, Attilla De Groot, Parantap Lahiri, David
   Black, Roque Gagliano, Isidor Kouvelas, Jesper Skriver, Fred Templin,
   Margaret Wasserman, Sam Hartman, Michael Hofling, Pedro Marques, Jari
   Arkko, Gregg Schudel, Srinivas Subramanian, Amit Jain, Xu Xiaohu,
   Dhirendra Trivedi, Yakov Rekhter, John Scudder, John Drake, Dimitri
   Papadimitriou, Ross Callon, Selina Heimlich, Job Snijders, <strike><font color="red">and</font></strike> Vina
   <strike><font color="red">Ermagan.</font></strike>
   <strong><font color="green">Ermagan, Albert Cabellos, Fabio Maino, Victor Moreno, and Chris
   White.</font></strong>

   This work originated in the Routing Research Group (RRG) of the IRTF.
   The individual submission [LISP-MAIN] was converted into this IETF
   LISP working group draft.

Appendix B.  Document Change Log

B.1.  Changes to <strong><font color="green">draft-ietf-lisp-10.txt

   o  Posted March 2011.

   o  Add p-bit to Map-Request so there is documentary reasons to know
      when a PITR has sent a Map-Request to an ETR.

   o  Add Map-Notify message which is used to acknowledge a Map-Register
      message sent to a Map-Server.

   o  Add M-bit to the Map-Register message so an ETR that wants an
      acknowledgment for the Map-Register can request one.

   o  Add S-bit to the ECM and Map-Reply messages to describe security
      data that can be present in each message.  Then refer to
      [LISP-SEC] for expansive details.

   o  Add Network Management Considerations section and point to the MIB
      and LIG drafts.

   o  Remove the word "simple" per Yakov's comments.

B.2.  Changes to</font></strong> draft-ietf-lisp-09.txt

   o  Posted October 2010.

   o  Add to IANA Consideration section about the use of LCAF Type
      values that accepted and maintained by the IANA registry and not
      the LCAF specification.

   o  Indicate that implementations should be able to receive LISP
      control messages when either UDP port is 4342, so they can be
      robust in the face of intervening NAT boxes.

   o  Add paragraph to SMR section to indicate that an ITR does not need
      to respond to an SMR-based Map-Request when it has no map-cache
      entry for the SMR source's EID-prefix.

<strike><font color="red">B.2.</font></strike>

<strong><font color="green">B.3.</font></strong>  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-08.txt

   o  Posted August 2010.

   o  In section 6.1.6, remove statement about setting TTL to 0 in Map-
      Register messages.

   o  Clarify language in section 6.1.5 about Map-Replying to Data-
      Probes or Map-Requests.

   o  Indicate that outer TTL should only be copied to inner TTL when it
      is less than inner TTL.

   o  Indicate a source-EID for RLOC-probes are encoded with an AFI
      value of 0.

   o  Indicate that SMRs can have a global or per SMR destination rate-
      limiter.

   o  Add clarifications to the SMR procedures.

   o  Add definitions for "client-side" and 'server-side" terms used in
      this specification.

   o  Clear up language in section 6.4, last paragraph.

   o  Change ACT of value 0 to "no-action".  This is so we can RLOC-
      probe a PETR and have it return a Map-Reply with a locator-set of
      size 0.  The way it is spec'ed the map-cache entry has action
      "dropped".  Drop-action is set to 3.

   o  Add statement about normalizing locator weights.

   o  Clarify R-bit definition in the Map-Reply locator record.

   o  Add section on EID Reachability within a LISP site.

   o  Clarify another disadvantage of using anycast locators.

   o  Reworded Abstract.

   o  Change section 2.0 Introduction to remove obsolete information
      such as the LISP variant definitions.

   o  Change section 5 title from "Tunneling Details" to "LISP
      Encapsulation Details".

   o  Changes to section 5 to include results of network deployment
      experience with MTU.  Recommend that implementations use either
      the stateful or stateless handling.

   o  Make clarification wordsmithing to Section 7 and 8.

   o  Identify that if there is one locator in the locator-set of a map-
      cache entry, that an SMR from that locator should be responded to
      by sending the the SMR-invoked Map-Request to the database mapping
      system rather than to the RLOC itself (which may be unreachable).

   o  When describing Unicast and Multicast Weights indicate the the
      values are relative weights rather than percentages.  So it
      doesn't imply the sum of all locator weights in the locator-set
      need to be 100.

   o  Do some wordsmithing on copying TTL and TOS fields.

   o  Numerous wordsmithing changes from Dave Meyer.  He fine toothed
      combed the spec.

   o  Removed Section 14 "Prototype Plans and Status".  We felt this
      type of section is no longer appropriate for a protocol
      specification.

   o  Add clarification text for the IRC description per Damien's
      commentary.

   o  Remove text on copying nonce from SMR to SMR-invoked Map- Request
      per Vina's comment about a possible DoS vector.

   o  Clarify (S/2 + H) in the stateless MTU section.

   o  Add text to reflect Damien's comment about the description of the
      "ITR-RLOC Address" field in the Map-Request. that the list of RLOC
      addresses are local addresses of the Map-Requester.

<strike><font color="red">B.3.</font></strike>

<strong><font color="green">B.4.</font></strong>  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-07.txt

   o  Posted April 2010.

   o  Added I-bit to data header so LSB field can also be used as an
      Instance ID field.  When this occurs, the LSB field is reduced to
      8-bits (from 32-bits).

   o  Added V-bit to the data header so the 24-bit nonce field can also
      be used for source and destination version numbers.

   o  Added Map-Version 12-bit value to the EID-record to be used in all
      of Map-Request, Map-Reply, and Map-Register messages.

   o  Added multiple ITR-RLOC fields to the Map-Request packet so an ETR
      can decide what address to select for the destination of a Map-
      Reply.

   o  Added L-bit (Local RLOC bit) and p-bit (Probe-Reply RLOC bit) to
      the Locator-Set record of an EID-record for a Map-Reply message.
      The L-bit indicates which RLOCs in the locator-set are local to
      the sender of the message.  The P-bit indicates which RLOC is the
      source of a RLOC-probe Reply (Map-Reply) message.

   o  Add reference to the LISP Canonical Address Format [LCAF] draft.

   o  Made editorial and clarification changes based on comments from
      Dhirendra Trivedi.

   o  Added wordsmithing comments from Joel Halpern on DF=1 setting.

   o  Add John Zwiebel clarification to Echo Nonce Algorithm section
      6.3.1.

   o  Add John Zwiebel comment about expanding on proxy-map-reply bit
      for Map-Register messages.

   o  Add NAT section per Ron Bonica comments.

   o  Fix IDnits issues per Ron Bonica.

   o  Added section on Virtualization and Segmentation to explain the
      use if the Instance ID field in the data header.

   o  There are too many P-bits, keep their scope to the packet format
      description and refer to them by name every where else in the
      spec.

   o  Scanned all occurrences of "should", "should not", "must" and
      "must not" and uppercased them.

   o  John Zwiebel offered text for section 4.1 to modernize the
      example.  Thanks Z!

   o  Make it more clear in the definition of "EID-to-RLOC Database"
      that all ETRs need to have the same database mapping.  This
      reflects a comment from John Scudder.

   o  Add a definition "Route-returnability" to the Definition of Terms
      section.

   o  In section 9.2, add text to describe what the signature of
      traceroute packets can look like.

   o  Removed references to Data Probe for introductory example.  Data-
      probes are still part of the LISP design but not encouraged.

   o  Added the definition for "LISP site" to the Definition of Terms"
      section.

<strike><font color="red">B.4.</font></strike>

<strong><font color="green">B.5.</font></strong>  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-06.txt

   Editorial based changes:

   o  Posted December 2009.

   o  Fix typo for flags in LISP data header.  Changed from "4" to "5".

   o  Add text to indicate that Map-Register messages must contain a
      computed UDP checksum.

   o  Add definitions for PITR and PETR.

   o  Indicate an AFI value of 0 is an unspecified address.

   o  Indicate that the TTL field of a Map-Register is not used and set
      to 0 by the sender.  This change makes this spec consistent with
      [LISP-MS].

   o  Change "... yield a packet size of L bytes" to "... yield a packet
      size greater than L bytes".

   o  Clarify section 6.1.5 on what addresses and ports are used in Map-
      Reply messages.

   o  Clarify that LSBs that go beyond the number of locators do not to
      be SMRed when the locator addresses are greater lexicographically
      than the locator in the existing locator-set.

   o  Add Gregg, Srini, and Amit to acknowledgment section.

   o  Clarify in the definition of a LISP header what is following the
      UDP header.

   o  Clarify "verifying Map-Request" text in section 6.1.3.

   o  Add Xu Xiaohu to the acknowledgment section for introducing the
      problem of overlapping EID-prefixes among multiple sites in an RRG
      email message.

   Design based changes:

   o  Use stronger language to have the outer IPv4 header set DF=1 so we
      can avoid fragment reassembly in an ETR or PETR.  This will also
      make IPv4 and IPv6 encapsulation have consistent behavior.

   o  Map-Requests should not be sent in ECM with the Probe bit is set.
      These type of Map-Requests are used as RLOC-probes and are sent
      directly to locator addresses in the underlying network.

   o  Add text in section 6.1.5 about returning all EID-prefixes in a
      Map-Reply sent by an ETR when there are overlapping EID-prefixes
      configure.

   o  Add text in a new subsection of section 6.1.5 about dealing with
      Map-Replies with coarse EID-prefixes.

<strike><font color="red">B.5.</font></strike>

<strong><font color="green">B.6.</font></strong>  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-05.txt

   o  Posted September 2009.

   o  Added this Document Change Log appendix.

   o  Added section indicating that encapsulated Map-Requests must use
      destination UDP port 4342.

   o  Don't use AH in Map-Registers.  Put key-id, auth-length, and auth-
      data in Map-Register payload.

   o  Added Jari to acknowledgment section.

   o  State the source-EID is set to 0 when using Map-Requests to
      refresh or RLOC-probe.

   o  Make more clear what source-RLOC should be for a Map-Request.

   o  The LISP-CONS authors thought that the Type definitions for CONS
      should be removed from this specification.

   o  Removed nonce from Map-Register message, it wasn't used so no need
      for it.

   o  Clarify what to do for unspecified Action bits for negative Map-
      Replies.  Since No Action is a drop, make value 0 Drop.

<strike><font color="red">B.6.</font></strike>

<strong><font color="green">B.7.</font></strong>  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-04.txt

   o  Posted September 2009.

   o  How do deal with record count greater than 1 for a Map-Request.
      Damien and Joel comment.  Joel suggests: 1) Specify that senders
      compliant with the current document will always set the count to
      1, and note that the count is included for future extensibility.
      2) Specify what a receiver compliant with the draft should do if
      it receives a request with a count greater than 1.  Presumably, it
      should send some error back?

   o  Add Fred Templin in acknowledgment section.

   o  Add Margaret and Sam to the acknowledgment section for their great
      comments.

   o  Say more about LAGs in the UDP section per Sam Hartman's comment.

   o  Sam wants to use MAY instead of SHOULD for ignoring checksums on
      ETR.  From the mailing list: "You'd need to word it as an ITR MAY
      send a zero checksum, an ETR MUST accept a 0 checksum and MAY
      ignore the checksum completely.  And of course we'd need to
      confirm that can actually be implemented.  In particular, hardware
      that verifies UDP checksums on receive needs to be checked to make
      sure it permits 0 checksums."

   o  Margaret wants a reference to
      http://www.ietf.org/id/draft-eubanks-chimento-6man-00.txt.

   o  Fix description in Map-Request section.  Where we describe Map-
      Reply Record, change "R-bit" to "M-bit".

   o  Add the mobility bit to Map-Replies.  So PTRs don't probe so often
      for MNs but often enough to get mapping updates.

   o  Indicate SHA1 can be used as well for Map-Registers.

   o  More Fred comments on MTU handling.

   o  Isidor comment about spec'ing better periodic Map-Registers.  Will
      be fixed in draft-ietf-lisp-ms-02.txt.

   o  Margaret's comment on gleaning: "The current specification does
      not make it clear how long gleaned map entries should be retained
      in the cache, nor does it make it clear how/ when they will be
      validated.  The LISP spec should, at the very least, include a
      (short) default lifetime for gleaned entries, require that they be
      validated within a short period of time, and state that a new
      gleaned entry should never overwrite an entry that was obtained
      from the mapping system.  The security implications of storing
      "gleaned" entries should also be explored in detail."

   o  Add section on RLOC-probing per working group feedback.

   o  Change "loc-reach-bits" to "loc-status-bits" per comment from
      Noel.

   o  Remove SMR-bit from data-plane.  Dino prefers to have it in the
      control plane only.

   o  Change LISP header to allow a "Research Bit" so the Nonce and LSB
      fields can be turned off and used for another future purpose.  For
      Luigi et al versioning convergence.

   o  Add a N-bit to the data header suggested by Noel.  Then the nonce
      field could be used when N is not 1.

   o  Clarify that when E-bit is 0, the nonce field can be an echoed
      nonce or a random nonce.  Comment from Jesper.

   o  Indicate when doing data-gleaning that a verifying Map-Request is
      sent to the source-EID of the gleaned data packet so we can avoid
      map-cache corruption by a 3rd party.  Comment from Pedro.

   o  Indicate that a verifying Map-Request, for accepting mapping data,
      should be sent over the ALT (or to the EID).

   o  Reference IPsec RFC 4302.  Comment from Sam and Brian Weis.

   o  Put E-bit in Map-Reply to tell ITRs that the ETR supports echo-
      noncing.  Comment by Pedro and Dino.

   o  Jesper made a comment to loosen the language about requiring the
      copy of inner TTL to outer TTL since the text to get mixed-AF
      traceroute to work would violate the "MUST" clause.  Changed from
      MUST to SHOULD in section 5.3.

<strike><font color="red">B.7.</font></strike>

<strong><font color="green">B.8.</font></strong>  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-03.txt

   o  Posted July 2009.

   o  Removed loc-reach-bits longword from control packets per Damien
      comment.

   o  Clarifications in MTU text from Roque.

   o  Added text to indicate that the locator-set be sorted by locator
      address from Isidor.

   o  Clarification text from John Zwiebel in Echo-Nonce section.

<strike><font color="red">B.8.</font></strike>

<strong><font color="green">B.9.</font></strong>  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-02.txt

   o  Posted July 2009.

   o  Encapsulation packet format change to add E-bit and make loc-
      reach-bits 32-bits in length.

   o  Added Echo-Nonce Algorithm section.

   o  Clarification how ECN bits are copied.

   o  Moved S-bit in Map-Request.

   o  Added P-bit in Map-Request and Map-Reply messages to anticipate
      RLOC-Probe Algorithm.

   o  Added to Mobility section to reference [LISP-MN].

<strike><font color="red">B.9.</font></strike>

<strong><font color="green">B.10.</font></strong>  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-01.txt

   o  Posted 2 days after draft-ietf-lisp-00.txt in May 2009.

   o  Defined LEID to be a "LISP EID".

   o  Indicate encapsulation use IPv4 DF=0.

   o  Added negative Map-Reply messages with drop, native-forward, and
      send-map-request actions.

   o  Added Proxy-Map-Reply bit to Map-Register.

<strike><font color="red">B.10.</font></strike>

<strong><font color="green">B.11.</font></strong>  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-00.txt

   o  Posted May 2009.

   o  Rename of draft-farinacci-lisp-12.txt.

   o  Acknowledgment to RRG.

Authors' Addresses

   Dino Farinacci
   cisco Systems
   Tasman Drive
   San Jose, CA  95134
   USA

   Email: dino@cisco.com

   Vince Fuller
   cisco Systems
   Tasman Drive
   San Jose, CA  95134
   USA

   Email: vaf@cisco.com

   Dave Meyer
   cisco Systems
   170 Tasman Drive
   San Jose, CA
   USA

   Email: dmm@cisco.com

   Darrel Lewis
   cisco Systems
   170 Tasman Drive
   San Jose, CA
   USA

   Email: darlewis@cisco.com
</pre>

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On Feb 23, 2011, at 10:27 AM, Dino Farinacci wrote:

> Here are some minor changes to the main LISP draft. We believe the  
> security-bit is general enough to adopt any security scheme. But  
> Fabio et al should be publishing a security draft by the end of this  
> week or early next week to propose a way of signing Map-Replies.
>
> Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-10.txt:
>
>   o  Posted March 2011.
>
>   o  Add p-bit to Map-Request so there is documentary reasons to know
>      when a PITR has sent a Map-Request to an ETR.
>
>   o  Add Map-Notify message which is used to acknowledge a Map- 
> Register
>      message sent to a Map-Server.
>
>   o  Add M-bit to the Map-Register message so an ETR that wants an
>      acknowledgment for the Map-Register can request one.
>
>   o  Add S-bit to the ECM and Map-Reply messages to describe security
>      data that can be present in each message.  Then refer to
>      [LISP-SEC] for expansive details.
>
>   o  Add Network Management Considerations section and point to the  
> MIB
>      and LIG drafts.
>
>   o  Remove the word "simple" per Yakov's comments.
>
> We'd like to give a 10 day review period so we can post a new  
> version, if there are no objections, on March 4th.
>
> Find enclosed a diff file and a text draft.
>
> Thanks,
> Dino/Vince/Darrel/Dave
>
> <rfcdiff-lisp-09-to-10.html>
>
>
> <draft-ietf-lisp-10.txt>
>
>
>


--Apple-Mail-26-910310922--

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From: Vince Fuller <vaf@cisco.com>
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Hello-

Attached please find a proposed version 7 of the LISP Map Server draft,
along with an "rfcdiff" from version 6.

Changes are fairly minor and consist mostly of editorial fixes and additions
of new text to keep consistent with the base LISP specification:

- Describe use of "Map-Notify" message during ETR-to-MS registration.

- Describe "proxy-map-reply" service by MS on behalf of ETR. This was
  previously defined in the base LISP spec but not mentioned in the MS spec.

- Describe Map Server and Map Resolver message processing for Encapsulated
  Control Messages received with security information as defined by the
  upcoming LISP-SEC draft.

- Clarify that a Encapsulated Map-Request is a Map-Request contained within
  an Encapsulated Control Message.

- State that co-located MR/MS functionality is the common case rather
  than the exceptional case (based on experience with LISP pilot network).

- Fix incorrect SHA-1/HMAC reference from RFC2404 to RFC2104.

- Minor editorial/spelling corrections.

This message is intended to start a one-week review period prior to
publication of draft-ietf-lisp-ms-07 to the Internet-Drafts repository
before the Prague IETF meeting.

	Thanks!
	Vince & Dino

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<!-- saved from url=3D(0029)http://tools.ietf.org/rfcdiff -->
<html><head><meta http-equiv=3D"Content-Type" content=3D"text/html; charset=
=3DISO-8859-1"><title>wdiff draft-ietf-lisp-ms-06.txt draft-ietf-lisp-ms-07=
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<pre>
Network Working Group                                          V. Fuller
Internet-Draft                                              D. Farinacci
Intended status: Experimental                              cisco Systems
Expires: <strike><font color=3D"red">April 21,</font></strike> <strong><fon=
t color=3D"green">September 5, 2011                                 March 4=
,</font></strong> 2011                                 <strike><font color=
=3D"red">October 18, 2010</font></strike>

                            LISP Map Server
                       <strike><font color=3D"red">draft-ietf-lisp-ms-06.tx=
t</font></strike>
                       <strong><font color=3D"green">draft-ietf-lisp-ms-07.=
txt</font></strong>

Abstract

   This draft describes the LISP Map-Server (LISP-MS), a computing
   system which provides a <strike><font color=3D"red">simple</font></strik=
e> <strong><font color=3D"green">simplified</font></strong> LISP protocol i=
nterface as a
   "front end" to the Endpoint-ID (EID) to Routing Locator (RLOC)
   mapping database and associated virtual network of LISP protocol
   elements.

   The purpose of the Map-Server is to <strike><font color=3D"red">simplify=
 the</font></strike> <strong><font color=3D"green">reduce</font></strong> i=
mplementation and
   <strike><font color=3D"red">operation</font></strike>
   <strong><font color=3D"green">operational complexity</font></strong> of =
LISP Ingress Tunnel Routers (ITRs) and
   Egress Tunnel Routers (ETRs), the devices that implement the "edge"
   of the LISP infrastructure and which connect directly to LISP-capable
   Internet end sites.

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on <strike><font color=3D"red">April 21,=
</font></strike> <strong><font color=3D"green">September 5,</font></strong>=
 2011.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) <strike><font color=3D"red">2010</font></strike> <strong><=
font color=3D"green">2011</font></strong> IETF Trust and the persons identi=
fied as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   2.  Definition of Terms  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   3.  Basic Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
   4.  Interactions With Other LISP Components  . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     4.1.  ITR EID-to-RLOC Mapping Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     4.2.  ETR/Map-Server EID Prefix Registration . . . . . . . . . .  7
     4.3.  Map-Server Processing  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     4.4.  Map-Resolver Processing  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
       4.4.1.  Anycast Map-Resolver Operation . . . . . . . . . . . .  <str=
ike><font color=3D"red">9</font></strike> <strong><font color=3D"green">10<=
/font></strong>
   5.  Open Issues and Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <stri=
ke><font color=3D"red">10</font></strike> <strong><font color=3D"green">11<=
/font></strong>
   6.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <stri=
ke><font color=3D"red">11</font></strike> <strong><font color=3D"green">12<=
/font></strong>
   7.  References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <stri=
ke><font color=3D"red">12</font></strike> <strong><font color=3D"green">13<=
/font></strong>
     7.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <stri=
ke><font color=3D"red">12</font></strike> <strong><font color=3D"green">13<=
/font></strong>
     7.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <stri=
ke><font color=3D"red">12</font></strike> <strong><font color=3D"green">13<=
/font></strong>
   Appendix A.  Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <stri=
ke><font color=3D"red">13</font></strike> <strong><font color=3D"green">15<=
/font></strong>
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <stri=
ke><font color=3D"red">14</font></strike> <strong><font color=3D"green">16<=
/font></strong>

1.  Introduction

   LISP [LISP] specifies an architecture and mechanism for replacing the
   addresses currently used by IP with two separate name spaces: EIDs,
   used within sites, and RLOCs, used on the transit networks that make
   up the Internet infrastructure.  To achieve this separation, LISP
   defines protocol mechanisms for mapping from EIDs to RLOCs.  In
   addition, LISP assumes the existence of a database to store and
   propagate those mappings globally.  Several such databases have been
   proposed, among them: LISP-CONS [CONS], LISP-NERD, [NERD] and LISP+
   ALT [ALT].

   There are two types of operation for a LISP Map-Server: as a Map-
   Resolver, which accepts Map-Requests from an ITR and "resolves" the
   EID-to-RLOC mapping using the distributed mapping database, and as a
   Map-Server, which learns authoritative EID-to-RLOC mappings from an
   ETR and publish them in the database.  A single device may implement
   one or both types of operation.

   Conceptually, LISP Map-Servers share some of the same basic
   configuration and maintenance properties as Domain Name System (DNS)
   [RFC1035] servers and caching resolvers.  With this in mind, this
   specification borrows familiar terminology (resolver and server) from
   the DNS specifications.

   Note that while this document assumes a LISP+ALT database mapping
   infrastructure to illustrate certain aspects of Map-Server and Map-
   Resolver operation, this is not intended to preclude the use of Map-
   Servers and Map-Resolvers as a standardized interface for ITRs and
   ETRs to access other mapping database systems.

2.  Definition of Terms

   Map-Server:   a network infrastructure component which learns EID-to-
      RLOC mapping entries from an authoritative source (typically, an
      ETR, through static configuration or another out-of-band mechanism
      may be used).  A Map-Server publishes these mappings in the
      distributed mapping database.

   Map-Resolver:   a network infrastructure component which accepts LISP
      Encapsulated Map-Requests, typically from an ITR, quickly
      determines whether or not the destination IP address is part of
      the EID namespace; if it is not, a Negative Map-Reply is
      immediately returned.  Otherwise, the Map-Resolver finds the
      appropriate EID-to-RLOC mapping by consulting the distributed
      mapping database system.

   Encapsulated Map-Request:   a LISP Map-Request <strike><font color=3D"re=
d">with</font></strike> <strong><font color=3D"green">carried within an
      Encapsulated Control Message, which has</font></strong> an additional=
 LISP header
      prepended.  Sent to UDP destination port 4342.  The "outer"
      addresses are globally-routeable IP addresses, also known as
      RLOCs.  Used by an ITR when sending to a Map-Resolver and by a
      Map-Server when forwarding a Map-Request to an ETR.

   Negative Map-Reply:   a LISP Map-Reply that contains an empty
      locator-set.  Returned in response to a Map-Request if the
      destination EID does not exist in the mapping database.
      Typically, this means that the "EID" being requested is an IP
      address connected to a non-LISP site.

   Map-Register message:   a LISP message sent by an ETR to a Map-Server
      to register its associated EID-prefixes.  In addition to the set
      of EID-prefixes to register, the message includes one or more
      RLOCs to be be used by the Map-Server when forwarding Map-Requests
      (re-formatted as Encapsulated Map-Requests) received through the
      database mapping system.  <strong><font color=3D"green">An ETR may re=
quest that the Map-Server
      answer Map-Requests on its behalf by setting the "proxy-map-reply"
      flag (P-bit) in the message.

   Map-Notify message:   a LISP message sent by a Map-Server to an ETR
      to confirm that a Map-Register has been received and processed.
      An ETR requests that a Map-Notify be returned by setting the
      "want-map-notify" or "M" bit in the Map-Register message.</font></str=
ong>

   For definitions of other terms, notably Map-Request, Map-Reply,
   Ingress Tunnel Router (ITR), and Egress Tunnel Router (ETR), please
   consult the LISP specification [LISP].

3.  Basic Overview

   A Map-Server is a device which publishes EID-prefix information on
   behalf of ETRs and connects to the LISP distributed mapping database
   system to help answer LISP Map-Requests seeking the RLOCs for those
   EID-prefixes.  To publish its EID-prefixes, an ETR periodically sends
   Map-Register messages to the Map-Server.  A Map-Register message
   contains a list of EID-prefixes plus a set of RLOCs that can be used
   to reach the ETR when a Map-Server needs to forward a Map-Request to
   it.

   When LISP+ALT is used as the mapping database, a Map-Server connects
   to ALT network and acts as a "last-hop" ALT router.  Intermediate ALT
   routers forward Map-Requests to the Map-Server that advertises a
   particular EID-prefix and the Map-Server forwards them to the owning
   ETR, which responds with Map-Reply messages.

   The LISP Map-Server design also includes the operation of a Map-
   Resolver, which receives Encapsulated Map-Requests from its client
   ITRs and uses the distributed mapping database system to find the
   appropriate ETR to answer those requests.  On a LISP+ALT network, a
   Map-Resolver acts as a "first-hop" ALT router.  It has GRE tunnels
   configured to other ALT routers and uses BGP to learn paths to ETRs
   for different prefixes in the LISP+ALT database.  The Map-Resolver
   uses this path information to forward Map-Requests over the ALT to
   the correct ETRs.  A Map-Resolver may operate in a non-caching mode,
   where it simply de-capsulates and forwards the Encapsulated Map-
   Requests that it receives from ITRs.

   Alternatively, a Map-Resolver may operate in a caching mode, where it
   saves information about outsanding Map-Reqeusts, originates new Map-
   Requests to the correct ETR(s), accepts and caches the Map-Replies,
   and finally forwards the Map-Replies to the original ITRs.  One
   significant issue with use of caching in a Map-Resolver is that it
   hides the original ITR source of a Map-Request, which prevents an ETR
   from tailoring its responses to that source; this reduces the inbound
   traffic- engineering capability for the site owning the ETR.  In
   addition, caching in a Map-Resolver exacerbates problems associated
   with old mappings being cached; an outdated, cached mapping in an ITR
   affects only that ITR and traffic originated by its site while an
   outdate, cached mapping in a Map-Resolver could cause a problem with
   a wider scope.  More experience with caching Map-Resolvers on the
   LISP pilot network will be needed to determine whether their use can
   be recommended.

   <strike><font color=3D"red">While</font></strike>

   <strong><font color=3D"green">Note that</font></strong> a single device =
can implement the functions of both a Map-
   Server and a <strike><font color=3D"red">Map-Resolver.  As is the case w=
ith</font></strike> <strong><font color=3D"green">Map-Resolver and, in many=
 cases,</font></strong> the <strike><font color=3D"red">DNS, however,
   operational simplicity argues for keeping those</font></strike> function=
s <strike><font color=3D"red">separate.</font></strike> <strong><font color=
=3D"green">will be
   co-located in that way.</font></strong>

4.  Interactions With Other LISP Components

4.1.  ITR EID-to-RLOC Mapping Resolution

   An ITR is configured with the address of a Map-Resolver.  This
   address is a "locator" or RLOC in that it must be routeable on the
   underlying core network; it must not need to be resolved through LISP
   EID-to-RLOC mapping as that would introduce a circular dependency.
   When using a Map-Resolver, an ITR does not need to connect to any
   other database mapping system.  In particular, the ITR need not
   connect to the LISP+ALT infrastructure or implement the BGP and GRE
   protocols that it uses.

   An ITR sends an Encapsulated Map-Request to a configured Map-Resolver
   when it needs an EID-to-RLOC mapping that is not found in its local
   map-cache.  Using the Map-Resolver greatly reduces both the
   complexity of the ITR implementation the costs associated with its
   operation.

   In response to an Encapsulated Map-Request, the ITR can expect one of
   the following:

   o  A negative LISP Map-Reply if the Map-Resolver can determine that
      the requested EID does not exist.  The ITR saves EID-prefix
      returned in the Map-Reply in its cache, marking it as non-LISP-
      capable and knows not to attempt LISP encapsulation for
      destinations matching it.

   o  A LISP Map-Reply from the ETR that owns the EID-to-RLOC mapping or
      possibly from a Map-Server answering on behalf of the ETR.  Note
      that the stateless nature of non-caching Map-Resolver forwarding
      means that the Map-Reply may not be from the Map-Resolver to which
      the Encapsulated Map-Request was sent unless the target Map-
      Resolver offers caching (Section 4.4).

   Note that an ITR may use a Map-Resolver while also participating in
   another mapping database mechanism.  For example, an ITR that runs
   LISP+ALT can also send Encapsulated Map-Requests to a Map-Resolver.
   When doing this, an ITR should prefer querying an ETR learned through
   the ALT network as LISP+ALT provides better information about the set
   of defined EID-prefixes.  Such a configuration is expected to be very
   rare, since there is little benefit to using a Map-Resolver if an ITR
   is already using a mapping database system.  There would be, for
   example, no need for such an ITR to send a Map-Request to a possibly
   non-existent EID (and rely on Negative Map-Replies) if it can consult
   the ALT database to verify that an EID-prefix is present before
   sending that Map-Request.

4.2.  ETR/Map-Server EID Prefix Registration

   An ETR publishes its EID-prefixes on a Map-Server by sending LISP
   Map-Register messages.  A Map-Register message includes
   authentication data, so prior to sending a Map-Register message, the
   ETR and Map-Server must be configured with a secret shared-key.  A
   Map-Server's configuration should also include <strong><font color=3D"gr=
een">a</font></strong> list of the EID-
   prefixes for which each ETR is authoratative and should verify that a
   Map-Register received from an ETR only contain EID-prefixes that are
   associated with that ETR.  While this check is not mandatory, it is
   strongly encouraged as a failure to so leaves the mapping system
   vulnerable to simple EID-prefix hijacking attacks.  As developers and
   users gain experience with the mapping system, additional, stronger
   security measures may be added to the registration process.

   Map-Register messages are sent periodically from an ETR to a Map-
   Server with a suggested interval between messages of one minute.  A
   Map-Server should time-out and remove an ETR's registration if it has
   not received a valid Map-Register message within the past three
   minutes.  When first contacting a Map-Server after restart or changes
   to its EID-to-RLOC database mappings, an ETR may initially send Map-
   Register messages at an increased frequency, up to one every 20
   seconds.  This "quick registration" period is limited to five minutes
   in duration.

   <strong><font color=3D"green">An ETR may request that a Map-Server expli=
citly acknowledge receipt
   and processing of a Map-Register message by setting the "want-map-
   notify" ("M" bit) flag.  A Map-Server that receives a Map-Register
   with this flag set will respond with a Map-Notify message.  Typical
   use of this flag by an ETR would be to set it on Map-Requests sent
   during the initial "quick registration" with a Map Server but then
   set it only occasionally during steady-state maintenance of its
   association with that Map Server.</font></strong>

   Note that a one-minute minimum registration interval during <strike><fon=
t color=3D"red">steady
   state</font></strike>
   maintenance of an <strong><font color=3D"green">ETR-MS</font></strong> a=
ssociation <strike><font color=3D"red">between an ITR and a Map-Server</fon=
t></strike> does set a lower-bound on how
   quickly and how frequently a mapping database entry can be updated.
   This may have implications for what sorts of mobility can supported
   directly by the mapping system.  For a discussion on one way that
   faster mobility may be implemented for individual devices, please see
   [LISP-MN].

   An ETR <strong><font color=3D"green">may also request, by setting the "p=
roxy-map-reply" flag
   (P-bit) in the Map-Regsiter message, that a Map-Server answer Map-
   Requests instead of forwarding them to the ETR.  See [LISP] for
   details on how the Map-Server sets certain flags (such as those
   indicating whether the message is authoratative and how returned
   locators should be treated) when sending a Map-Reply on behalf of an
   ETR.

   An ETR</font></strong> which uses a Map-Server to publish its EID-to-RLO=
C mappings
   does not need to participate further in the mapping database
   protocol(s).  When using a LISP+ALT mapping database, for example,
   this means that the ETR does not need to implement GRE or BGP, which
   greatly simplifies its configuration and reduces its cost of
   operation.

   Note that use of a Map-Server does not preclude an ETR from also
   connecting to the mapping database (i.e. it could also connect to the
   LISP+ALT network) but doing so doesn't seem particularly useful as
   the whole purpose of using a Map-Server is to avoid the complexity of
   the mapping database protocols.

4.3.  Map-Server Processing

   <strike><font color=3D"red">The operation of</font></strike>

   <strong><font color=3D"green">Once</font></strong> a <strike><font color=
=3D"red">Map-Server, once it</font></strike> <strong><font color=3D"green">=
Map-Server</font></strong> has EID-prefixes registered by its client ETRs, =
<strike><font color=3D"red">is quite simple.</font></strike> <strong><font =
color=3D"green">it
   can accept and process Map-Requests for them.</font></strong>  In respon=
se to a <strike><font color=3D"red">Map-Request</font></strike> <strong><fo=
nt color=3D"green">Map-
   Request</font></strong> (received over the ALT if LISP+ALT is in use), t=
he Map-Server
   verifies that the destination EID matches an EID-prefix for which it
   has one or more registered ETRs, then re-encapsulates and forwards
   the <strike><font color=3D"red">now-Encapsulated</font></strike> <strong=
><font color=3D"green">resulting Encapsulated</font></strong> Map-Request t=
o a matching ETR.  It does
   not otherwise alter the Map-Request so any Map-Reply sent by the ETR
   is returned to the RLOC in the Map-Request, not to the Map-Server.
   Unless also acting as a Map-Resolver, a Map-Server should never
   receive Map-Replies; any such messages should be discarded without
   response, perhaps accompanied by logging of a diagnostic message if
   the rate of Map-Replies is suggestive of malicious traffic.

   <strong><font color=3D"green">A Map-Server may also receive a Map-Reques=
t that is contained inside
   of an Encapsulated Control Message (an Encapsulated Map-Request) with
   the "Security" bit (S-bit) set.  It processes the security parameters
   as described in [LISP-SEC] then generates an Encapsulated Map-Request
   to be sent as described above.

   Note that a Map-Server that is sending a Map-Reply on behalf of an
   ETR must perform security processing for that ETR as well; see
   [LISP-SEC] for details.</font></strong>

4.4.  Map-Resolver Processing

   <strike><font color=3D"red">In response to</font></strike>

   <strong><font color=3D"green">Upon receipt of</font></strong> an Encapsu=
lated Map-Request, a Map-Resolver de-
   capsulates the <strong><font color=3D"green">enclosed</font></strong> me=
ssage then <strike><font color=3D"red">checks</font></strike> <strong><font=
 color=3D"green">searches for the requested EID
   in</font></strong> its local database of mapping entries (statically con=
figured,
   cached, or learned from associated ETRs).  If it finds a matching
   entry, it returns a non-authoritative LISP Map-Reply with the known
   mapping.

   If the Map-Resolver does not have the mapping entry and if it can
   determine that the requested IP address does not match an EID-prefix
   in the mapping database, it immediately returns a negative LISP Map-
   Reply, one which contains an EID-prefix and an empty locator-set.  To
   minimize the number of negative cache entries needed by an ITR, the
   Map-Resolver should return the least-specific prefix which both
   matches the original query and does not match any EID-prefix known to
   exist in the LISP-capable infrastructure.

   If the Map-Resolver does not have sufficient information to know
   whether the EID exists, it needs to forward the Map-Request to
   another device which has more information about the EID being
   requested.  This is done in one of two ways:

   1.  A non-caching Map-Resolver simply forwards the unencapsulated
       Map-Request, with the original ITR RLOC as the source, on to the
       distributed mapping database.  Using a LISP+ALT mapaping
       database, the Map-Resolver is connected to the ALT network and
       sends the Map-Request to the next ALT hop learned from its ALT
       BGP neighbors.  The Map-Resolver does not send any response to
       the ITR; since the source RLOC is that of the ITR, the ETR or
       Map-Server which receives the Map-Request over the ALT and
       responds will do so directly to the ITR.

   2.  A caching Map-Resolver queues information from the Encapsulated
       Map-Request, including the ITR RLOC and the original nonce.  It
       then modifies the Map-Request to use its own RLOC, generates a
       "local nonce" (which is also saved in the request queue entry),
       and forwards the Map-Request as above.  When the Map-Resolver
       receives a Map-Reply, it looks in its request queue to match the
       reply nonce to a "local nonce" entry then de-queues the entry and
       uses the saved original nonce and ITR RLOC to re-write those
       fields in the Map-Reply before sending to the ITR.  The request
       queue entry is also deleted and the mapping entries from the Map-
       Reply are saved in the Map-Resolver's cache.

   <strong><font color=3D"green">If a Map-Resolver receives a Map-Request c=
ontained in an Encapsulated
   Control Message (an Encapsulated Map-Request) with the "security"
   option (S-Bit) set, additional processing is required.  It extracts
   the enclosed Map-Request and uses the attached security paramaters to
   generate a new Encapsulated Control Message containing the original
   Map-Rqeuest and additional signature information used to protect both
   the Map-Request and the Map-Reply that will be generated by the
   destination ETR or Map-Server.  The outgoing message will have the
   S-bit set, will use the requested EID as its outer header destination
   IP address plus Map-Resolver RLOC as source IP address, and will
   include security parameters added by the Map-Resolver.  See
   [LISP-SEC] for details of the checks that are performed and the
   security information that is added during the de-encapsulation and
   re-encapsulation process.</font></strong>

4.4.1.  Anycast Map-Resolver Operation

   A Map-Resolver can be set up to use "anycast", where <strike><font color=
=3D"red">where</font></strike> the same address
   is assigned to multiple Map-Resolvers and is propagated through IGP
   routing, to facilitate the use of a topologically-close Map-Resolver
   each ITR.

   Note that Map-Server associations with ETRs should not use anycast
   addresses as registrations need to be established between an ETR and
   a specific set of Map-Servers, each identified by a specific
   registation association.

5.  Open Issues and Considerations

   There are a number of issues with the Map-Server and Map-Resolver
   design that are not yet completely understood.  Among these are:

   o  Feasibility, performance, and complexity trade-offs of
      implementing caching in Map-Resolvers

   o  Convergence time when an EID-to-RLOC mapping changes and
      mechanisms for detecting and refreshing or removing stale, cached
      information

   o  Deployability and complexity trade-offs of implementing stronger
      security measures in both EID-prefix registration and Map-Request/
      Map-Reply processing

   o  Requirements for additional state in the registration process
      between Map-Servers and ETRs

   <strike><font color=3D"red">o  Possible need for security associations b=
etween a Map-Resolver and
      its client ITRs</font></strike>

   The authors expect that experimentation on the LISP pilot network
   will help answer open questions surrounding these and other issues.

6.  Security Considerations

   The 2-way nonce exchange documented in [LISP] can be used to avoid
   ITR spoofing attacks.

   To publish an authoritative EID-to-RLOC mapping with a Map-Server, an
   ETR includes authentication data that is a hash of the message using
   pair-wise shared key.  An implementation must support use of HMAC-
   <strike><font color=3D"red">SHA-1-96 [RFC2404]</font></strike>
   <strong><font color=3D"green">SHA-1-160 [RFC2104]</font></strong> and sh=
ould support use of <strike><font color=3D"red">HMAC-SHA-128-256
   [RFC4634].</font></strike> <strong><font color=3D"green">HMAC-SHA-256-128
   [RFC4634] (SHA-256 truncated to 128 bits).</font></strong>  Key changes =
are initially
   expected to be manual though a key-chaining scheme may be developed
   as a future extension of this specification.

   As noted in Section 4.2, a Map-Server should verify that all EID-
   prefixes registered by an ETR match configuration stored on the Map-
   Server.

   <strike><font color=3D"red">The current LISP and LISP-MS protocol exchan=
ge, where an ITR sends a
   Map-Request through a Map-Resolver, mapping database infrastructure,
   and Map-Server while an ETR returns</font></strike>

   <strong><font color=3D"green">[LISP-SEC] defines</font></strong> a <stri=
ke><font color=3D"red">Map-Reply directly to the ITR
   makes it difficult</font></strike> <strong><font color=3D"green">mechani=
sm</font></strong> for <strike><font color=3D"red">the ITR to verify that t=
he returned EID-prefix
   length matches that registered by the ETR with,</font></strike> <strong>=
<font color=3D"green">providing origin authentication,
   integrity, anti-reply protection,</font></strong> and <strike><font colo=
r=3D"red">therefore checked
   by, a Map-Server.</font></strike> <strong><font color=3D"green">preventi=
on of man-in-the-middle
   and "overclaiming" attacks on the Map-Request/Map-Reply exchange.</font>=
</strong>

   While beyond the scope of securing an individual Map-Server or Map-
   Resolver, it should be noted that a BGP-based LISP+ALT network (if
   ALT is used as the mapping database infrastructure) can take
   advantage of technology being developed by the IETF SIDR working
   group or either S-BGP [I-D.murphy-bgp-secr] or soBGP
   [I-D.white-sobgparchitecture] should they be developed and widely
   deployed.

7.  References

7.1.  Normative References

   [ALT]      Farinacci, D., Fuller, V., Meyer, D., and D. Lewis, "LISP
              Alternative Topology (LISP-ALT)",
              <strike><font color=3D"red">draft-ietf-lisp-alt-05.txt</font>=
</strike>
              <strong><font color=3D"green">draft-ietf-lisp-alt-06.txt</fon=
t></strong> (work in progress),
              <strike><font color=3D"red">October 2010.</font></strike> <st=
rong><font color=3D"green">March 2011.</font></strong>

   [LISP]     Farinacci, D., Fuller, V., Meyer, D., and D. Lewis,
              "Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP)",
              <strike><font color=3D"red">draft-ietf-lisp-09.txt</font></st=
rike>
              <strong><font color=3D"green">draft-ietf-lisp-10.txt</font></=
strong> (work in progress), <strike><font color=3D"red">October 2010.</font=
></strike> <strong><font color=3D"green">March 2011.</font></strong>

   [RFC1035]  Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and
              specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, November 1987.

   <strike><font color=3D"red">[RFC2404]  Madson, C.</font></strike>

   <strong><font color=3D"green">[RFC2104]  Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M.,</fon=
t></strong> and R. <strike><font color=3D"red">Glenn, "The Use of HMAC-SHA-=
1-96 within
              ESP and AH",</font></strike> <strong><font color=3D"green">Ca=
netti, "HMAC: Keyed-
              Hashing for Message Authentication",</font></strong> RFC <str=
ike><font color=3D"red">2404, November 1998.</font></strike> <strong><font =
color=3D"green">2104,
              February 1997.</font></strong>

   [RFC4634]  Eastlake, D. and T. Hansen, "US Secure Hash Algorithms
              (SHA and HMAC-SHA)", RFC 4634, July 2006.

7.2.  Informative References

   [CONS]     Farinacci, D., Fuller, V., and D. Meyer, "LISP-CONS: A
              Content distribution Overlay Network Service for LISP",
              draft-meyer-lisp-cons-03.txt (work in progress),
              November 2007.

   [I-D.murphy-bgp-secr]
              Murphy, S., "BGP Security Analysis",
              draft-murphy-bgp-secr-04 (work in progress),
              November 2001.

   [I-D.white-sobgparchitecture]
              White, R., "Architecture and Deployment Considerations for
              Secure Origin BGP (soBGP)",
              draft-white-sobgparchitecture-00 (work in progress),
              May 2004.

   [LISP-MN]  Farinacci, D., Fuller, V., Meyer, D., and D. Lewis, "LISP
              Mobile Node Architecture", <strike><font color=3D"red">draft-=
meyer-lisp-mn-03.txt</font></strike> <strong><font color=3D"green">draft-me=
yer-lisp-mn-04.txt</font></strong>
              (work in progress), <strike><font color=3D"red">August 2010.<=
/font></strike> <strong><font color=3D"green">February 2011.

   [LISP-SEC]
              Maino, F., Ermagan, V., Cabellos, A., Sanchez, D., and O.
              Bonaventure, "LISP-Security", draft-maino-lisp-sec-00.txt
              (work in progress), March 2011.</font></strong>

   [NERD]     Lear, E., "NERD: A Not-so-novel EID to RLOC Database",
              draft-lear-lisp-nerd-08.txt (work in progress),
              March 2010.

Appendix A.  Acknowledgments

   The authors would like to thank Greg Schudel, Darrel Lewis, John
   Zwiebel, Andrew Partan, Dave Meyer, Isidor Kouvelas, Jesper Skriver,
   <strong><font color=3D"green">Fabio Maino,</font></strong> and members o=
f the lisp@ietf.org mailing list for their
   feedback and helpful suggestions.

   Special thanks are due to Noel Chiappa for his extensive work on
   caching with LISP-CONS, some of which <strike><font color=3D"red">will</=
font></strike> <strong><font color=3D"green">may</font></strong> be used by=
 Map-Resolvers.

Authors' Addresses

   Vince Fuller
   cisco Systems
   Tasman Drive
   San Jose, CA  95134
   USA

   Email: vaf@cisco.com

   Dino   Farinacci
   cisco Systems
   Tasman Drive
   San Jose, CA  95134
   USA

   Email: dino@cisco.com
</pre>

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Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="draft-ietf-lisp-ms-07.txt"




Network Working Group                                          V. Fuller
Internet-Draft                                              D. Farinacci
Intended status: Experimental                              cisco Systems
Expires: September 5, 2011                                 March 4, 2011


                            LISP Map Server
                       draft-ietf-lisp-ms-07.txt

Abstract

   This draft describes the LISP Map-Server (LISP-MS), a computing
   system which provides a simplified LISP protocol interface as a
   "front end" to the Endpoint-ID (EID) to Routing Locator (RLOC)
   mapping database and associated virtual network of LISP protocol
   elements.

   The purpose of the Map-Server is to reduce implementation and
   operational complexity of LISP Ingress Tunnel Routers (ITRs) and
   Egress Tunnel Routers (ETRs), the devices that implement the "edge"
   of the LISP infrastructure and which connect directly to LISP-capable
   Internet end sites.

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on September 5, 2011.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2011 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of



Fuller & Farinacci      Expires September 5, 2011               [Page 1]

Internet-Draft               LISP Map Server                  March 2011


   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.


Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   2.  Definition of Terms  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   3.  Basic Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
   4.  Interactions With Other LISP Components  . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     4.1.  ITR EID-to-RLOC Mapping Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     4.2.  ETR/Map-Server EID Prefix Registration . . . . . . . . . .  7
     4.3.  Map-Server Processing  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     4.4.  Map-Resolver Processing  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
       4.4.1.  Anycast Map-Resolver Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
   5.  Open Issues and Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
   6.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
   7.  References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
     7.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
     7.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
   Appendix A.  Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

























Fuller & Farinacci      Expires September 5, 2011               [Page 2]

Internet-Draft               LISP Map Server                  March 2011


1.  Introduction

   LISP [LISP] specifies an architecture and mechanism for replacing the
   addresses currently used by IP with two separate name spaces: EIDs,
   used within sites, and RLOCs, used on the transit networks that make
   up the Internet infrastructure.  To achieve this separation, LISP
   defines protocol mechanisms for mapping from EIDs to RLOCs.  In
   addition, LISP assumes the existence of a database to store and
   propagate those mappings globally.  Several such databases have been
   proposed, among them: LISP-CONS [CONS], LISP-NERD, [NERD] and LISP+
   ALT [ALT].

   There are two types of operation for a LISP Map-Server: as a Map-
   Resolver, which accepts Map-Requests from an ITR and "resolves" the
   EID-to-RLOC mapping using the distributed mapping database, and as a
   Map-Server, which learns authoritative EID-to-RLOC mappings from an
   ETR and publish them in the database.  A single device may implement
   one or both types of operation.

   Conceptually, LISP Map-Servers share some of the same basic
   configuration and maintenance properties as Domain Name System (DNS)
   [RFC1035] servers and caching resolvers.  With this in mind, this
   specification borrows familiar terminology (resolver and server) from
   the DNS specifications.

   Note that while this document assumes a LISP+ALT database mapping
   infrastructure to illustrate certain aspects of Map-Server and Map-
   Resolver operation, this is not intended to preclude the use of Map-
   Servers and Map-Resolvers as a standardized interface for ITRs and
   ETRs to access other mapping database systems.





















Fuller & Farinacci      Expires September 5, 2011               [Page 3]

Internet-Draft               LISP Map Server                  March 2011


2.  Definition of Terms

   Map-Server:   a network infrastructure component which learns EID-to-
      RLOC mapping entries from an authoritative source (typically, an
      ETR, through static configuration or another out-of-band mechanism
      may be used).  A Map-Server publishes these mappings in the
      distributed mapping database.

   Map-Resolver:   a network infrastructure component which accepts LISP
      Encapsulated Map-Requests, typically from an ITR, quickly
      determines whether or not the destination IP address is part of
      the EID namespace; if it is not, a Negative Map-Reply is
      immediately returned.  Otherwise, the Map-Resolver finds the
      appropriate EID-to-RLOC mapping by consulting the distributed
      mapping database system.

   Encapsulated Map-Request:   a LISP Map-Request carried within an
      Encapsulated Control Message, which has an additional LISP header
      prepended.  Sent to UDP destination port 4342.  The "outer"
      addresses are globally-routeable IP addresses, also known as
      RLOCs.  Used by an ITR when sending to a Map-Resolver and by a
      Map-Server when forwarding a Map-Request to an ETR.

   Negative Map-Reply:   a LISP Map-Reply that contains an empty
      locator-set.  Returned in response to a Map-Request if the
      destination EID does not exist in the mapping database.
      Typically, this means that the "EID" being requested is an IP
      address connected to a non-LISP site.

   Map-Register message:   a LISP message sent by an ETR to a Map-Server
      to register its associated EID-prefixes.  In addition to the set
      of EID-prefixes to register, the message includes one or more
      RLOCs to be be used by the Map-Server when forwarding Map-Requests
      (re-formatted as Encapsulated Map-Requests) received through the
      database mapping system.  An ETR may request that the Map-Server
      answer Map-Requests on its behalf by setting the "proxy-map-reply"
      flag (P-bit) in the message.

   Map-Notify message:   a LISP message sent by a Map-Server to an ETR
      to confirm that a Map-Register has been received and processed.
      An ETR requests that a Map-Notify be returned by setting the
      "want-map-notify" or "M" bit in the Map-Register message.

   For definitions of other terms, notably Map-Request, Map-Reply,
   Ingress Tunnel Router (ITR), and Egress Tunnel Router (ETR), please
   consult the LISP specification [LISP].





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3.  Basic Overview

   A Map-Server is a device which publishes EID-prefix information on
   behalf of ETRs and connects to the LISP distributed mapping database
   system to help answer LISP Map-Requests seeking the RLOCs for those
   EID-prefixes.  To publish its EID-prefixes, an ETR periodically sends
   Map-Register messages to the Map-Server.  A Map-Register message
   contains a list of EID-prefixes plus a set of RLOCs that can be used
   to reach the ETR when a Map-Server needs to forward a Map-Request to
   it.

   When LISP+ALT is used as the mapping database, a Map-Server connects
   to ALT network and acts as a "last-hop" ALT router.  Intermediate ALT
   routers forward Map-Requests to the Map-Server that advertises a
   particular EID-prefix and the Map-Server forwards them to the owning
   ETR, which responds with Map-Reply messages.

   The LISP Map-Server design also includes the operation of a Map-
   Resolver, which receives Encapsulated Map-Requests from its client
   ITRs and uses the distributed mapping database system to find the
   appropriate ETR to answer those requests.  On a LISP+ALT network, a
   Map-Resolver acts as a "first-hop" ALT router.  It has GRE tunnels
   configured to other ALT routers and uses BGP to learn paths to ETRs
   for different prefixes in the LISP+ALT database.  The Map-Resolver
   uses this path information to forward Map-Requests over the ALT to
   the correct ETRs.  A Map-Resolver may operate in a non-caching mode,
   where it simply de-capsulates and forwards the Encapsulated Map-
   Requests that it receives from ITRs.

   Alternatively, a Map-Resolver may operate in a caching mode, where it
   saves information about outsanding Map-Reqeusts, originates new Map-
   Requests to the correct ETR(s), accepts and caches the Map-Replies,
   and finally forwards the Map-Replies to the original ITRs.  One
   significant issue with use of caching in a Map-Resolver is that it
   hides the original ITR source of a Map-Request, which prevents an ETR
   from tailoring its responses to that source; this reduces the inbound
   traffic- engineering capability for the site owning the ETR.  In
   addition, caching in a Map-Resolver exacerbates problems associated
   with old mappings being cached; an outdated, cached mapping in an ITR
   affects only that ITR and traffic originated by its site while an
   outdate, cached mapping in a Map-Resolver could cause a problem with
   a wider scope.  More experience with caching Map-Resolvers on the
   LISP pilot network will be needed to determine whether their use can
   be recommended.

   Note that a single device can implement the functions of both a Map-
   Server and a Map-Resolver and, in many cases, the functions will be
   co-located in that way.



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4.  Interactions With Other LISP Components

4.1.  ITR EID-to-RLOC Mapping Resolution

   An ITR is configured with the address of a Map-Resolver.  This
   address is a "locator" or RLOC in that it must be routeable on the
   underlying core network; it must not need to be resolved through LISP
   EID-to-RLOC mapping as that would introduce a circular dependency.
   When using a Map-Resolver, an ITR does not need to connect to any
   other database mapping system.  In particular, the ITR need not
   connect to the LISP+ALT infrastructure or implement the BGP and GRE
   protocols that it uses.

   An ITR sends an Encapsulated Map-Request to a configured Map-Resolver
   when it needs an EID-to-RLOC mapping that is not found in its local
   map-cache.  Using the Map-Resolver greatly reduces both the
   complexity of the ITR implementation the costs associated with its
   operation.

   In response to an Encapsulated Map-Request, the ITR can expect one of
   the following:

   o  A negative LISP Map-Reply if the Map-Resolver can determine that
      the requested EID does not exist.  The ITR saves EID-prefix
      returned in the Map-Reply in its cache, marking it as non-LISP-
      capable and knows not to attempt LISP encapsulation for
      destinations matching it.

   o  A LISP Map-Reply from the ETR that owns the EID-to-RLOC mapping or
      possibly from a Map-Server answering on behalf of the ETR.  Note
      that the stateless nature of non-caching Map-Resolver forwarding
      means that the Map-Reply may not be from the Map-Resolver to which
      the Encapsulated Map-Request was sent unless the target Map-
      Resolver offers caching (Section 4.4).

   Note that an ITR may use a Map-Resolver while also participating in
   another mapping database mechanism.  For example, an ITR that runs
   LISP+ALT can also send Encapsulated Map-Requests to a Map-Resolver.
   When doing this, an ITR should prefer querying an ETR learned through
   the ALT network as LISP+ALT provides better information about the set
   of defined EID-prefixes.  Such a configuration is expected to be very
   rare, since there is little benefit to using a Map-Resolver if an ITR
   is already using a mapping database system.  There would be, for
   example, no need for such an ITR to send a Map-Request to a possibly
   non-existent EID (and rely on Negative Map-Replies) if it can consult
   the ALT database to verify that an EID-prefix is present before
   sending that Map-Request.




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4.2.  ETR/Map-Server EID Prefix Registration

   An ETR publishes its EID-prefixes on a Map-Server by sending LISP
   Map-Register messages.  A Map-Register message includes
   authentication data, so prior to sending a Map-Register message, the
   ETR and Map-Server must be configured with a secret shared-key.  A
   Map-Server's configuration should also include a list of the EID-
   prefixes for which each ETR is authoratative and should verify that a
   Map-Register received from an ETR only contain EID-prefixes that are
   associated with that ETR.  While this check is not mandatory, it is
   strongly encouraged as a failure to so leaves the mapping system
   vulnerable to simple EID-prefix hijacking attacks.  As developers and
   users gain experience with the mapping system, additional, stronger
   security measures may be added to the registration process.

   Map-Register messages are sent periodically from an ETR to a Map-
   Server with a suggested interval between messages of one minute.  A
   Map-Server should time-out and remove an ETR's registration if it has
   not received a valid Map-Register message within the past three
   minutes.  When first contacting a Map-Server after restart or changes
   to its EID-to-RLOC database mappings, an ETR may initially send Map-
   Register messages at an increased frequency, up to one every 20
   seconds.  This "quick registration" period is limited to five minutes
   in duration.

   An ETR may request that a Map-Server explicitly acknowledge receipt
   and processing of a Map-Register message by setting the "want-map-
   notify" ("M" bit) flag.  A Map-Server that receives a Map-Register
   with this flag set will respond with a Map-Notify message.  Typical
   use of this flag by an ETR would be to set it on Map-Requests sent
   during the initial "quick registration" with a Map Server but then
   set it only occasionally during steady-state maintenance of its
   association with that Map Server.

   Note that a one-minute minimum registration interval during
   maintenance of an ETR-MS association does set a lower-bound on how
   quickly and how frequently a mapping database entry can be updated.
   This may have implications for what sorts of mobility can supported
   directly by the mapping system.  For a discussion on one way that
   faster mobility may be implemented for individual devices, please see
   [LISP-MN].

   An ETR may also request, by setting the "proxy-map-reply" flag
   (P-bit) in the Map-Regsiter message, that a Map-Server answer Map-
   Requests instead of forwarding them to the ETR.  See [LISP] for
   details on how the Map-Server sets certain flags (such as those
   indicating whether the message is authoratative and how returned
   locators should be treated) when sending a Map-Reply on behalf of an



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   ETR.

   An ETR which uses a Map-Server to publish its EID-to-RLOC mappings
   does not need to participate further in the mapping database
   protocol(s).  When using a LISP+ALT mapping database, for example,
   this means that the ETR does not need to implement GRE or BGP, which
   greatly simplifies its configuration and reduces its cost of
   operation.

   Note that use of a Map-Server does not preclude an ETR from also
   connecting to the mapping database (i.e. it could also connect to the
   LISP+ALT network) but doing so doesn't seem particularly useful as
   the whole purpose of using a Map-Server is to avoid the complexity of
   the mapping database protocols.

4.3.  Map-Server Processing

   Once a Map-Server has EID-prefixes registered by its client ETRs, it
   can accept and process Map-Requests for them.  In response to a Map-
   Request (received over the ALT if LISP+ALT is in use), the Map-Server
   verifies that the destination EID matches an EID-prefix for which it
   has one or more registered ETRs, then re-encapsulates and forwards
   the resulting Encapsulated Map-Request to a matching ETR.  It does
   not otherwise alter the Map-Request so any Map-Reply sent by the ETR
   is returned to the RLOC in the Map-Request, not to the Map-Server.
   Unless also acting as a Map-Resolver, a Map-Server should never
   receive Map-Replies; any such messages should be discarded without
   response, perhaps accompanied by logging of a diagnostic message if
   the rate of Map-Replies is suggestive of malicious traffic.

   A Map-Server may also receive a Map-Request that is contained inside
   of an Encapsulated Control Message (an Encapsulated Map-Request) with
   the "Security" bit (S-bit) set.  It processes the security parameters
   as described in [LISP-SEC] then generates an Encapsulated Map-Request
   to be sent as described above.

   Note that a Map-Server that is sending a Map-Reply on behalf of an
   ETR must perform security processing for that ETR as well; see
   [LISP-SEC] for details.

4.4.  Map-Resolver Processing

   Upon receipt of an Encapsulated Map-Request, a Map-Resolver de-
   capsulates the enclosed message then searches for the requested EID
   in its local database of mapping entries (statically configured,
   cached, or learned from associated ETRs).  If it finds a matching
   entry, it returns a non-authoritative LISP Map-Reply with the known
   mapping.



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   If the Map-Resolver does not have the mapping entry and if it can
   determine that the requested IP address does not match an EID-prefix
   in the mapping database, it immediately returns a negative LISP Map-
   Reply, one which contains an EID-prefix and an empty locator-set.  To
   minimize the number of negative cache entries needed by an ITR, the
   Map-Resolver should return the least-specific prefix which both
   matches the original query and does not match any EID-prefix known to
   exist in the LISP-capable infrastructure.

   If the Map-Resolver does not have sufficient information to know
   whether the EID exists, it needs to forward the Map-Request to
   another device which has more information about the EID being
   requested.  This is done in one of two ways:

   1.  A non-caching Map-Resolver simply forwards the unencapsulated
       Map-Request, with the original ITR RLOC as the source, on to the
       distributed mapping database.  Using a LISP+ALT mapaping
       database, the Map-Resolver is connected to the ALT network and
       sends the Map-Request to the next ALT hop learned from its ALT
       BGP neighbors.  The Map-Resolver does not send any response to
       the ITR; since the source RLOC is that of the ITR, the ETR or
       Map-Server which receives the Map-Request over the ALT and
       responds will do so directly to the ITR.

   2.  A caching Map-Resolver queues information from the Encapsulated
       Map-Request, including the ITR RLOC and the original nonce.  It
       then modifies the Map-Request to use its own RLOC, generates a
       "local nonce" (which is also saved in the request queue entry),
       and forwards the Map-Request as above.  When the Map-Resolver
       receives a Map-Reply, it looks in its request queue to match the
       reply nonce to a "local nonce" entry then de-queues the entry and
       uses the saved original nonce and ITR RLOC to re-write those
       fields in the Map-Reply before sending to the ITR.  The request
       queue entry is also deleted and the mapping entries from the Map-
       Reply are saved in the Map-Resolver's cache.

   If a Map-Resolver receives a Map-Request contained in an Encapsulated
   Control Message (an Encapsulated Map-Request) with the "security"
   option (S-Bit) set, additional processing is required.  It extracts
   the enclosed Map-Request and uses the attached security paramaters to
   generate a new Encapsulated Control Message containing the original
   Map-Rqeuest and additional signature information used to protect both
   the Map-Request and the Map-Reply that will be generated by the
   destination ETR or Map-Server.  The outgoing message will have the
   S-bit set, will use the requested EID as its outer header destination
   IP address plus Map-Resolver RLOC as source IP address, and will
   include security parameters added by the Map-Resolver.  See
   [LISP-SEC] for details of the checks that are performed and the



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   security information that is added during the de-encapsulation and
   re-encapsulation process.

4.4.1.  Anycast Map-Resolver Operation

   A Map-Resolver can be set up to use "anycast", where the same address
   is assigned to multiple Map-Resolvers and is propagated through IGP
   routing, to facilitate the use of a topologically-close Map-Resolver
   each ITR.

   Note that Map-Server associations with ETRs should not use anycast
   addresses as registrations need to be established between an ETR and
   a specific set of Map-Servers, each identified by a specific
   registation association.





































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5.  Open Issues and Considerations

   There are a number of issues with the Map-Server and Map-Resolver
   design that are not yet completely understood.  Among these are:

   o  Feasibility, performance, and complexity trade-offs of
      implementing caching in Map-Resolvers

   o  Convergence time when an EID-to-RLOC mapping changes and
      mechanisms for detecting and refreshing or removing stale, cached
      information

   o  Deployability and complexity trade-offs of implementing stronger
      security measures in both EID-prefix registration and Map-Request/
      Map-Reply processing

   o  Requirements for additional state in the registration process
      between Map-Servers and ETRs

   The authors expect that experimentation on the LISP pilot network
   will help answer open questions surrounding these and other issues.






























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6.  Security Considerations

   The 2-way nonce exchange documented in [LISP] can be used to avoid
   ITR spoofing attacks.

   To publish an authoritative EID-to-RLOC mapping with a Map-Server, an
   ETR includes authentication data that is a hash of the message using
   pair-wise shared key.  An implementation must support use of HMAC-
   SHA-1-160 [RFC2104] and should support use of HMAC-SHA-256-128
   [RFC4634] (SHA-256 truncated to 128 bits).  Key changes are initially
   expected to be manual though a key-chaining scheme may be developed
   as a future extension of this specification.

   As noted in Section 4.2, a Map-Server should verify that all EID-
   prefixes registered by an ETR match configuration stored on the Map-
   Server.

   [LISP-SEC] defines a mechanism for providing origin authentication,
   integrity, anti-reply protection, and prevention of man-in-the-middle
   and "overclaiming" attacks on the Map-Request/Map-Reply exchange.

   While beyond the scope of securing an individual Map-Server or Map-
   Resolver, it should be noted that a BGP-based LISP+ALT network (if
   ALT is used as the mapping database infrastructure) can take
   advantage of technology being developed by the IETF SIDR working
   group or either S-BGP [I-D.murphy-bgp-secr] or soBGP
   [I-D.white-sobgparchitecture] should they be developed and widely
   deployed.























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7.  References

7.1.  Normative References

   [ALT]      Farinacci, D., Fuller, V., Meyer, D., and D. Lewis, "LISP
              Alternative Topology (LISP-ALT)",
              draft-ietf-lisp-alt-06.txt (work in progress), March 2011.

   [LISP]     Farinacci, D., Fuller, V., Meyer, D., and D. Lewis,
              "Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP)",
              draft-ietf-lisp-10.txt (work in progress), March 2011.

   [RFC1035]  Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and
              specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, November 1987.

   [RFC2104]  Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M., and R. Canetti, "HMAC: Keyed-
              Hashing for Message Authentication", RFC 2104,
              February 1997.

   [RFC4634]  Eastlake, D. and T. Hansen, "US Secure Hash Algorithms
              (SHA and HMAC-SHA)", RFC 4634, July 2006.

7.2.  Informative References

   [CONS]     Farinacci, D., Fuller, V., and D. Meyer, "LISP-CONS: A
              Content distribution Overlay Network Service for LISP",
              draft-meyer-lisp-cons-03.txt (work in progress),
              November 2007.

   [I-D.murphy-bgp-secr]
              Murphy, S., "BGP Security Analysis",
              draft-murphy-bgp-secr-04 (work in progress),
              November 2001.

   [I-D.white-sobgparchitecture]
              White, R., "Architecture and Deployment Considerations for
              Secure Origin BGP (soBGP)",
              draft-white-sobgparchitecture-00 (work in progress),
              May 2004.

   [LISP-MN]  Farinacci, D., Fuller, V., Meyer, D., and D. Lewis, "LISP
              Mobile Node Architecture", draft-meyer-lisp-mn-04.txt
              (work in progress), February 2011.

   [LISP-SEC]
              Maino, F., Ermagan, V., Cabellos, A., Sanchez, D., and O.
              Bonaventure, "LISP-Security", draft-maino-lisp-sec-00.txt
              (work in progress), March 2011.



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   [NERD]     Lear, E., "NERD: A Not-so-novel EID to RLOC Database",
              draft-lear-lisp-nerd-08.txt (work in progress),
              March 2010.
















































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Appendix A.  Acknowledgments

   The authors would like to thank Greg Schudel, Darrel Lewis, John
   Zwiebel, Andrew Partan, Dave Meyer, Isidor Kouvelas, Jesper Skriver,
   Fabio Maino, and members of the lisp@ietf.org mailing list for their
   feedback and helpful suggestions.

   Special thanks are due to Noel Chiappa for his extensive work on
   caching with LISP-CONS, some of which may be used by Map-Resolvers.










































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Authors' Addresses

   Vince Fuller
   cisco Systems
   Tasman Drive
   San Jose, CA  95134
   USA

   Email: vaf@cisco.com


   Dino   Farinacci
   cisco Systems
   Tasman Drive
   San Jose, CA  95134
   USA

   Email: dino@cisco.com

































Fuller & Farinacci      Expires September 5, 2011              [Page 16]



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	Title           : Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP)
	Author(s)       : D. Farinacci, et al.
	Filename        : draft-ietf-lisp-10.txt
	Pages           : 84
	Date            : 2011-03-04

This draft describes a network-based protocol that enables separation
of IP addresses into two new numbering spaces: Endpoint Identifiers
(EIDs) and Routing Locators (RLOCs).  No changes are required to
either host protocol stacks or to the "core" of the Internet
infrastructure.  LISP can be incrementally deployed, without a "flag
day", and offers traffic engineering, multi-homing, and mobility
benefits even to early adopters, when there are relatively few LISP-
capable sites.

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--NextPart

A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts directories.
This draft is a work item of the Locator/ID Separation Protocol Working Group of the IETF.


	Title           : LISP Alternative Topology (LISP+ALT)
	Author(s)       : V. Fuller, et al.
	Filename        : draft-ietf-lisp-alt-06.txt
	Pages           : 28
	Date            : 2011-03-04

This document describes a simple mapping database to be used by the
Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP) to find Endpoint Identifier
(EID) to Routing Locator (RLOC) mappings.  Termed the Alternative
Logical Topology (ALT), the database is built as an overlay network
on the public Internet using the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) and
the Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE).  Using these proven
protocols, the ALT can be built and deployed relatively quickly
without major changes to the existing routing infrastructure.

A URL for this Internet-Draft is:
http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-lisp-alt-06.txt

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From vaf@cisco.com  Fri Mar  4 10:32:04 2011
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From: Vince Fuller <vaf@cisco.com>
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FYI. No content changes, only updates to the references.

	--Vince

----- Forwarded message from IETF I-D Submission Tool <idsubmission@ietf.org> -----

Date: Fri,  4 Mar 2011 10:29:58 -0800 (PST)
From: IETF I-D Submission Tool <idsubmission@ietf.org>
To: vaf@cisco.com
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A new version of I-D, draft-ietf-lisp-alt-06.txt has been successfully submitted by Vince Fuller and posted to the IETF repository.

Filename:	 draft-ietf-lisp-alt
Revision:	 06
Title:		 LISP Alternative Topology (LISP+ALT)
Creation_date:	 2011-03-04
WG ID:		 lisp
Number_of_pages: 28

Abstract:
This document describes a simple mapping database to be used by the
Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP) to find Endpoint Identifier
(EID) to Routing Locator (RLOC) mappings.  Termed the Alternative
Logical Topology (ALT), the database is built as an overlay network
on the public Internet using the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) and
the Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE).  Using these proven
protocols, the ALT can be built and deployed relatively quickly
without major changes to the existing routing infrastructure.
                                                                                  


The IETF Secretariat.


----- End forwarded message -----

From dino@cisco.com  Fri Mar  4 16:38:14 2011
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From: Dino Farinacci <dino@cisco.com>
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Subject: [lisp] Fwd: I-D Action:draft-maino-lisp-sec-00.txt
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A proposed mechanism to deal with over-claiming attacks. This document  
is consistent with the general description of security encodings  
referred to in draft-ietf-lisp-10 and draft-ietf-lisp-ms-07.

We are asking chairs for a slot to present this in Prague.

Thanks,
Dino

Begin forwarded message:

> From: Dino Farinacci <farinacci@gmail.com>
> Date: March 4, 2011 4:36:15 PM PST
> To: Dino Farinacci <dino@cisco.com>
> Subject: Fwd: I-D Action:draft-maino-lisp-sec-00.txt
>
>
>
> Begin forwarded message:
>
>> From: Internet-Drafts@ietf.org
>> Date: March 4, 2011 3:30:01 PM PST
>> To: i-d-announce@ietf.org
>> Subject: I-D Action:draft-maino-lisp-sec-00.txt
>> Reply-To: internet-drafts@ietf.org
>>
>> A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts  
>> directories.
>>
>> 	Title           : LISP-Security (LISP-SEC)
>> 	Author(s)       : F. Maino, et al.
>> 	Filename        : draft-maino-lisp-sec-00.txt
>> 	Pages           : 17
>> 	Date            : 2011-03-04
>>
>> This memo specifies LISP-SEC, a set of security mechanisms that
>> provide origin authentication, integrity and anti-replay protection
>> to LISP's EID-to-RLOC mapping data.  LISP-SEC also enables
>> verification of authorization on EID prefix claims.
>>
>> A URL for this Internet-Draft is:
>> http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-maino-lisp-sec-00.txt
>>
>> Internet-Drafts are also available by anonymous FTP at:
>> ftp://ftp.ietf.org/internet-drafts/
>>
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>> Internet-Draft.
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> &gt;<BR><BR>
>>
>> _______________________________________________
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>> I-D-Announce@ietf.org
>> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/i-d-announce
>> Internet-Draft directories: http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html
>> or ftp://ftp.ietf.org/ietf/1shadow-sites.txt
>


From terry.manderson@icann.org  Tue Mar  8 17:54:27 2011
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From: Terry Manderson <terry.manderson@icann.org>
To: "lisp@ietf.org" <lisp@ietf.org>
Date: Tue, 8 Mar 2011 17:55:39 -0800
Thread-Topic: Prague, and important dates.
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Hi Folks,

<insert some quip about wearing WG paraphernalia>

I'm sure you are all aware that the agenda puts us mid-week in the 1300-150=
0
Afternoon Session I on Wednesday the 30th March.

Given that we are a few days off needing a WG agenda, please email me agend=
a
items if you haven't already done so.

Cheers
Terry


On 8/02/11 10:13 AM, "Terry" <terry.manderson@icann.org> wrote:

> Hi All,
>=20
> Workgroup co-chair motorcycle helmet =3D on.
>=20
> As you may be aware the IETF Prague meeting is barely 6 weeks away.
>=20
> Joel and I have submitted the request for a session and as soon as we hav=
e an
> idea on the session timing we will let you know for your travel schedulin=
g. It
> also needs to be said that workgroups can fall on any day from Monday thr=
ough
> to Friday inclusive, and the IETF agenda is subject to change.
>=20
> The following dates may be important to you:
>=20
> *2011-02-24 (Thursday): Preliminary agenda published for comment.
> *2011-02-28 (Monday): Cutoff date for requests to reschedule Working
> Group and BOF meetings 17:00 PT (01:00 Tuesday, March 1 UTC).
> *2011-02-28 (Monday): Working Group Chair approval for initial document
> (Version -00) submissions appreciated by 17:00 PT (01:00 Tuesday, March 1
> UTC).
> *2011-03-04 (Friday): Final agenda to be published.
> *2011-03-16 (Wednesday): Draft Working Group agendas due by 17:00 PT
> (01:00 Thursday, March 17 UTC).
> *2011-03-21 (Monday): Revised Working Group agendas due by 17:00 PT
> (01:00 Tuesday, March 22 UTC).
>=20
> As yet I am NOT willing to accept requests for speaking slots, that call =
will
> come soon. However this is fair warning that 'no draft =3D=3D no slot' an=
d the
> STRONG preference is for on-charter items only.
>=20
> Cheers
> Terry


From mperesse@corp.free.fr  Wed Mar  9 07:05:09 2011
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Date: Wed, 9 Mar 2011 16:06:13 +0100 (CET)
From: Mathieu Peresse <mperesse@corp.free.fr>
To: lisp@ietf.org
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Subject: Re: [lisp] I-D Action:draft-ietf-lisp-10.txt
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Hi all,

I'm Mathieu, I'm new to the list. I'm currently evaluating the LISP at my company...
Always happy to contribute when I have the opportunity so here I am :)

----- Internet-Drafts@ietf.org wrote:

> A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts
> directories.
> This draft is a work item of the Locator/ID Separation Protocol
> Working Group of the IETF.

FYI, the URL given in [AFI] is broken ATM (http://www.iana.org/numbers.html).
I found this valid URL which seems to have the same info: http://www.iana.org/assignments/address-family-numbers/address-family-numbers.txt


Regards,

-- 
Mathieu

From dino@cisco.com  Wed Mar  9 09:27:37 2011
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Thanks Mathieu, I will fix in the next rev.

Dino

On Mar 9, 2011, at 7:06 AM, Mathieu Peresse wrote:

> Hi all,
>
> I'm Mathieu, I'm new to the list. I'm currently evaluating the LISP  
> at my company...
> Always happy to contribute when I have the opportunity so here I am :)
>
> ----- Internet-Drafts@ietf.org wrote:
>
>> A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts
>> directories.
>> This draft is a work item of the Locator/ID Separation Protocol
>> Working Group of the IETF.
>
> FYI, the URL given in [AFI] is broken ATM (http://www.iana.org/numbers.html 
> ).
> I found this valid URL which seems to have the same info: http://www.iana.org/assignments/address-family-numbers/address-family-numbers.txt
>
>
> Regards,
>
> -- 
> Mathieu
> _______________________________________________
> lisp mailing list
> lisp@ietf.org
> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/lisp


From terry.manderson@icann.org  Wed Mar  9 16:11:53 2011
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From: Terry Manderson <terry.manderson@icann.org>
To: Dino Farinacci <dino@cisco.com>, "lisp@ietf.org" <lisp@ietf.org>
Date: Wed, 9 Mar 2011 16:13:06 -0800
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Thanks Dino,

Its been 6 days since this item was uploaded - I am floored that it hasn't
generated _any_ response from the WG. Please WG, review this document as it
is important.

So taking off the co-chair hat.

The document appears to address the communications between ITR, map server,
and ETR by adding a layer of integrity to the ECM.

And later in the document, the SIDR working group is identified as the plac=
e
to deal with the BGP in LISP+ALT.

I didn't see it, and maybe I missed it. What actions does a map-server (or
map server operator) take to confirm that the entity registering at a map
server has the right to present the EID in question? It may be that we
simply have differing ideas of 'origination' and potentially this is
covered.

Cheers
Terry


On 5/03/11 10:39 AM, "Dino Farinacci" <dino@cisco.com> wrote:

> A proposed mechanism to deal with over-claiming attacks. This document
> is consistent with the general description of security encodings
> referred to in draft-ietf-lisp-10 and draft-ietf-lisp-ms-07.
>=20
> We are asking chairs for a slot to present this in Prague.
>=20
> Thanks,
> Dino
>=20
> Begin forwarded message:
>=20
>> From: Dino Farinacci <farinacci@gmail.com>
>> Date: March 4, 2011 4:36:15 PM PST
>> To: Dino Farinacci <dino@cisco.com>
>> Subject: Fwd: I-D Action:draft-maino-lisp-sec-00.txt
>>=20
>>=20
>>=20
>> Begin forwarded message:
>>=20
>>> From: Internet-Drafts@ietf.org
>>> Date: March 4, 2011 3:30:01 PM PST
>>> To: i-d-announce@ietf.org
>>> Subject: I-D Action:draft-maino-lisp-sec-00.txt
>>> Reply-To: internet-drafts@ietf.org
>>>=20
>>> A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts
>>> directories.
>>>=20
>>>      Title           : LISP-Security (LISP-SEC)
>>>      Author(s)       : F. Maino, et al.
>>>      Filename        : draft-maino-lisp-sec-00.txt
>>>      Pages           : 17
>>>      Date            : 2011-03-04
>>>=20
>>> This memo specifies LISP-SEC, a set of security mechanisms that
>>> provide origin authentication, integrity and anti-replay protection
>>> to LISP's EID-to-RLOC mapping data.  LISP-SEC also enables
>>> verification of authorization on EID prefix claims.
>>>=20
>>> A URL for this Internet-Draft is:
>>> http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-maino-lisp-sec-00.txt
>>>=20
>>> Internet-Drafts are also available by anonymous FTP at:
>>> ftp://ftp.ietf.org/internet-drafts/
>>>=20
>>> Below is the data which will enable a MIME compliant mail reader
>>> implementation to automatically retrieve the ASCII version of the
>>> Internet-Draft.
>> Content-Type: text/plain<BR>Content-ID: &lt;2011-03-04152104.I-D@ietf.or=
g
>> &gt;<BR><BR>
>>>=20
>>> _______________________________________________
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>>> I-D-Announce@ietf.org
>>> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/i-d-announce
>>> Internet-Draft directories: http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html
>>> or ftp://ftp.ietf.org/ietf/1shadow-sites.txt
>>=20
>=20
> _______________________________________________
> lisp mailing list
> lisp@ietf.org
> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/lisp


From dino@cisco.com  Wed Mar  9 16:34:44 2011
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> Thanks Dino,
>
> Its been 6 days since this item was uploaded - I am floored that it  
> hasn't
> generated _any_ response from the WG. Please WG, review this  
> document as it
> is important.
>
> So taking off the co-chair hat.
>
> The document appears to address the communications between ITR, map  
> server,
> and ETR by adding a layer of integrity to the ECM.
>
> And later in the document, the SIDR working group is identified as  
> the place
> to deal with the BGP in LISP+ALT.
>
> I didn't see it, and maybe I missed it. What actions does a map- 
> server (or
> map server operator) take to confirm that the entity registering at  
> a map
> server has the right to present the EID in question? It may be that we

This is in the draft-ietf-lisp-ms-06 draft. It indicates that there is  
a business arrangement/transaction between the site and the Mapping  
Service Provider. When the locator-set is known by the site and the  
EID-prefix is allocated to the site, the site communicates this by non- 
protocol mechanisms with a shared-key  to the Mapping Service  
Provider. Then the EID-prefix, locator-set, shared-key is configured  
in the Map-Server device(s). Only when the site registers the exact  
EID-prefix and locator-set and signs the Map-Register and the Map- 
Server receives and verifies the ETR signature, does Map-Requests for  
EIDs covered by the registered EID-prefix get sent by the Map-Server  
to the ETRs at the site.

What the LISP-SEC adds to this is to have the Map-Server sign the EID- 
prefix registered and forces the ETR to sign its Map-Reply with a one- 
time-key the Map-Server (the trusted anchor point) chooses with no  
knowledge of the one-time-key the ITR selected. Then the ITR can  
verify that the trusted anchor point is saying the EID-prefix mask- 
length is the same that is being registered and the ETR believes the  
same for the part of the Map-Reply it signs.

Did that answer your question with too much detail?

Dino

> simply have differing ideas of 'origination' and potentially this is
> covered.
>
> Cheers
> Terry
>
>
> On 5/03/11 10:39 AM, "Dino Farinacci" <dino@cisco.com> wrote:
>
>> A proposed mechanism to deal with over-claiming attacks. This  
>> document
>> is consistent with the general description of security encodings
>> referred to in draft-ietf-lisp-10 and draft-ietf-lisp-ms-07.
>>
>> We are asking chairs for a slot to present this in Prague.
>>
>> Thanks,
>> Dino
>>
>> Begin forwarded message:
>>
>>> From: Dino Farinacci <farinacci@gmail.com>
>>> Date: March 4, 2011 4:36:15 PM PST
>>> To: Dino Farinacci <dino@cisco.com>
>>> Subject: Fwd: I-D Action:draft-maino-lisp-sec-00.txt
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>> Begin forwarded message:
>>>
>>>> From: Internet-Drafts@ietf.org
>>>> Date: March 4, 2011 3:30:01 PM PST
>>>> To: i-d-announce@ietf.org
>>>> Subject: I-D Action:draft-maino-lisp-sec-00.txt
>>>> Reply-To: internet-drafts@ietf.org
>>>>
>>>> A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts
>>>> directories.
>>>>
>>>>     Title           : LISP-Security (LISP-SEC)
>>>>     Author(s)       : F. Maino, et al.
>>>>     Filename        : draft-maino-lisp-sec-00.txt
>>>>     Pages           : 17
>>>>     Date            : 2011-03-04
>>>>
>>>> This memo specifies LISP-SEC, a set of security mechanisms that
>>>> provide origin authentication, integrity and anti-replay protection
>>>> to LISP's EID-to-RLOC mapping data.  LISP-SEC also enables
>>>> verification of authorization on EID prefix claims.
>>>>
>>>> A URL for this Internet-Draft is:
>>>> http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-maino-lisp-sec-00.txt
>>>>
>>>> Internet-Drafts are also available by anonymous FTP at:
>>>> ftp://ftp.ietf.org/internet-drafts/
>>>>
>>>> Below is the data which will enable a MIME compliant mail reader
>>>> implementation to automatically retrieve the ASCII version of the
>>>> Internet-Draft.
>>> Content-Type: text/plain<BR>Content-ID: &lt;2011-03-04152104.I-D@ietf.org
>>> &gt;<BR><BR>
>>>>
>>>> _______________________________________________
>>>> I-D-Announce mailing list
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>>>> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/i-d-announce
>>>> Internet-Draft directories: http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html
>>>> or ftp://ftp.ietf.org/ietf/1shadow-sites.txt
>>>
>>
>> _______________________________________________
>> lisp mailing list
>> lisp@ietf.org
>> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/lisp
>


From jmh@joelhalpern.com  Wed Mar  9 16:49:44 2011
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Is the ETR allowed to later update the locator-set?
What if the locator set changes between the off-line notifcation and the 
on-line registration?
Or is there a requirement that when the set of likely locators changes 
(for example by entering into a contract with a new ISP for a new link), 
there must be an off-line communication with the (all?) MS providers one 
works with?

I realize the locator set changes relatively rarely, but I am trying to 
check the implications.

Thanks,
Joel

On 3/9/2011 7:35 PM, Dino Farinacci wrote:
>> Thanks Dino,
>>
>> Its been 6 days since this item was uploaded - I am floored that it
>> hasn't
>> generated _any_ response from the WG. Please WG, review this document
>> as it
>> is important.
>>
>> So taking off the co-chair hat.
>>
>> The document appears to address the communications between ITR, map
>> server,
>> and ETR by adding a layer of integrity to the ECM.
>>
>> And later in the document, the SIDR working group is identified as the
>> place
>> to deal with the BGP in LISP+ALT.
>>
>> I didn't see it, and maybe I missed it. What actions does a map-server
>> (or
>> map server operator) take to confirm that the entity registering at a map
>> server has the right to present the EID in question? It may be that we
>
> This is in the draft-ietf-lisp-ms-06 draft. It indicates that there is a
> business arrangement/transaction between the site and the Mapping
> Service Provider. When the locator-set is known by the site and the
> EID-prefix is allocated to the site, the site communicates this by
> non-protocol mechanisms with a shared-key to the Mapping Service
> Provider. Then the EID-prefix, locator-set, shared-key is configured in
> the Map-Server device(s). Only when the site registers the exact
> EID-prefix and locator-set and signs the Map-Register and the Map-Server
> receives and verifies the ETR signature, does Map-Requests for EIDs
> covered by the registered EID-prefix get sent by the Map-Server to the
> ETRs at the site.
>
> What the LISP-SEC adds to this is to have the Map-Server sign the
> EID-prefix registered and forces the ETR to sign its Map-Reply with a
> one-time-key the Map-Server (the trusted anchor point) chooses with no
> knowledge of the one-time-key the ITR selected. Then the ITR can verify
> that the trusted anchor point is saying the EID-prefix mask-length is
> the same that is being registered and the ETR believes the same for the
> part of the Map-Reply it signs.
>
> Did that answer your question with too much detail?
>
> Dino
>
>> simply have differing ideas of 'origination' and potentially this is
>> covered.
>>
>> Cheers
>> Terry
>>
>>
>> On 5/03/11 10:39 AM, "Dino Farinacci" <dino@cisco.com> wrote:
>>
>>> A proposed mechanism to deal with over-claiming attacks. This document
>>> is consistent with the general description of security encodings
>>> referred to in draft-ietf-lisp-10 and draft-ietf-lisp-ms-07.
>>>
>>> We are asking chairs for a slot to present this in Prague.
>>>
>>> Thanks,
>>> Dino
>>>
>>> Begin forwarded message:
>>>
>>>> From: Dino Farinacci <farinacci@gmail.com>
>>>> Date: March 4, 2011 4:36:15 PM PST
>>>> To: Dino Farinacci <dino@cisco.com>
>>>> Subject: Fwd: I-D Action:draft-maino-lisp-sec-00.txt
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> Begin forwarded message:
>>>>
>>>>> From: Internet-Drafts@ietf.org
>>>>> Date: March 4, 2011 3:30:01 PM PST
>>>>> To: i-d-announce@ietf.org
>>>>> Subject: I-D Action:draft-maino-lisp-sec-00.txt
>>>>> Reply-To: internet-drafts@ietf.org
>>>>>
>>>>> A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts
>>>>> directories.
>>>>>
>>>>> Title : LISP-Security (LISP-SEC)
>>>>> Author(s) : F. Maino, et al.
>>>>> Filename : draft-maino-lisp-sec-00.txt
>>>>> Pages : 17
>>>>> Date : 2011-03-04
>>>>>
>>>>> This memo specifies LISP-SEC, a set of security mechanisms that
>>>>> provide origin authentication, integrity and anti-replay protection
>>>>> to LISP's EID-to-RLOC mapping data. LISP-SEC also enables
>>>>> verification of authorization on EID prefix claims.
>>>>>
>>>>> A URL for this Internet-Draft is:
>>>>> http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-maino-lisp-sec-00.txt
>>>>>
>>>>> Internet-Drafts are also available by anonymous FTP at:
>>>>> ftp://ftp.ietf.org/internet-drafts/
>>>>>
>>>>> Below is the data which will enable a MIME compliant mail reader
>>>>> implementation to automatically retrieve the ASCII version of the
>>>>> Internet-Draft.
>>>> Content-Type: text/plain<BR>Content-ID:
>>>> &lt;2011-03-04152104.I-D@ietf.org
>>>> &gt;<BR><BR>
>>>>>
>>>>> _______________________________________________
>>>>> I-D-Announce mailing list
>>>>> I-D-Announce@ietf.org
>>>>> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/i-d-announce
>>>>> Internet-Draft directories: http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html
>>>>> or ftp://ftp.ietf.org/ietf/1shadow-sites.txt
>>>>
>>>
>>> _______________________________________________
>>> lisp mailing list
>>> lisp@ietf.org
>>> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/lisp
>>
>
> _______________________________________________
> lisp mailing list
> lisp@ietf.org
> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/lisp
>

From terry.manderson@icann.org  Wed Mar  9 17:06:40 2011
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From: Terry Manderson <terry.manderson@icann.org>
To: Dino Farinacci <dino@cisco.com>
Date: Wed, 9 Mar 2011 17:07:53 -0800
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Still no wg-chair garb.


On 10/03/11 10:35 AM, "Dino Farinacci" <dino@cisco.com> wrote:

>=20
> This is in the draft-ietf-lisp-ms-06 draft. It indicates that there is
> a business arrangement/transaction between the site and the Mapping

Right, an in particular when I saw "origination" in the maino document and
reflecting on these sentences in LISP-MS:

  " While this check is not mandatory, it is
   strongly encouraged as a failure to so leaves the mapping system
   vulnerable to simple EID-prefix hijacking attacks.  As developers and
   users gain experience with the mapping system, additional, stronger
   security measures may be added to the registration process."

My mind raced to a point further than what the maino-lisp-sec document
covers. Perhaps review what 'origination' means in maino-lisp-sec compared
to the current school of thought on route origination vs the LISP collectiv=
e
thought on EID to RLOC origination and the ground work needed to confirm an
entity has the right to originate an EID, for what period of time, and if
any preconditions need to exist.

Or perhaps alternatively note in the security considerations that
maino-lisp-sec doesn't cover the registration process, or variances thereof=
.

Cheers
Terry


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> Is the ETR allowed to later update the locator-set?

Yes, the Map-Server can be configured with no locator-set or an  
"allowed-list" of locators which can be a superset of what is  
currently being registered.

> What if the locator set changes between the off-line notifcation and  
> the on-line registration?

If the policy is strict in the Map-Server then the registration is not  
accepted. This allows the mapping system to decide how *mobile* the  
EID-prefix can be.

> Or is there a requirement that when the set of likely locators  
> changes (for example by entering into a contract with a new ISP for  
> a new link), there must be an off-line communication with the (all?)  
> MS providers one works with?

Depends on how loose the policy is in the map-servers.

Dino

> I realize the locator set changes relatively rarely, but I am trying  
> to check the implications.
>
> Thanks,
> Joel
>
> On 3/9/2011 7:35 PM, Dino Farinacci wrote:
>>> Thanks Dino,
>>>
>>> Its been 6 days since this item was uploaded - I am floored that it
>>> hasn't
>>> generated _any_ response from the WG. Please WG, review this  
>>> document
>>> as it
>>> is important.
>>>
>>> So taking off the co-chair hat.
>>>
>>> The document appears to address the communications between ITR, map
>>> server,
>>> and ETR by adding a layer of integrity to the ECM.
>>>
>>> And later in the document, the SIDR working group is identified as  
>>> the
>>> place
>>> to deal with the BGP in LISP+ALT.
>>>
>>> I didn't see it, and maybe I missed it. What actions does a map- 
>>> server
>>> (or
>>> map server operator) take to confirm that the entity registering  
>>> at a map
>>> server has the right to present the EID in question? It may be  
>>> that we
>>
>> This is in the draft-ietf-lisp-ms-06 draft. It indicates that there  
>> is a
>> business arrangement/transaction between the site and the Mapping
>> Service Provider. When the locator-set is known by the site and the
>> EID-prefix is allocated to the site, the site communicates this by
>> non-protocol mechanisms with a shared-key to the Mapping Service
>> Provider. Then the EID-prefix, locator-set, shared-key is  
>> configured in
>> the Map-Server device(s). Only when the site registers the exact
>> EID-prefix and locator-set and signs the Map-Register and the Map- 
>> Server
>> receives and verifies the ETR signature, does Map-Requests for EIDs
>> covered by the registered EID-prefix get sent by the Map-Server to  
>> the
>> ETRs at the site.
>>
>> What the LISP-SEC adds to this is to have the Map-Server sign the
>> EID-prefix registered and forces the ETR to sign its Map-Reply with a
>> one-time-key the Map-Server (the trusted anchor point) chooses with  
>> no
>> knowledge of the one-time-key the ITR selected. Then the ITR can  
>> verify
>> that the trusted anchor point is saying the EID-prefix mask-length is
>> the same that is being registered and the ETR believes the same for  
>> the
>> part of the Map-Reply it signs.
>>
>> Did that answer your question with too much detail?
>>
>> Dino
>>
>>> simply have differing ideas of 'origination' and potentially this is
>>> covered.
>>>
>>> Cheers
>>> Terry
>>>
>>>
>>> On 5/03/11 10:39 AM, "Dino Farinacci" <dino@cisco.com> wrote:
>>>
>>>> A proposed mechanism to deal with over-claiming attacks. This  
>>>> document
>>>> is consistent with the general description of security encodings
>>>> referred to in draft-ietf-lisp-10 and draft-ietf-lisp-ms-07.
>>>>
>>>> We are asking chairs for a slot to present this in Prague.
>>>>
>>>> Thanks,
>>>> Dino
>>>>
>>>> Begin forwarded message:
>>>>
>>>>> From: Dino Farinacci <farinacci@gmail.com>
>>>>> Date: March 4, 2011 4:36:15 PM PST
>>>>> To: Dino Farinacci <dino@cisco.com>
>>>>> Subject: Fwd: I-D Action:draft-maino-lisp-sec-00.txt
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>> Begin forwarded message:
>>>>>
>>>>>> From: Internet-Drafts@ietf.org
>>>>>> Date: March 4, 2011 3:30:01 PM PST
>>>>>> To: i-d-announce@ietf.org
>>>>>> Subject: I-D Action:draft-maino-lisp-sec-00.txt
>>>>>> Reply-To: internet-drafts@ietf.org
>>>>>>
>>>>>> A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet- 
>>>>>> Drafts
>>>>>> directories.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Title : LISP-Security (LISP-SEC)
>>>>>> Author(s) : F. Maino, et al.
>>>>>> Filename : draft-maino-lisp-sec-00.txt
>>>>>> Pages : 17
>>>>>> Date : 2011-03-04
>>>>>>
>>>>>> This memo specifies LISP-SEC, a set of security mechanisms that
>>>>>> provide origin authentication, integrity and anti-replay  
>>>>>> protection
>>>>>> to LISP's EID-to-RLOC mapping data. LISP-SEC also enables
>>>>>> verification of authorization on EID prefix claims.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> A URL for this Internet-Draft is:
>>>>>> http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-maino-lisp-sec-00.txt
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Internet-Drafts are also available by anonymous FTP at:
>>>>>> ftp://ftp.ietf.org/internet-drafts/
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Below is the data which will enable a MIME compliant mail reader
>>>>>> implementation to automatically retrieve the ASCII version of the
>>>>>> Internet-Draft.
>>>>> Content-Type: text/plain<BR>Content-ID:
>>>>> &lt;2011-03-04152104.I-D@ietf.org
>>>>> &gt;<BR><BR>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> _______________________________________________
>>>>>> I-D-Announce mailing list
>>>>>> I-D-Announce@ietf.org
>>>>>> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/i-d-announce
>>>>>> Internet-Draft directories: http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html
>>>>>> or ftp://ftp.ietf.org/ietf/1shadow-sites.txt
>>>>>
>>>>
>>>> _______________________________________________
>>>> lisp mailing list
>>>> lisp@ietf.org
>>>> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/lisp
>>>
>>
>> _______________________________________________
>> lisp mailing list
>> lisp@ietf.org
>> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/lisp
>>


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> Still no wg-chair garb.
>
>
> On 10/03/11 10:35 AM, "Dino Farinacci" <dino@cisco.com> wrote:
>
>>
>> This is in the draft-ietf-lisp-ms-06 draft. It indicates that there  
>> is
>> a business arrangement/transaction between the site and the Mapping
>
> Right, an in particular when I saw "origination" in the maino  
> document and
> reflecting on these sentences in LISP-MS:
>
>  " While this check is not mandatory, it is
>   strongly encouraged as a failure to so leaves the mapping system
>   vulnerable to simple EID-prefix hijacking attacks.  As developers  
> and
>   users gain experience with the mapping system, additional, stronger
>   security measures may be added to the registration process."
>
> My mind raced to a point further than what the maino-lisp-sec document
> covers. Perhaps review what 'origination' means in maino-lisp-sec  
> compared
> to the current school of thought on route origination vs the LISP  
> collective
> thought on EID to RLOC origination and the ground work needed to  
> confirm an
> entity has the right to originate an EID, for what period of time,  
> and if
> any preconditions need to exist.
>
> Or perhaps alternatively note in the security considerations that
> maino-lisp-sec doesn't cover the registration process, or variances  
> thereof.

That is correct. The spec's main objective is to provide integrity of  
the contents in a Map-Reply message.

Dino

>
> Cheers
> Terry
>


From fmaino@cisco.com  Wed Mar  9 17:18:03 2011
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On 3/9/11 5:13 PM, Dino Farinacci wrote:
>> Still no wg-chair garb.
>>
>>
>> On 10/03/11 10:35 AM, "Dino Farinacci" <dino@cisco.com> wrote:
>>
>>>
>>> This is in the draft-ietf-lisp-ms-06 draft. It indicates that there is
>>> a business arrangement/transaction between the site and the Mapping
>>
>> Right, an in particular when I saw "origination" in the maino 
>> document and
>> reflecting on these sentences in LISP-MS:
>>
>>  " While this check is not mandatory, it is
>>   strongly encouraged as a failure to so leaves the mapping system
>>   vulnerable to simple EID-prefix hijacking attacks.  As developers and
>>   users gain experience with the mapping system, additional, stronger
>>   security measures may be added to the registration process."
>>
>> My mind raced to a point further than what the maino-lisp-sec document
>> covers. Perhaps review what 'origination' means in maino-lisp-sec 
>> compared
>> to the current school of thought on route origination vs the LISP 
>> collective
>> thought on EID to RLOC origination and the ground work needed to 
>> confirm an
>> entity has the right to originate an EID, for what period of time, 
>> and if
>> any preconditions need to exist.
>>
>> Or perhaps alternatively note in the security considerations that
>> maino-lisp-sec doesn't cover the registration process, or variances 
>> thereof.
>
> That is correct. The spec's main objective is to provide integrity of 
> the contents in a Map-Reply message.

Agree. We intentionally left the security of the registration process 
out of the scope of the document. As Dino said today EID-prefix 
authorization is done by configuration.

We'll add the note on registration to the security section.

Fabio



>
> Dino
>
>>
>> Cheers
>> Terry
>>
>
> _______________________________________________
> lisp mailing list
> lisp@ietf.org
> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/lisp
>


-- 
Fabio Maino
fmaino@cisco.com

For corporate legal information go to:
http://www.cisco.com/web/about/doing_business/legal/cri/index.html


From jmh@joelhalpern.com  Wed Mar  9 17:24:20 2011
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Reasonable.  But we probably need to say this somewhere.
(And I apologize if it already says it and I missed it.)
Yours,
Joel

On 3/9/2011 8:09 PM, Dino Farinacci wrote:
>> Is the ETR allowed to later update the locator-set?
>
> Yes, the Map-Server can be configured with no locator-set or an
> "allowed-list" of locators which can be a superset of what is currently
> being registered.
>
>> What if the locator set changes between the off-line notifcation and
>> the on-line registration?
>
> If the policy is strict in the Map-Server then the registration is not
> accepted. This allows the mapping system to decide how *mobile* the
> EID-prefix can be.
>
>> Or is there a requirement that when the set of likely locators changes
>> (for example by entering into a contract with a new ISP for a new
>> link), there must be an off-line communication with the (all?) MS
>> providers one works with?
>
> Depends on how loose the policy is in the map-servers.
>
> Dino
>
>> I realize the locator set changes relatively rarely, but I am trying
>> to check the implications.
>>
>> Thanks,
>> Joel
>>
>> On 3/9/2011 7:35 PM, Dino Farinacci wrote:
>>>> Thanks Dino,
>>>>
>>>> Its been 6 days since this item was uploaded - I am floored that it
>>>> hasn't
>>>> generated _any_ response from the WG. Please WG, review this document
>>>> as it
>>>> is important.
>>>>
>>>> So taking off the co-chair hat.
>>>>
>>>> The document appears to address the communications between ITR, map
>>>> server,
>>>> and ETR by adding a layer of integrity to the ECM.
>>>>
>>>> And later in the document, the SIDR working group is identified as the
>>>> place
>>>> to deal with the BGP in LISP+ALT.
>>>>
>>>> I didn't see it, and maybe I missed it. What actions does a map-server
>>>> (or
>>>> map server operator) take to confirm that the entity registering at
>>>> a map
>>>> server has the right to present the EID in question? It may be that we
>>>
>>> This is in the draft-ietf-lisp-ms-06 draft. It indicates that there is a
>>> business arrangement/transaction between the site and the Mapping
>>> Service Provider. When the locator-set is known by the site and the
>>> EID-prefix is allocated to the site, the site communicates this by
>>> non-protocol mechanisms with a shared-key to the Mapping Service
>>> Provider. Then the EID-prefix, locator-set, shared-key is configured in
>>> the Map-Server device(s). Only when the site registers the exact
>>> EID-prefix and locator-set and signs the Map-Register and the Map-Server
>>> receives and verifies the ETR signature, does Map-Requests for EIDs
>>> covered by the registered EID-prefix get sent by the Map-Server to the
>>> ETRs at the site.
>>>
>>> What the LISP-SEC adds to this is to have the Map-Server sign the
>>> EID-prefix registered and forces the ETR to sign its Map-Reply with a
>>> one-time-key the Map-Server (the trusted anchor point) chooses with no
>>> knowledge of the one-time-key the ITR selected. Then the ITR can verify
>>> that the trusted anchor point is saying the EID-prefix mask-length is
>>> the same that is being registered and the ETR believes the same for the
>>> part of the Map-Reply it signs.
>>>
>>> Did that answer your question with too much detail?
>>>
>>> Dino
>>>
>>>> simply have differing ideas of 'origination' and potentially this is
>>>> covered.
>>>>
>>>> Cheers
>>>> Terry
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> On 5/03/11 10:39 AM, "Dino Farinacci" <dino@cisco.com> wrote:
>>>>
>>>>> A proposed mechanism to deal with over-claiming attacks. This document
>>>>> is consistent with the general description of security encodings
>>>>> referred to in draft-ietf-lisp-10 and draft-ietf-lisp-ms-07.
>>>>>
>>>>> We are asking chairs for a slot to present this in Prague.
>>>>>
>>>>> Thanks,
>>>>> Dino
>>>>>
>>>>> Begin forwarded message:
>>>>>
>>>>>> From: Dino Farinacci <farinacci@gmail.com>
>>>>>> Date: March 4, 2011 4:36:15 PM PST
>>>>>> To: Dino Farinacci <dino@cisco.com>
>>>>>> Subject: Fwd: I-D Action:draft-maino-lisp-sec-00.txt
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Begin forwarded message:
>>>>>>
>>>>>>> From: Internet-Drafts@ietf.org
>>>>>>> Date: March 4, 2011 3:30:01 PM PST
>>>>>>> To: i-d-announce@ietf.org
>>>>>>> Subject: I-D Action:draft-maino-lisp-sec-00.txt
>>>>>>> Reply-To: internet-drafts@ietf.org
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts
>>>>>>> directories.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Title : LISP-Security (LISP-SEC)
>>>>>>> Author(s) : F. Maino, et al.
>>>>>>> Filename : draft-maino-lisp-sec-00.txt
>>>>>>> Pages : 17
>>>>>>> Date : 2011-03-04
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> This memo specifies LISP-SEC, a set of security mechanisms that
>>>>>>> provide origin authentication, integrity and anti-replay protection
>>>>>>> to LISP's EID-to-RLOC mapping data. LISP-SEC also enables
>>>>>>> verification of authorization on EID prefix claims.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> A URL for this Internet-Draft is:
>>>>>>> http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-maino-lisp-sec-00.txt
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Internet-Drafts are also available by anonymous FTP at:
>>>>>>> ftp://ftp.ietf.org/internet-drafts/
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Below is the data which will enable a MIME compliant mail reader
>>>>>>> implementation to automatically retrieve the ASCII version of the
>>>>>>> Internet-Draft.
>>>>>> Content-Type: text/plain<BR>Content-ID:
>>>>>> &lt;2011-03-04152104.I-D@ietf.org
>>>>>> &gt;<BR><BR>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> _______________________________________________
>>>>>>> I-D-Announce mailing list
>>>>>>> I-D-Announce@ietf.org
>>>>>>> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/i-d-announce
>>>>>>> Internet-Draft directories: http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html
>>>>>>> or ftp://ftp.ietf.org/ietf/1shadow-sites.txt
>>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>> _______________________________________________
>>>>> lisp mailing list
>>>>> lisp@ietf.org
>>>>> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/lisp
>>>>
>>>
>>> _______________________________________________
>>> lisp mailing list
>>> lisp@ietf.org
>>> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/lisp
>>>
>
>

From mperesse@corp.free.fr  Thu Mar 10 01:39:33 2011
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From: Mathieu Peresse <mperesse@corp.free.fr>
To: Gregg Schudel <gschudel@cisco.com>
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Hi Greg, Joel,

----- "Gregg Schudel" <gschudel@cisco.com> wrote:
 
> I just wanted to get clarification from you. Was your interest in
> "contributing" to provide the typo/info below? or was it to get
> involved in the LISP Beta network and get some hands-on
> experience w/ LISP?
> 

thank you for your interest.

We will use LISP internally for our mobile (3GPP) network. To put it briefly, we are
implementing [a subset of] it in our CPE boxes, to connect NodeBs to the mobile core network. 
This mobile network will be an "overlay" (with a separate address space) network on top of the Free.fr core network.

We don't have plans to participate in the LISP Beta network for now.

Regards,

-- 
Mathieu

From gschudel@cisco.com  Thu Mar 10 07:12:45 2011
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Much Thanks Mathieu
  --

cheers
gregg



On 3/10/11 1:40 AM, Mathieu Peresse wrote:
> Hi Greg, Joel,
>
> ----- "Gregg Schudel"<gschudel@cisco.com>  wrote:
>
>> I just wanted to get clarification from you. Was your interest in
>> "contributing" to provide the typo/info below? or was it to get
>> involved in the LISP Beta network and get some hands-on
>> experience w/ LISP?
>>
>
> thank you for your interest.
>
> We will use LISP internally for our mobile (3GPP) network. To put it briefly, we are
> implementing [a subset of] it in our CPE boxes, to connect NodeBs to the mobile core network.
> This mobile network will be an "overlay" (with a separate address space) network on top of the Free.fr core network.
>
> We don't have plans to participate in the LISP Beta network for now.
>
> Regards,
>

From vaf@cisco.com  Thu Mar 10 23:36:32 2011
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Date: Thu, 10 Mar 2011 23:37:47 -0800
From: Vince Fuller <vaf@cisco.com>
To: "Joel M. Halpern" <jmh@joelhalpern.com>
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On Wed, Mar 09, 2011 at 08:25:33PM -0500, Joel M. Halpern wrote:
> Reasonable.  But we probably need to say this somewhere.
> (And I apologize if it already says it and I missed it.)

As I understand it, this comment is in the context of asking what checks
a Map-Server is expected to perform on the information presented to it by
an ETR in a Map-Register message. The current spec says:

4.2.  ETR/Map-Server EID Prefix Registration

   An ETR publishes its EID-prefixes on a Map-Server by sending LISP
   Map-Register messages.  A Map-Register message includes
   authentication data, so prior to sending a Map-Register message, the
   ETR and Map-Server must be configured with a secret shared-key.  A
   Map-Server's configuration should also include a list of the EID-
   prefixes for which each ETR is authoratative and should verify that a
   Map-Register received from an ETR only contain EID-prefixes that are
   associated with that ETR.  While this check is not mandatory, it is
   strongly encouraged as a failure to so leaves the mapping system
   vulnerable to simple EID-prefix hijacking attacks.  As developers and
   users gain experience with the mapping system, additional, stronger
   security measures may be added to the registration process.

The expectation being that a Map-Server will be configured with the list
of EIDs that a particular ETR is permitted to register. When a Map-Register
message is received from an ETR RLOC, the Map-Server will verify that the
EIDs for which it is attempting to register a mapping are in the list of
EIDs configured for that ETR.

Is this not sufficiently clear?

	--Vince

From Internet-Drafts@ietf.org  Fri Mar 11 02:30:03 2011
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--NextPart

A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts directories.
This draft is a work item of the Locator/ID Separation Protocol Working Group of the IETF.


	Title           : LISP Map-Versioning
	Author(s)       : L. Iannone, et al.
	Filename        : draft-ietf-lisp-map-versioning-01.txt
	Pages           : 21
	Date            : 2011-03-11

This document describes the LISP Map-Versioning mechanism, which
provides in-packet information about EID-to-RLOC mappings used to
encapsulate LISP data packets.  The proposed approach is based on
associating a version number to EID-to-RLOC mappings and transport
such a version number in the LISP specific header of LISP-
encapsulated packets.  LISP Map-Versioning is particularly useful to
inform communicating xTRs about modifications of the mappings used to
encapsulate packets.  The mechanism is transparent to legacy
implementations, since in the LISP-specific header and in the Map
Records, bits used for Map-Versioning can be safely ignored by xTRs
that do not support the mechanism.

A URL for this Internet-Draft is:
http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-lisp-map-versioning-01.txt

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ftp://ftp.ietf.org/internet-drafts/

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From jmh@joelhalpern.com  Fri Mar 11 11:04:26 2011
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What Dino described included validating more information (the list of 
RLOCs was to be included in the message and validated), and included a 
description of the tradeoff in terms of operability and security with 
regard to validating that information.
If that is what we expect, and if we understand that tradeoff, then we 
need to say so.

Yours,
Joel

On 3/11/2011 2:37 AM, Vince Fuller wrote:
> On Wed, Mar 09, 2011 at 08:25:33PM -0500, Joel M. Halpern wrote:
>> Reasonable.  But we probably need to say this somewhere.
>> (And I apologize if it already says it and I missed it.)
>
> As I understand it, this comment is in the context of asking what checks
> a Map-Server is expected to perform on the information presented to it by
> an ETR in a Map-Register message. The current spec says:
>
> 4.2.  ETR/Map-Server EID Prefix Registration
>
>     An ETR publishes its EID-prefixes on a Map-Server by sending LISP
>     Map-Register messages.  A Map-Register message includes
>     authentication data, so prior to sending a Map-Register message, the
>     ETR and Map-Server must be configured with a secret shared-key.  A
>     Map-Server's configuration should also include a list of the EID-
>     prefixes for which each ETR is authoratative and should verify that a
>     Map-Register received from an ETR only contain EID-prefixes that are
>     associated with that ETR.  While this check is not mandatory, it is
>     strongly encouraged as a failure to so leaves the mapping system
>     vulnerable to simple EID-prefix hijacking attacks.  As developers and
>     users gain experience with the mapping system, additional, stronger
>     security measures may be added to the registration process.
>
> The expectation being that a Map-Server will be configured with the list
> of EIDs that a particular ETR is permitted to register. When a Map-Register
> message is received from an ETR RLOC, the Map-Server will verify that the
> EIDs for which it is attempting to register a mapping are in the list of
> EIDs configured for that ETR.
>
> Is this not sufficiently clear?
>
> 	--Vince
>

From vaf@cisco.com  Fri Mar 11 11:41:56 2011
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From: Vince Fuller <vaf@cisco.com>
To: "Joel M. Halpern" <jmh@joelhalpern.com>
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On Fri, Mar 11, 2011 at 02:05:40PM -0500, Joel M. Halpern wrote:
> What Dino described included validating more information (the list of 
> RLOCs was to be included in the message and validated), and included a 
> description of the tradeoff in terms of operability and security with 
> regard to validating that information.
> If that is what we expect, and if we understand that tradeoff, then we 
> need to say so.

In past discussions, I recall the consensus being that it was better to err
on the side of flexibility and not require that all possible RLOCs be checked
by the Map-Server when an ETR registers.

Note that a Map-Server (unless performing proxy replies) doesn't participate
in generation or propagation of a Map-Reply so it can't validate the set
of RLOCs that an ETR returns; for that reason, it seems kind of pointless
to validate them during registration.

A separate email exchange with Dino indicated that he is OK with the
existing text; I will wait one more day before submitting MS-07 through
the Internet Drafts tool in case he wants me to change this.

	--Vince

From jmh@joelhalpern.com  Fri Mar 11 11:51:05 2011
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Subject: Re: [lisp] Fwd: I-D Action:draft-maino-lisp-sec-00.txt
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If we are not expecting the RLOC list to be checked as part of the 
authentication of the registration, then there clearly is no need to 
explain the trade-off associated with that.  As the working group has 
not indicated it requires that, I have no objection if it remains absent.

Yours,
Joel

PS: The reason I care is that there are interoperability issues if what 
the MS expects to validate and what the ETR things are 
authorization-relevant do not match.  This resolution takes care of that 
potential.

On 3/11/2011 2:43 PM, Vince Fuller wrote:
> On Fri, Mar 11, 2011 at 02:05:40PM -0500, Joel M. Halpern wrote:
>> What Dino described included validating more information (the list of
>> RLOCs was to be included in the message and validated), and included a
>> description of the tradeoff in terms of operability and security with
>> regard to validating that information.
>> If that is what we expect, and if we understand that tradeoff, then we
>> need to say so.
>
> In past discussions, I recall the consensus being that it was better to err
> on the side of flexibility and not require that all possible RLOCs be checked
> by the Map-Server when an ETR registers.
>
> Note that a Map-Server (unless performing proxy replies) doesn't participate
> in generation or propagation of a Map-Reply so it can't validate the set
> of RLOCs that an ETR returns; for that reason, it seems kind of pointless
> to validate them during registration.
>
> A separate email exchange with Dino indicated that he is OK with the
> existing text; I will wait one more day before submitting MS-07 through
> the Internet Drafts tool in case he wants me to change this.
>
> 	--Vince
>

From luigi@net.t-labs.tu-berlin.de  Sat Mar 12 06:20:38 2011
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From: Luigi Iannone <luigi@net.t-labs.tu-berlin.de>
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Subject: [lisp] Fwd: I-D Action:draft-saucez-lisp-security-03.txt
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FYI

Begin forwarded message:

> From: Internet-Drafts@ietf.org
> Date: 12, March, 2011 3:15:01 PM GMT+01:00
> To: i-d-announce@ietf.org
> Subject: I-D Action:draft-saucez-lisp-security-03.txt
> Reply-To: internet-drafts@ietf.org
>=20
> A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts =
directories.
>=20
> 	Title           : LISP Security Threats
> 	Author(s)       : D. Saucez, et al.
> 	Filename        : draft-saucez-lisp-security-03.txt
> 	Pages           : 26
> 	Date            : 2011-03-12
>=20
> This draft analyzes some of the threats against the security of the
> Locator/Identifier Separation Protocol and proposes a set of
> recommendations to mitigate some of the identified security risks.
>=20
> A URL for this Internet-Draft is:
> http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-saucez-lisp-security-03.txt
>=20
> Internet-Drafts are also available by anonymous FTP at:
> ftp://ftp.ietf.org/internet-drafts/
>=20
> Below is the data which will enable a MIME compliant mail reader
> implementation to automatically retrieve the ASCII version of the
> Internet-Draft.
> _______________________________________________
> I-D-Announce mailing list
> I-D-Announce@ietf.org
> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/i-d-announce
> Internet-Draft directories: http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html
> or ftp://ftp.ietf.org/ietf/1shadow-sites.txt


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<html><head></head><body style=3D"word-wrap: break-word; =
-webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; =
">FYI<br><div><br><div>Begin forwarded message:</div><br =
class=3D"Apple-interchange-newline"><blockquote type=3D"cite"><div =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px;"><span style=3D"font-family:'Helvetica'; =
font-size:medium; color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);"><b>From: </b></span><span =
style=3D"font-family:'Helvetica'; font-size:medium;"><a =
href=3D"mailto:Internet-Drafts@ietf.org">Internet-Drafts@ietf.org</a><br><=
/span></div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px;"><span =
style=3D"font-family:'Helvetica'; font-size:medium; color:rgba(0, 0, 0, =
1);"><b>Date: </b></span><span style=3D"font-family:'Helvetica'; =
font-size:medium;">12, March, 2011 3:15:01 PM =
GMT+01:00<br></span></div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: =
0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px;"><span =
style=3D"font-family:'Helvetica'; font-size:medium; color:rgba(0, 0, 0, =
1);"><b>To: </b></span><span style=3D"font-family:'Helvetica'; =
font-size:medium;"><a =
href=3D"mailto:i-d-announce@ietf.org">i-d-announce@ietf.org</a><br></span>=
</div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: =
0px; margin-left: 0px;"><span style=3D"font-family:'Helvetica'; =
font-size:medium; color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);"><b>Subject: </b></span><span =
style=3D"font-family:'Helvetica'; font-size:medium;"><b>I-D =
Action:draft-saucez-lisp-security-03.txt</b><br></span></div><div =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px;"><span style=3D"font-family:'Helvetica'; =
font-size:medium; color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);"><b>Reply-To: </b></span><span =
style=3D"font-family:'Helvetica'; font-size:medium;"><a =
href=3D"mailto:internet-drafts@ietf.org">internet-drafts@ietf.org</a><br><=
/span></div><br><div>A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line =
Internet-Drafts directories.<br><br><span class=3D"Apple-tab-span" =
style=3D"white-space:pre">	</span>Title =
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;: LISP =
Security Threats<br><span class=3D"Apple-tab-span" =
style=3D"white-space:pre">	</span>Author(s) =
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;: D. Saucez, et al.<br><span =
class=3D"Apple-tab-span" style=3D"white-space:pre">	</span>Filename =
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;: =
draft-saucez-lisp-security-03.txt<br><span class=3D"Apple-tab-span" =
style=3D"white-space:pre">	</span>Pages =
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;: =
26<br><span class=3D"Apple-tab-span" style=3D"white-space:pre">	=
</span>Date =
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;: =
2011-03-12<br><br>This draft analyzes some of the threats against the =
security of the<br>Locator/Identifier Separation Protocol and proposes a =
set of<br>recommendations to mitigate some of the identified security =
risks.<br><br>A URL for this Internet-Draft is:<br><a =
href=3D"http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-saucez-lisp-security-03.=
txt">http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-saucez-lisp-security-03.txt=
</a><br><br>Internet-Drafts are also available by anonymous FTP =
at:<br>ftp://ftp.ietf.org/internet-drafts/<br><br>Below is the data =
which will enable a MIME compliant mail reader<br>implementation to =
automatically retrieve the ASCII version of =
the<br>Internet-Draft.<br></div></blockquote></div></body></html>=

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<html><head></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; "><div><blockquote type="cite"><div>_______________________________________________<br>I-D-Announce mailing list<br>I-D-Announce@ietf.org<br>https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/i-d-announce<br>Internet-Draft directories: http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html<br>or ftp://ftp.ietf.org/ietf/1shadow-sites.txt<br></div></blockquote></div><br></body></html>
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From dino@cisco.com  Sat Mar 12 20:28:02 2011
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From: Dino Farinacci <dino@cisco.com>
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References: <C99E54B2.CEF1%terry.manderson@icann.org> <E53FB836-7E37-4F0E-88F0-F2C0A72D2949@cisco.com> <4D782073.2050401@joelhalpern.com> <02838D85-255F-4253-86FC-938920F2C6F8@cisco.com> <4D78288D.7060400@joelhalpern.com> <20110311073747.GA9396@vaf-mac1.cisco.com> <4D7A7284.9010601@joelhalpern.com> <20110311194306.GB49339@vaf-mac1.cisco.com> <4D7A7D71.50805@joelhalpern.com>
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Cc: "lisp@ietf.org" <lisp@ietf.org>
Subject: Re: [lisp] Fwd: I-D Action:draft-maino-lisp-sec-00.txt
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Joel, I was describing what an implementation could do. We shouldn't  
describe this in the spec.

Dino

On Mar 11, 2011, at 11:52 AM, Joel M. Halpern wrote:

> If we are not expecting the RLOC list to be checked as part of the  
> authentication of the registration, then there clearly is no need to  
> explain the trade-off associated with that.  As the working group  
> has not indicated it requires that, I have no objection if it  
> remains absent.
>
> Yours,
> Joel
>
> PS: The reason I care is that there are interoperability issues if  
> what the MS expects to validate and what the ETR things are  
> authorization-relevant do not match.  This resolution takes care of  
> that potential.
>
> On 3/11/2011 2:43 PM, Vince Fuller wrote:
>> On Fri, Mar 11, 2011 at 02:05:40PM -0500, Joel M. Halpern wrote:
>>> What Dino described included validating more information (the list  
>>> of
>>> RLOCs was to be included in the message and validated), and  
>>> included a
>>> description of the tradeoff in terms of operability and security  
>>> with
>>> regard to validating that information.
>>> If that is what we expect, and if we understand that tradeoff,  
>>> then we
>>> need to say so.
>>
>> In past discussions, I recall the consensus being that it was  
>> better to err
>> on the side of flexibility and not require that all possible RLOCs  
>> be checked
>> by the Map-Server when an ETR registers.
>>
>> Note that a Map-Server (unless performing proxy replies) doesn't  
>> participate
>> in generation or propagation of a Map-Reply so it can't validate  
>> the set
>> of RLOCs that an ETR returns; for that reason, it seems kind of  
>> pointless
>> to validate them during registration.
>>
>> A separate email exchange with Dino indicated that he is OK with the
>> existing text; I will wait one more day before submitting MS-07  
>> through
>> the Internet Drafts tool in case he wants me to change this.
>>
>> 	--Vince
>>


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Attached is an "rfcdiff" between -06 and -07.

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Filename:	 draft-ietf-lisp-ms
Revision:	 07
Title:		 LISP Map Server
Creation_date:	 2011-03-10
WG ID:		 lisp
Number_of_pages: 17

Abstract:
This draft describes the LISP Map-Server (LISP-MS), a computing
system which provides a simplified LISP protocol interface as a
"front end" to the Endpoint-ID (EID) to Routing Locator (RLOC)
mapping database and associated virtual network of LISP protocol
elements.

The purpose of the Map-Server is to reduce implementation and
operational complexity of LISP Ingress Tunnel Routers (ITRs) and
Egress Tunnel Routers (ETRs), the devices that implement the "edge"
of the LISP infrastructure and which connect directly to LISP-capable
Internet end sites.
                                                                                  


The IETF Secretariat.


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<html><head><meta http-equiv=3D"Content-Type" content=3D"text/html; charset=
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<pre>
Network Working Group                                          V. Fuller
Internet-Draft                                              D. Farinacci
Intended status: Experimental                              cisco Systems
Expires: <strike><font color=3D"red">April 21,</font></strike> <strong><fon=
t color=3D"green">September 11, 2011                               March 10=
,</font></strong> 2011                                 <strike><font color=
=3D"red">October 18, 2010</font></strike>

                            LISP Map Server
                       <strike><font color=3D"red">draft-ietf-lisp-ms-06.tx=
t</font></strike>
                       <strong><font color=3D"green">draft-ietf-lisp-ms-07.=
txt</font></strong>

Abstract

   This draft describes the LISP Map-Server (LISP-MS), a computing
   system which provides a <strike><font color=3D"red">simple</font></strik=
e> <strong><font color=3D"green">simplified</font></strong> LISP protocol i=
nterface as a
   "front end" to the Endpoint-ID (EID) to Routing Locator (RLOC)
   mapping database and associated virtual network of LISP protocol
   elements.

   The purpose of the Map-Server is to <strike><font color=3D"red">simplify=
 the</font></strike> <strong><font color=3D"green">reduce</font></strong> i=
mplementation and
   <strike><font color=3D"red">operation</font></strike>
   <strong><font color=3D"green">operational complexity</font></strong> of =
LISP Ingress Tunnel Routers (ITRs) and
   Egress Tunnel Routers (ETRs), the devices that implement the "edge"
   of the LISP infrastructure and which connect directly to LISP-capable
   Internet end sites.

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on <strike><font color=3D"red">April 21,=
</font></strike> <strong><font color=3D"green">September 11,</font></strong=
> 2011.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) <strike><font color=3D"red">2010</font></strike> <strong><=
font color=3D"green">2011</font></strong> IETF Trust and the persons identi=
fied as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   2.  Definition of Terms  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   3.  Basic Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
   4.  Interactions With Other LISP Components  . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     4.1.  ITR EID-to-RLOC Mapping Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     4.2.  ETR/Map-Server EID Prefix Registration . . . . . . . . . .  7
     4.3.  Map-Server Processing  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     4.4.  Map-Resolver Processing  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
       4.4.1.  Anycast Map-Resolver Operation . . . . . . . . . . . .  <str=
ike><font color=3D"red">9</font></strike> <strong><font color=3D"green">10<=
/font></strong>
   5.  Open Issues and Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <stri=
ke><font color=3D"red">10</font></strike> <strong><font color=3D"green">11<=
/font></strong>
   6.  <strike><font color=3D"red">Security</font></strike>  <strong><font =
color=3D"green">IANA</font></strong> Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . =
. . . . . . . . <strike><font color=3D"red">11</font></strike> <strong><fon=
t color=3D"green">. . 12</font></strong>
   7.  <strong><font color=3D"green">Security Considerations  . . . . . . .=
 . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
   8.</font></strong>  References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .=
 . . . . . <strike><font color=3D"red">12
     7.1.</font></strike> <strong><font color=3D"green">14
     8.1.</font></strong>  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . .=
 . . . . . <strike><font color=3D"red">12
     7.2.</font></strike> <strong><font color=3D"green">14
     8.2.</font></strong>  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . .=
 . . . . . <strike><font color=3D"red">12</font></strike> <strong><font col=
or=3D"green">14</font></strong>
   Appendix A.  Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <stri=
ke><font color=3D"red">13</font></strike> <strong><font color=3D"green">16<=
/font></strong>
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <stri=
ke><font color=3D"red">14</font></strike> <strong><font color=3D"green">17<=
/font></strong>

1.  Introduction

   LISP [LISP] specifies an architecture and mechanism for replacing the
   addresses currently used by IP with two separate name spaces: EIDs,
   used within sites, and RLOCs, used on the transit networks that make
   up the Internet infrastructure.  To achieve this separation, LISP
   defines protocol mechanisms for mapping from EIDs to RLOCs.  In
   addition, LISP assumes the existence of a database to store and
   propagate those mappings globally.  Several such databases have been
   proposed, among them: LISP-CONS [CONS], LISP-NERD, [NERD] and LISP+
   ALT [ALT].

   There are two types of operation for a LISP Map-Server: as a Map-
   Resolver, which accepts Map-Requests from an ITR and "resolves" the
   EID-to-RLOC mapping using the distributed mapping database, and as a
   Map-Server, which learns authoritative EID-to-RLOC mappings from an
   ETR and publish them in the database.  A single device may implement
   one or both types of operation.

   Conceptually, LISP Map-Servers share some of the same basic
   configuration and maintenance properties as Domain Name System (DNS)
   [RFC1035] servers and caching resolvers.  With this in mind, this
   specification borrows familiar terminology (resolver and server) from
   the DNS specifications.

   Note that while this document assumes a LISP+ALT database mapping
   infrastructure to illustrate certain aspects of Map-Server and Map-
   Resolver operation, this is not intended to preclude the use of Map-
   Servers and Map-Resolvers as a standardized interface for ITRs and
   ETRs to access other mapping database systems.

2.  Definition of Terms

   Map-Server:   a network infrastructure component which learns EID-to-
      RLOC mapping entries from an authoritative source (typically, an
      ETR, <strike><font color=3D"red">through static configuration or anot=
her out-of-band</font></strike> <strong><font color=3D"green">via the regis=
tration</font></strong> mechanism
      <strike><font color=3D"red">may be used).</font></strike> <strong><fo=
nt color=3D"green">described below).</font></strong>  A <strike><font color=
=3D"red">Map-Server</font></strike> <strong><font color=3D"green">Map-
      Server</font></strong> publishes these mappings in the distributed ma=
pping
      database.

   Map-Resolver:   a network infrastructure component which accepts LISP
      Encapsulated Map-Requests, typically from an ITR, quickly
      determines whether or not the destination IP address is part of
      the EID namespace; if it is not, a Negative Map-Reply is
      immediately returned.  Otherwise, the Map-Resolver finds the
      appropriate EID-to-RLOC mapping by consulting the distributed
      mapping database system.

   Encapsulated Map-Request:   a LISP Map-Request <strike><font color=3D"re=
d">with</font></strike> <strong><font color=3D"green">carried within an
      Encapsulated Control Message, which has</font></strong> an additional=
 LISP header
      prepended.  Sent to UDP destination port 4342.  The "outer"
      addresses are globally-routeable IP addresses, also known as
      RLOCs.  Used by an ITR when sending to a Map-Resolver and by a
      Map-Server when forwarding a Map-Request to an ETR.

   Negative Map-Reply:   a LISP Map-Reply that contains an empty
      locator-set.  Returned in response to a Map-Request if the
      destination EID does not exist in the mapping database.
      Typically, this means that the "EID" being requested is an IP
      address connected to a non-LISP site.

   Map-Register message:   a LISP message sent by an ETR to a Map-Server
      to register its associated EID-prefixes.  In addition to the set
      of EID-prefixes to register, the message includes one or more
      RLOCs to be be used by the Map-Server when forwarding Map-Requests
      (re-formatted as Encapsulated Map-Requests) received through the
      database mapping system.  <strong><font color=3D"green">An ETR may re=
quest that the Map-Server
      answer Map-Requests on its behalf by setting the "proxy-map-reply"
      flag (P-bit) in the message.

   Map-Notify message:   a LISP message sent by a Map-Server to an ETR
      to confirm that a Map-Register has been received and processed.
      An ETR requests that a Map-Notify be returned by setting the
      "want-map-notify" or "M" bit in the Map-Register message.</font></str=
ong>

   For definitions of other terms, notably Map-Request, Map-Reply,
   Ingress Tunnel Router (ITR), and Egress Tunnel Router (ETR), please
   consult the LISP specification [LISP].

3.  Basic Overview

   A Map-Server is a device which publishes EID-prefix information on
   behalf of ETRs and connects to the LISP distributed mapping database
   system to help answer LISP Map-Requests seeking the RLOCs for those
   EID-prefixes.  To publish its EID-prefixes, an ETR periodically sends
   Map-Register messages to the Map-Server.  A Map-Register message
   contains a list of EID-prefixes plus a set of RLOCs that can be used
   to reach the ETR when a Map-Server needs to forward a Map-Request to
   it.

   When LISP+ALT is used as the mapping database, a Map-Server connects
   to ALT network and acts as a "last-hop" ALT router.  Intermediate ALT
   routers forward Map-Requests to the Map-Server that advertises a
   particular EID-prefix and the Map-Server forwards them to the owning
   ETR, which responds with Map-Reply messages.

   The LISP Map-Server design also includes the operation of a Map-
   Resolver, which receives Encapsulated Map-Requests from its client
   ITRs and uses the distributed mapping database system to find the
   appropriate ETR to answer those requests.  On a LISP+ALT network, a
   Map-Resolver acts as a "first-hop" ALT router.  It has GRE tunnels
   configured to other ALT routers and uses BGP to learn paths to ETRs
   for different prefixes in the LISP+ALT database.  The Map-Resolver
   uses this path information to forward Map-Requests over the ALT to
   the correct ETRs.  A Map-Resolver may operate in a non-caching mode,
   where it simply de-capsulates and forwards the Encapsulated Map-
   Requests that it receives from ITRs.

   Alternatively, a Map-Resolver may operate in a caching mode, where it
   saves information about outsanding Map-Reqeusts, originates new Map-
   Requests to the correct ETR(s), accepts and caches the Map-Replies,
   and finally forwards the Map-Replies to the original ITRs.  One
   significant issue with use of caching in a Map-Resolver is that it
   hides the original ITR source of a Map-Request, which prevents an ETR
   from tailoring its responses to that source; this reduces the inbound
   traffic- engineering capability for the site owning the ETR.  In
   addition, caching in a Map-Resolver exacerbates problems associated
   with old mappings being cached; an outdated, cached mapping in an ITR
   affects only that ITR and traffic originated by its site while an
   outdate, cached mapping in a Map-Resolver could cause a problem with
   a wider scope.  More experience with caching Map-Resolvers on the
   LISP pilot network will be needed to determine whether their use can
   be recommended.

   <strike><font color=3D"red">While</font></strike>

   <strong><font color=3D"green">Note that</font></strong> a single device =
can implement the functions of both a Map-
   Server and a <strike><font color=3D"red">Map-Resolver.  As is the case w=
ith</font></strike> <strong><font color=3D"green">Map-Resolver and, in many=
 cases,</font></strong> the <strike><font color=3D"red">DNS, however,
   operational simplicity argues for keeping those</font></strike> function=
s <strike><font color=3D"red">separate.</font></strike> <strong><font color=
=3D"green">will be
   co-located in that way.</font></strong>

4.  Interactions With Other LISP Components

4.1.  ITR EID-to-RLOC Mapping Resolution

   An ITR is configured with the address of a Map-Resolver.  This
   address is a "locator" or RLOC in that it must be routeable on the
   underlying core network; it must not need to be resolved through LISP
   EID-to-RLOC mapping as that would introduce a circular dependency.
   When using a Map-Resolver, an ITR does not need to connect to any
   other database mapping system.  In particular, the ITR need not
   connect to the LISP+ALT infrastructure or implement the BGP and GRE
   protocols that it uses.

   An ITR sends an Encapsulated Map-Request to a configured Map-Resolver
   when it needs an EID-to-RLOC mapping that is not found in its local
   map-cache.  Using the Map-Resolver greatly reduces both the
   complexity of the ITR implementation the costs associated with its
   operation.

   In response to an Encapsulated Map-Request, the ITR can expect one of
   the following:

   o  A negative LISP Map-Reply if the Map-Resolver can determine that
      the requested EID does not exist.  The ITR saves EID-prefix
      returned in the Map-Reply in its cache, marking it as non-LISP-
      capable and knows not to attempt LISP encapsulation for
      destinations matching it.

   o  A LISP Map-Reply from the ETR that owns the EID-to-RLOC mapping or
      possibly from a Map-Server answering on behalf of the ETR.  Note
      that the stateless nature of non-caching Map-Resolver forwarding
      means that the Map-Reply may not be from the Map-Resolver to which
      the Encapsulated Map-Request was sent unless the target Map-
      Resolver offers caching (Section 4.4).

   Note that an ITR may use a Map-Resolver while also participating in
   another mapping database mechanism.  For example, an ITR that runs
   LISP+ALT can also send Encapsulated Map-Requests to a Map-Resolver.
   When doing this, an ITR should prefer querying an ETR learned through
   the ALT network as LISP+ALT provides better information about the set
   of defined EID-prefixes.  Such a configuration is expected to be very
   rare, since there is little benefit to using a Map-Resolver if an ITR
   is already using a mapping database system.  There would be, for
   example, no need for such an ITR to send a Map-Request to a possibly
   non-existent EID (and rely on Negative Map-Replies) if it can consult
   the ALT database to verify that an EID-prefix is present before
   sending that Map-Request.

4.2.  ETR/Map-Server EID Prefix Registration

   An ETR publishes its EID-prefixes on a Map-Server by sending LISP
   Map-Register messages.  A Map-Register message includes
   authentication data, so prior to sending a Map-Register message, the
   ETR and Map-Server must be configured with a secret shared-key.  A
   Map-Server's configuration should also include <strong><font color=3D"gr=
een">a</font></strong> list of the EID-
   prefixes for which each ETR is authoratative and should verify that a
   Map-Register received from an ETR only contain EID-prefixes that are
   associated with that ETR.  While this check is not mandatory, it is
   strongly encouraged as a failure to so leaves the mapping system
   vulnerable to simple EID-prefix hijacking attacks.  As developers and
   users gain experience with the mapping system, additional, stronger
   security measures may be added to the registration process.

   Map-Register messages are sent periodically from an ETR to a Map-
   Server with a suggested interval between messages of one minute.  A
   Map-Server should time-out and remove an ETR's registration if it has
   not received a valid Map-Register message within the past three
   minutes.  When first contacting a Map-Server after restart or changes
   to its EID-to-RLOC database mappings, an ETR may initially send Map-
   Register messages at an increased frequency, up to one every 20
   seconds.  This "quick registration" period is limited to five minutes
   in duration.

   <strong><font color=3D"green">An ETR may request that a Map-Server expli=
citly acknowledge receipt
   and processing of a Map-Register message by setting the "want-map-
   notify" ("M" bit) flag.  A Map-Server that receives a Map-Register
   with this flag set will respond with a Map-Notify message.  Typical
   use of this flag by an ETR would be to set it on Map-Requests sent
   during the initial "quick registration" with a Map Server but then
   set it only occasionally during steady-state maintenance of its
   association with that Map Server.</font></strong>

   Note that a one-minute minimum registration interval during <strike><fon=
t color=3D"red">steady
   state</font></strike>
   maintenance of an <strong><font color=3D"green">ETR-MS</font></strong> a=
ssociation <strike><font color=3D"red">between an ITR and a Map-Server</fon=
t></strike> does set a lower-bound on how
   quickly and how frequently a mapping database entry can be updated.
   This may have implications for what sorts of mobility can supported
   directly by the mapping system.  For a discussion on one way that
   faster mobility may be implemented for individual devices, please see
   [LISP-MN].

   An ETR <strong><font color=3D"green">may also request, by setting the "p=
roxy-map-reply" flag
   (P-bit) in the Map-Regsiter message, that a Map-Server answer Map-
   Requests instead of forwarding them to the ETR.  See [LISP] for
   details on how the Map-Server sets certain flags (such as those
   indicating whether the message is authoratative and how returned
   locators should be treated) when sending a Map-Reply on behalf of an
   ETR.

   An ETR</font></strong> which uses a Map-Server to publish its EID-to-RLO=
C mappings
   does not need to participate further in the mapping database
   protocol(s).  When using a LISP+ALT mapping database, for example,
   this means that the ETR does not need to implement GRE or BGP, which
   greatly simplifies its configuration and reduces its cost of
   operation.

   Note that use of a Map-Server does not preclude an ETR from also
   connecting to the mapping database (i.e. it could also connect to the
   LISP+ALT network) but doing so doesn't seem particularly useful as
   the whole purpose of using a Map-Server is to avoid the complexity of
   the mapping database protocols.

4.3.  Map-Server Processing

   <strike><font color=3D"red">The operation of</font></strike>

   <strong><font color=3D"green">Once</font></strong> a <strike><font color=
=3D"red">Map-Server, once it</font></strike> <strong><font color=3D"green">=
Map-Server</font></strong> has EID-prefixes registered by its client ETRs, =
<strike><font color=3D"red">is quite simple.</font></strike> <strong><font =
color=3D"green">it
   can accept and process Map-Requests for them.</font></strong>  In respon=
se to a <strike><font color=3D"red">Map-Request</font></strike> <strong><fo=
nt color=3D"green">Map-
   Request</font></strong> (received over the ALT if LISP+ALT is in use), t=
he Map-Server
   verifies that the destination EID matches an EID-prefix for which it
   has one or more registered ETRs, then re-encapsulates and forwards
   the <strike><font color=3D"red">now-Encapsulated</font></strike> <strong=
><font color=3D"green">resulting Encapsulated</font></strong> Map-Request t=
o a matching ETR.  It does
   not otherwise alter the Map-Request so any Map-Reply sent by the ETR
   is returned to the RLOC in the Map-Request, not to the Map-Server.
   Unless also acting as a Map-Resolver, a Map-Server should never
   receive Map-Replies; any such messages should be discarded without
   response, perhaps accompanied by logging of a diagnostic message if
   the rate of Map-Replies is suggestive of malicious traffic.

   <strong><font color=3D"green">A Map-Server may also receive a Map-Reques=
t that is contained inside
   of an Encapsulated Control Message (an Encapsulated Map-Request) with
   the "Security" bit (S-bit) set.  It processes the security parameters
   as described in [LISP-SEC] then generates an Encapsulated Map-Request
   to be sent as described above.

   Note that a Map-Server that is sending a Map-Reply on behalf of an
   ETR must perform security processing for that ETR as well; see
   [LISP-SEC] for details.</font></strong>

4.4.  Map-Resolver Processing

   <strike><font color=3D"red">In response to</font></strike>

   <strong><font color=3D"green">Upon receipt of</font></strong> an Encapsu=
lated Map-Request, a Map-Resolver de-
   capsulates the <strong><font color=3D"green">enclosed</font></strong> me=
ssage then <strike><font color=3D"red">checks</font></strike> <strong><font=
 color=3D"green">searches for the requested EID
   in</font></strong> its local database of mapping entries (statically con=
figured,
   cached, or learned from associated ETRs).  If it finds a matching
   entry, it returns a non-authoritative LISP Map-Reply with the known
   mapping.

   If the Map-Resolver does not have the mapping entry and if it can
   determine that the requested IP address does not match an EID-prefix
   in the mapping database, it immediately returns a negative LISP Map-
   Reply, one which contains an EID-prefix and an empty locator-set.  To
   minimize the number of negative cache entries needed by an ITR, the
   Map-Resolver should return the least-specific prefix which both
   matches the original query and does not match any EID-prefix known to
   exist in the LISP-capable infrastructure.

   If the Map-Resolver does not have sufficient information to know
   whether the EID exists, it needs to forward the Map-Request to
   another device which has more information about the EID being
   requested.  This is done in one of two ways:

   1.  A non-caching Map-Resolver simply forwards the unencapsulated
       Map-Request, with the original ITR RLOC as the source, on to the
       distributed mapping database.  Using a LISP+ALT mapaping
       database, the Map-Resolver is connected to the ALT network and
       sends the Map-Request to the next ALT hop learned from its ALT
       BGP neighbors.  The Map-Resolver does not send any response to
       the ITR; since the source RLOC is that of the ITR, the ETR or
       Map-Server which receives the Map-Request over the ALT and
       responds will do so directly to the ITR.

   2.  A caching Map-Resolver queues information from the Encapsulated
       Map-Request, including the ITR RLOC and the original nonce.  It
       then modifies the Map-Request to use its own RLOC, generates a
       "local nonce" (which is also saved in the request queue entry),
       and forwards the Map-Request as above.  When the Map-Resolver
       receives a Map-Reply, it looks in its request queue to match the
       reply nonce to a "local nonce" entry then de-queues the entry and
       uses the saved original nonce and ITR RLOC to re-write those
       fields in the Map-Reply before sending to the ITR.  The request
       queue entry is also deleted and the mapping entries from the Map-
       Reply are saved in the Map-Resolver's cache.

   <strong><font color=3D"green">If a Map-Resolver receives a Map-Request c=
ontained in an Encapsulated
   Control Message (an Encapsulated Map-Request) with the "security"
   option (S-Bit) set, additional processing is required.  It extracts
   the enclosed Map-Request and uses the attached security paramaters to
   generate a new Encapsulated Control Message containing the original
   Map-Rqeuest and additional signature information used to protect both
   the Map-Request and the Map-Reply that will be generated by the
   destination ETR or Map-Server.  The outgoing message will have the
   S-bit set, will use the requested EID as its outer header destination
   IP address plus Map-Resolver RLOC as source IP address, and will
   include security parameters added by the Map-Resolver.  See
   [LISP-SEC] for details of the checks that are performed and the
   security information that is added during the de-encapsulation and
   re-encapsulation process.</font></strong>

4.4.1.  Anycast Map-Resolver Operation

   A Map-Resolver can be set up to use "anycast", where <strike><font color=
=3D"red">where</font></strike> the same address
   is assigned to multiple Map-Resolvers and is propagated through IGP
   routing, to facilitate the use of a topologically-close Map-Resolver
   each ITR.

   Note that Map-Server associations with ETRs should not use anycast
   addresses as registrations need to be established between an ETR and
   a specific set of Map-Servers, each identified by a specific
   registation association.

5.  Open Issues and Considerations

   There are a number of issues with the Map-Server and Map-Resolver
   design that are not yet completely understood.  Among these are:

   o  Feasibility, performance, and complexity trade-offs of
      implementing caching in Map-Resolvers

   o  Convergence time when an EID-to-RLOC mapping changes and
      mechanisms for detecting and refreshing or removing stale, cached
      information

   o  Deployability and complexity trade-offs of implementing stronger
      security measures in both EID-prefix registration and Map-Request/
      Map-Reply processing

   o  Requirements for additional state in the registration process
      between Map-Servers and ETRs

   <strike><font color=3D"red">o  Possible need for security associations b=
etween a Map-Resolver and
      its client ITRs</font></strike>

   The authors expect that experimentation on the LISP pilot network
   will help answer open questions surrounding these and other issues.

6.  <strong><font color=3D"green">IANA Considerations

   This document makes no request of the IANA.

7.</font></strong>  Security Considerations

   The 2-way nonce exchange documented in [LISP] can be used to avoid
   ITR spoofing attacks.

   To publish an authoritative EID-to-RLOC mapping with a Map-Server, an
   ETR includes authentication data that is a hash of the message using
   pair-wise shared key.  An implementation must support use of HMAC-
   <strike><font color=3D"red">SHA-1-96 [RFC2404]</font></strike>
   <strong><font color=3D"green">SHA-1-160 [RFC2104]</font></strong> and sh=
ould support use of <strike><font color=3D"red">HMAC-SHA-128-256
   [RFC4634].</font></strike> <strong><font color=3D"green">HMAC-SHA-256-128
   [RFC4634] (SHA-256 truncated to 128 bits).</font></strong>  Key changes =
are initially
   expected to be manual though a key-chaining scheme may be developed
   as a future extension of this specification.

   As noted in Section 4.2, a Map-Server should verify that all EID-
   prefixes registered by an ETR match configuration stored on the Map-
   Server.

   <strike><font color=3D"red">The current LISP and LISP-MS protocol exchan=
ge, where an ITR sends a
   Map-Request through a Map-Resolver, mapping database infrastructure,
   and Map-Server while an ETR returns</font></strike>

   <strong><font color=3D"green">[LISP-SEC] defines</font></strong> a <stri=
ke><font color=3D"red">Map-Reply directly to the ITR
   makes it difficult</font></strike> <strong><font color=3D"green">mechani=
sm</font></strong> for <strike><font color=3D"red">the ITR to verify that t=
he returned EID-prefix
   length matches that registered by the ETR with,</font></strike> <strong>=
<font color=3D"green">providing origin authentication,
   integrity, anti-reply protection,</font></strong> and <strike><font colo=
r=3D"red">therefore checked
   by, a Map-Server.</font></strike> <strong><font color=3D"green">preventi=
on of man-in-the-middle
   and "overclaiming" attacks on the Map-Request/Map-Reply exchange.</font>=
</strong>

   While beyond the scope of securing an individual Map-Server or Map-
   Resolver, it should be noted that a BGP-based LISP+ALT network (if
   ALT is used as the mapping database infrastructure) can take
   advantage of technology being developed by the IETF SIDR working
   group or either S-BGP [I-D.murphy-bgp-secr] or soBGP
   [I-D.white-sobgparchitecture] should they be developed and widely
   deployed.

<strike><font color=3D"red">7.</font></strike>

<strong><font color=3D"green">8.</font></strong>  References

<strike><font color=3D"red">7.1.</font></strike>

<strong><font color=3D"green">8.1.</font></strong>  Normative References

   [ALT]      Farinacci, D., Fuller, V., Meyer, D., and D. Lewis, "LISP
              Alternative Topology (LISP-ALT)",
              <strike><font color=3D"red">draft-ietf-lisp-alt-05.txt</font>=
</strike>
              <strong><font color=3D"green">draft-ietf-lisp-alt-06.txt</fon=
t></strong> (work in progress),
              <strike><font color=3D"red">October 2010.</font></strike> <st=
rong><font color=3D"green">March 2011.</font></strong>

   [LISP]     Farinacci, D., Fuller, V., Meyer, D., and D. Lewis,
              "Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP)",
              <strike><font color=3D"red">draft-ietf-lisp-09.txt</font></st=
rike>
              <strong><font color=3D"green">draft-ietf-lisp-10.txt</font></=
strong> (work in progress), <strike><font color=3D"red">October 2010.</font=
></strike> <strong><font color=3D"green">March 2011.</font></strong>

   [RFC1035]  Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and
              specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, November 1987.

   <strike><font color=3D"red">[RFC2404]  Madson, C.</font></strike>

   <strong><font color=3D"green">[RFC2104]  Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M.,</fon=
t></strong> and R. <strike><font color=3D"red">Glenn, "The Use of HMAC-SHA-=
1-96 within
              ESP and AH",</font></strike> <strong><font color=3D"green">Ca=
netti, "HMAC: Keyed-
              Hashing for Message Authentication",</font></strong> RFC <str=
ike><font color=3D"red">2404, November 1998.</font></strike> <strong><font =
color=3D"green">2104,
              February 1997.</font></strong>

   [RFC4634]  Eastlake, D. and T. Hansen, "US Secure Hash Algorithms
              (SHA and HMAC-SHA)", RFC 4634, July 2006.

<strike><font color=3D"red">7.2.</font></strike>

<strong><font color=3D"green">8.2.</font></strong>  Informative References

   [CONS]     Farinacci, D., Fuller, V., and D. Meyer, "LISP-CONS: A
              Content distribution Overlay Network Service for LISP",
              <strike><font color=3D"red">draft-meyer-lisp-cons-03.txt</fon=
t></strike>
              <strong><font color=3D"green">draft-meyer-lisp-cons-04.txt</f=
ont></strong> (work in progress),
              <strike><font color=3D"red">November 2007.</font></strike>
              <strong><font color=3D"green">April 2008.</font></strong>

   [I-D.murphy-bgp-secr]
              Murphy, S., "BGP Security Analysis",
              draft-murphy-bgp-secr-04 (work in progress),
              November 2001.

   [I-D.white-sobgparchitecture]
              White, R., "Architecture and Deployment Considerations for
              Secure Origin BGP (soBGP)",
              draft-white-sobgparchitecture-00 (work in progress),
              May 2004.

   [LISP-MN]  Farinacci, D., Fuller, V., Meyer, D., and D. Lewis, "LISP
              Mobile Node Architecture", <strike><font color=3D"red">draft-=
meyer-lisp-mn-03.txt</font></strike> <strong><font color=3D"green">draft-me=
yer-lisp-mn-04.txt</font></strong>
              (work in progress), <strike><font color=3D"red">August 2010.<=
/font></strike> <strong><font color=3D"green">February 2011.

   [LISP-SEC]
              Maino, F., Ermagan, V., Cabellos, A., Sanchez, D., and O.
              Bonaventure, "LISP-Security", draft-maino-lisp-sec-00.txt
              (work in progress), March 2011.</font></strong>

   [NERD]     Lear, E., "NERD: A Not-so-novel EID to RLOC Database",
              draft-lear-lisp-nerd-08.txt (work in progress),
              March 2010.

Appendix A.  Acknowledgments

   The authors would like to thank Greg Schudel, Darrel Lewis, John
   Zwiebel, Andrew Partan, Dave Meyer, Isidor Kouvelas, Jesper Skriver,
   <strong><font color=3D"green">Fabio Maino,</font></strong> and members o=
f the lisp@ietf.org mailing list for their
   feedback and helpful suggestions.

   Special thanks are due to Noel Chiappa for his extensive work on
   caching with LISP-CONS, some of which <strike><font color=3D"red">will</=
font></strike> <strong><font color=3D"green">may</font></strong> be used by=
 Map-Resolvers.

Authors' Addresses

   Vince Fuller
   cisco Systems
   Tasman Drive
   San Jose, CA  95134
   USA

   Email: vaf@cisco.com

   Dino   Farinacci
   cisco Systems
   Tasman Drive
   San Jose, CA  95134
   USA

   Email: dino@cisco.com
</pre>

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	Title           : LISP Map Server
	Author(s)       : V. Fuller, D. Farinacci
	Filename        : draft-ietf-lisp-ms-07.txt
	Pages           : 17
	Date            : 2011-03-12

This draft describes the LISP Map-Server (LISP-MS), a computing
system which provides a simplified LISP protocol interface as a
"front end" to the Endpoint-ID (EID) to Routing Locator (RLOC)
mapping database and associated virtual network of LISP protocol
elements.

The purpose of the Map-Server is to reduce implementation and
operational complexity of LISP Ingress Tunnel Routers (ITRs) and
Egress Tunnel Routers (ETRs), the devices that implement the "edge"
of the LISP infrastructure and which connect directly to LISP-capable
Internet end sites.

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	Title           : LISP MIB
	Author(s)       : G. Schudel, et al.
	Filename        : draft-ietf-lisp-mib-01.txt
	Pages           : 43
	Date            : 2011-03-14

This document defines managed objects for the Locator/ID Separation
Protocol (LISP).  These objects provide information useful for
monitoring LISP devices, including basic configuration information,
LISP status, and operational statistics.

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FYI

Begin forwarded message:

> From: Internet-Drafts@ietf.org
> Date: 14, March, 2011 9:15:02 PM GMT+01:00
> To: i-d-announce@ietf.org
> Subject: I-D Action:draft-meyer-lisp-eid-block-02.txt
> Reply-To: internet-drafts@ietf.org
>=20
> A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts =
directories.
>=20
> 	Title           : LISP EID Block
> 	Author(s)       : L. Iannone, et al.
> 	Filename        : draft-meyer-lisp-eid-block-02.txt
> 	Pages           : 7
> 	Date            : 2011-03-14
>=20
> This is a direction to IANA to allocate a /16 IPv6 prefix for use with
> the Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP).
>=20
> A URL for this Internet-Draft is:
> http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-meyer-lisp-eid-block-02.txt
>=20
> Internet-Drafts are also available by anonymous FTP at:
> ftp://ftp.ietf.org/internet-drafts/
>=20
> Below is the data which will enable a MIME compliant mail reader
> implementation to automatically retrieve the ASCII version of the
> Internet-Draft.
> _______________________________________________
> I-D-Announce mailing list
> I-D-Announce@ietf.org
> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/i-d-announce
> Internet-Draft directories: http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html
> or ftp://ftp.ietf.org/ietf/1shadow-sites.txt


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<html><head></head><body style=3D"word-wrap: break-word; =
-webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; =
"><div><div>FYI</div><div><br><div>Begin forwarded message:</div><br =
class=3D"Apple-interchange-newline"><blockquote type=3D"cite"><div =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px;"><span style=3D"font-family:'Helvetica'; =
font-size:medium; color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);"><b>From: </b></span><span =
style=3D"font-family:'Helvetica'; font-size:medium;"><a =
href=3D"mailto:Internet-Drafts@ietf.org">Internet-Drafts@ietf.org</a><br><=
/span></div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px;"><span =
style=3D"font-family:'Helvetica'; font-size:medium; color:rgba(0, 0, 0, =
1);"><b>Date: </b></span><span style=3D"font-family:'Helvetica'; =
font-size:medium;">14, March, 2011 9:15:02 PM =
GMT+01:00<br></span></div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: =
0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px;"><span =
style=3D"font-family:'Helvetica'; font-size:medium; color:rgba(0, 0, 0, =
1);"><b>To: </b></span><span style=3D"font-family:'Helvetica'; =
font-size:medium;"><a =
href=3D"mailto:i-d-announce@ietf.org">i-d-announce@ietf.org</a><br></span>=
</div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: =
0px; margin-left: 0px;"><span style=3D"font-family:'Helvetica'; =
font-size:medium; color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);"><b>Subject: </b></span><span =
style=3D"font-family:'Helvetica'; font-size:medium;"><b>I-D =
Action:draft-meyer-lisp-eid-block-02.txt</b><br></span></div><div =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px;"><span style=3D"font-family:'Helvetica'; =
font-size:medium; color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);"><b>Reply-To: </b></span><span =
style=3D"font-family:'Helvetica'; font-size:medium;"><a =
href=3D"mailto:internet-drafts@ietf.org">internet-drafts@ietf.org</a><br><=
/span></div><br><div>A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line =
Internet-Drafts directories.<br><br><span class=3D"Apple-tab-span" =
style=3D"white-space:pre">	</span>Title =
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;: LISP EID =
Block<br><span class=3D"Apple-tab-span" style=3D"white-space:pre">	=
</span>Author(s) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;: L. Iannone, et =
al.<br><span class=3D"Apple-tab-span" style=3D"white-space:pre">	=
</span>Filename &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;: =
draft-meyer-lisp-eid-block-02.txt<br><span class=3D"Apple-tab-span" =
style=3D"white-space:pre">	</span>Pages =
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;: 7<br><span =
class=3D"Apple-tab-span" style=3D"white-space:pre">	</span>Date =
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;: =
2011-03-14<br><br>This is a direction to IANA to allocate a /16 IPv6 =
prefix for use with<br>the Locator/ID Separation Protocol =
(LISP).<br><br>A URL for this Internet-Draft is:<br><a =
href=3D"http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-meyer-lisp-eid-block-02.=
txt">http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-meyer-lisp-eid-block-02.txt=
</a><br><br>Internet-Drafts are also available by anonymous FTP =
at:<br>ftp://ftp.ietf.org/internet-drafts/<br><br>Below is the data =
which will enable a MIME compliant mail reader<br>implementation to =
automatically retrieve the ASCII version of =
the<br>Internet-Draft.<br></div></blockquote></div></div></body></html>=

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<html><head></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; "><div><div><blockquote type="cite"><div>_______________________________________________<br>I-D-Announce mailing list<br>I-D-Announce@ietf.org<br>https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/i-d-announce<br>Internet-Draft directories: http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html<br>or ftp://ftp.ietf.org/ietf/1shadow-sites.txt<br></div></blockquote></div><br></div></body></html>
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From gschudel@cisco.com  Mon Mar 14 14:42:43 2011
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Date: Mon, 14 Mar 2011 14:43:42 -0700
From: Gregg Schudel <gschudel@cisco.com>
Organization: cisco.com
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To: lisp@ietf.org
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Subject: [lisp] Fwd:  I-D Action:draft-ietf-lisp-mib-01.txt
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FYI - New version, "draft-ietf-lisp-mib-01.txt" has been submitted.
For info, I've also attached a "diff" --

Mainly this version corrects typos and mib convention errors.

cheers
gregg



-------- Original Message --------
Subject: [lisp] I-D Action:draft-ietf-lisp-mib-01.txt
Date: Mon, 14 Mar 2011 12:00:02 -0700
From: Internet-Drafts@ietf.org
To: i-d-announce@ietf.org
CC: lisp@ietf.org

A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts 
directories.
This draft is a work item of the Locator/ID Separation Protocol Working 
Group of the IETF.


	Title           : LISP MIB
	Author(s)       : G. Schudel, et al.
	Filename        : draft-ietf-lisp-mib-01.txt
	Pages           : 43
	Date            : 2011-03-14

This document defines managed objects for the Locator/ID Separation
Protocol (LISP).  These objects provide information useful for
monitoring LISP devices, including basic configuration information,
LISP status, and operational statistics.

A URL for this Internet-Draft is:
http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-lisp-mib-01.txt

Internet-Drafts are also available by anonymous FTP at:
ftp://ftp.ietf.org/internet-drafts/

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_______________________________________________
lisp mailing list
lisp@ietf.org
https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/lisp


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--------------060706050807070709020401--

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#27: ETR may claim a larger prefix than is delegated to it

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


-- 
----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------
Reporter:  hartmans-ietf@â€¦        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical              |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major                  |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                      |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                         |  
----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/27#comment:1>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#27: ETR may claim a larger prefix than is delegated to it

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------
Reporter:  hartmans-ietf@â€¦        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical              |       Status:  closed         
Priority:  major                  |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                      |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                         |  
----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/27#comment:2>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#28: An ITR may claim a larger prefix than is delegated to it

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


-- 
----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------
Reporter:  hartmans-ietf@â€¦        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical              |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major                  |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                      |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                         |  
----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/28#comment:1>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#28: An ITR may claim a larger prefix than is delegated to it

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------
Reporter:  hartmans-ietf@â€¦        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical              |       Status:  closed         
Priority:  major                  |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                      |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                         |  
----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/28#comment:2>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #40: On the handling of decapsulated packets (from D. Papadimitriou's review)
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#40: On the handling of decapsulated packets (from D. Papadimitriou's review)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical                      |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major                          |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/40#comment:1>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#40: On the handling of decapsulated packets (from D. Papadimitriou's review)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical                      |       Status:  closed         
Priority:  major                          |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/40#comment:2>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#47: Ambiguity on "MAP-replies" requirements (review by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/47#comment:2>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#47: Ambiguity on "MAP-replies" requirements (review by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  closed         
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/47#comment:3>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#48: MAP-Replies returning different contents for a given EID (review by Y,
Rekhter)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  reopened => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/48#comment:5>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#48: MAP-Replies returning different contents for a given EID (review by Y,
Rekhter)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


Comment:

 Text has been modified to fix the issue.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  closed         
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/48#comment:6>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #49: "MAP-Replies" content that is allowed to change (review by Y. Rekhter)
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#49: "MAP-Replies" content that is allowed to change (review by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 Text has been modified to fix the issue.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/49#comment:1>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #49: "MAP-Replies" content that is allowed to change (review by Y. Rekhter)
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#49: "MAP-Replies" content that is allowed to change (review by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  closed         
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/49#comment:2>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #50: MAP-Replies content that MUST be invariant (review by Y. Rekhter)
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#50: MAP-Replies content that MUST be invariant (review by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 Text has been modified to fix the issue.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/50#comment:1>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#50: MAP-Replies content that MUST be invariant (review by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  closed         
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/50#comment:2>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#42: On the SMR mechanism

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 Text has been modified to fix the issue.

-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical                      |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  minor                          |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/42#comment:3>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#42: On the SMR mechanism

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical                      |       Status:  closed         
Priority:  minor                          |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/42#comment:4>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#43: Issues related to RLOC rechability (definition and mechanism)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 Text has been modified to fix the issue.

-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical                      |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  minor                          |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/43#comment:5>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#43: Issues related to RLOC rechability (definition and mechanism)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical                      |       Status:  closed         
Priority:  minor                          |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/43#comment:6>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#34: Editorial Issues Section 8 of draft-ietf-lisp-06.txt

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 Text has been modified to fix the issue.

-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  editorial                      |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  trivial                        |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/34#comment:5>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#34: Editorial Issues Section 8 of draft-ietf-lisp-06.txt

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  editorial                      |       Status:  closed         
Priority:  trivial                        |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/34#comment:6>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #98: LISP nonce (comment 17 reported by Y. Rekhter)
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#98: LISP nonce (comment 17 reported by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 Authors replied that in their opinion there is no need to make any change
 to the draft. Neither the original person that raised the issue nor the
 mailinglist stated a different opinion.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  editorial           |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/98#comment:1>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#98: LISP nonce (comment 17 reported by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  editorial           |       Status:  closed         
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/98#comment:2>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#39: On the performance of cache lookup (from D. Papadimitriou's review)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 Authors replied on the mailinglist that in their opinion there is no need
 to make any change to the draft. Neither the original person that raised
 the issue nor the mailinglist stated a different opinion.

-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical                      |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major                          |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/39#comment:1>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#39: On the performance of cache lookup (from D. Papadimitriou's review)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical                      |       Status:  closed         
Priority:  major                          |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/39#comment:2>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#44: LISP vs existing (reported by Yakov Rekhter)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 Authors replied on the mailinglist that in their opinion there is no need
 to make any change to the draft. Neither the original person that raised
 the issue nor the mailinglist stated a different opinion.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/44#comment:3>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#44: LISP vs existing (reported by Yakov Rekhter)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  closed         
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/44#comment:4>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#45: LISP vs. Existing (from Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 Authors replied on the mailinglist that in their opinion there is no need
 to make any change to the draft. Neither the original person that raised
 the issue nor the mailinglist stated a different opinion.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/45#comment:1>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#45: LISP vs. Existing (from Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  closed         
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/45#comment:2>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#46: Cache Thrashing (review by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 Authors replied on the mailinglist that in their opinion there is no need
 to make any change to the draft. Neither the original person that raised
 the issue nor the mailinglist stated a different opinion.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/46#comment:2>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#46: Cache Thrashing (review by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  closed         
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/46#comment:3>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#53: Reachability between ETR and EID (review by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 Authors replied on the mailinglist that in their opinion there is no need
 to make any change to the draft. Neither the original person that raised
 the issue nor the mailinglist stated a different opinion.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/53#comment:1>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#53: Reachability between ETR and EID (review by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  closed         
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/53#comment:2>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #57: How to determine EIDs not forwardable on the routable topology (from Y. Rekhter's review)
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#57: How to determine EIDs not forwardable on the routable topology (from Y.
Rekhter's review)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 Authors replied on the mailinglist that in their opinion there is no need
 to make any change to the draft. Neither the original person that raised
 the issue nor the mailinglist stated a different opinion.

-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical                      |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major                          |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/57#comment:2>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#57: How to determine EIDs not forwardable on the routable topology (from Y.
Rekhter's review)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical                      |       Status:  closed         
Priority:  major                          |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/57#comment:3>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#63: On the use of anycast addresses for RLOCs (from Y. Rekhter's review)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 Authors replied on the mailinglist that in their opinion there is no need
 to make any change to the draft. Neither the original person that raised
 the issue nor the mailinglist stated a different opinion.

-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical                      |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major                          |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/63#comment:3>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#63: On the use of anycast addresses for RLOCs (from Y. Rekhter's review)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical                      |       Status:  closed         
Priority:  major                          |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/63#comment:4>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#66: Strict RLOC ordering causing problems on mapping changes

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 Authors replied on the mailinglist that in their opinion there is no need
 to make any change to the draft. Neither the original person that raised
 the issue nor the mailinglist stated a different opinion.

-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical                      |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major                          |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/66#comment:3>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#66: Strict RLOC ordering causing problems on mapping changes

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical                      |       Status:  closed         
Priority:  major                          |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/66#comment:4>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#68: What is the source address for a negative reply, which has a zero length
locator -set ? (from Y. Rekhter's review)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 Authors replied on the mailinglist that in their opinion there is no need
 to make any change to the draft. Neither the original person that raised
 the issue nor the mailinglist stated a different opinion.

-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical                      |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major                          |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/68#comment:2>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#68: What is the source address for a negative reply, which has a zero length
locator -set ? (from Y. Rekhter's review)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical                      |       Status:  closed         
Priority:  major                          |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/68#comment:3>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#70: Client not respecting RLOC weights (from Y. Rekhter's review)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 Authors replied on the mailinglist that in their opinion there is no need
 to make any change to the draft. Neither the original person that raised
 the issue nor the mailinglist stated a different opinion.

-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical                      |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major                          |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/70#comment:2>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#70: Client not respecting RLOC weights (from Y. Rekhter's review)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical                      |       Status:  closed         
Priority:  major                          |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/70#comment:3>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #73: Tunnel liveness (from R. Bonica review for the RTG directorate)
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#73: Tunnel liveness (from R. Bonica review for the RTG directorate)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 Authors replied on the mailinglist that in their opinion there is no need
 to make any change to the draft. Neither the original person that raised
 the issue nor the mailinglist stated a different opinion.

-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical                      |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major                          |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/73#comment:1>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#73: Tunnel liveness (from R. Bonica review for the RTG directorate)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical                      |       Status:  closed         
Priority:  major                          |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/73#comment:2>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#84: Renumbering burden when clients change providers (comment 9 reported by Y.
Rekhter)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 Authors replied on the mailinglist that in their opinion there is no need
 to make any change to the draft. Neither the original person that raised
 the issue nor the mailinglist stated a different opinion.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/84#comment:2>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#84: Renumbering burden when clients change providers (comment 9 reported by Y.
Rekhter)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  closed         
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/84#comment:3>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #89: On redefining the name of the encapsulated packet header (comment 12 reported by Y. Rekhter)
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#89: On redefining the name of the encapsulated packet header (comment 12
reported by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 Authors replied on the mailinglist that in their opinion there is no need
 to make any change to the draft. Neither the original person that raised
 the issue nor the mailinglist stated a different opinion.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/89#comment:1>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#89: On redefining the name of the encapsulated packet header (comment 12
reported by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  closed         
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/89#comment:2>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #90: Restricting re-encapsulation (comment 12 reported by Y. Rekhter)
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#90: Restricting re-encapsulation (comment 12 reported by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 Authors replied on the mailinglist that in their opinion there is no need
 to make any change to the draft. Neither the original person that raised
 the issue nor the mailinglist stated a different opinion.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/90#comment:1>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#90: Restricting re-encapsulation (comment 12 reported by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  closed         
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/90#comment:2>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#94: Implications on using Control plane for data forwarding (comment 15
reported by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 Authors replied on the mailinglist that in their opinion there is no need
 to make any change to the draft. Neither the original person that raised
 the issue nor the mailinglist stated a different opinion.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/94#comment:1>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#94: Implications on using Control plane for data forwarding (comment 15
reported by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  closed         
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/94#comment:2>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#100: "Stateless" and "Stateful" MTU handling (comment 18 reported by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 Authors replied on the mailinglist that in their opinion there is no need
 to make any change to the draft. Neither the original person that raised
 the issue nor the mailinglist stated a different opinion.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/100#comment:1>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#100: "Stateless" and "Stateful" MTU handling (comment 18 reported by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  closed         
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/100#comment:2>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#101: Filtering ICMP messages (comment 19 reported by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 Authors replied on the mailinglist that in their opinion there is no need
 to make any change to the draft. Neither the original person that raised
 the issue nor the mailinglist stated a different opinion.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/101#comment:1>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#101: Filtering ICMP messages (comment 19 reported by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  closed         
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/101#comment:2>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#102: Originating ITR RLOC address (comment 20 reported by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 Authors replied on the mailinglist that in their opinion there is no need
 to make any change to the draft. Neither the original person that raised
 the issue nor the mailinglist stated a different opinion.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/102#comment:1>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#102: Originating ITR RLOC address (comment 20 reported by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  closed         
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/102#comment:2>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #105: EID-to-RLOC UDP Map-Reply message (comment 23 reported by Y. Rekhter)
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#105: EID-to-RLOC UDP Map-Reply message (comment 23 reported by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 Authors replied on the mailinglist that in their opinion there is no need
 to make any change to the draft. Neither the original person that raised
 the issue nor the mailinglist stated a different opinion.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/105#comment:1>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#105: EID-to-RLOC UDP Map-Reply message (comment 23 reported by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  closed         
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/105#comment:2>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#111: Semantics of LSB

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 Authors replied on the mailinglist that in their opinion there is no need
 to make any change to the draft. Neither the original person that raised
 the issue nor the mailinglist stated a different opinion.

-- 
------------------------------+---------------------------------------------
Reporter:  yakov@â€¦            |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical          |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major              |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                  |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                     |  
------------------------------+---------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/111#comment:1>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#111: Semantics of LSB

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


Comment:

 Authors replied on the mailinglist that in their opinion there is no need
 to make any change to the draft. Neither the original person that raised
 the issue nor the mailinglist stated a different opinion.

-- 
------------------------------+---------------------------------------------
Reporter:  yakov@â€¦            |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical          |       Status:  closed         
Priority:  major              |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                  |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                     |  
------------------------------+---------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/111#comment:2>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#113: inbound traffic engineering support with LISP

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 Authors replied on the mailinglist that in their opinion there is no need
 to make any change to the draft. Neither the original person that raised
 the issue nor the mailinglist stated a different opinion.

-- 
------------------------------+---------------------------------------------
Reporter:  yakov@â€¦            |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical          |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major              |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                  |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                     |  
------------------------------+---------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/113#comment:2>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#113: inbound traffic engineering support with LISP

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
------------------------------+---------------------------------------------
Reporter:  yakov@â€¦            |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical          |       Status:  closed         
Priority:  major              |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                  |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                     |  
------------------------------+---------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/113#comment:3>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#38: On the limitation of LISP recursive encapsulation (from D. Papadimitriou's
review)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 Authors replied on the mailinglist that in their opinion there is no need
 to make any change to the draft. Neither the original person that raised
 the issue nor the mailinglist stated a different opinion.

-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical                      |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  minor                          |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/38#comment:1>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#38: On the limitation of LISP recursive encapsulation (from D. Papadimitriou's
review)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical                      |       Status:  closed         
Priority:  minor                          |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/38#comment:2>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#41: Map-Reply sent for not reachable EID (from D. Papadimitriou's review)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 Authors replied on the mailinglist that in their opinion there is no need
 to make any change to the draft. Neither the original person that raised
 the issue nor the mailinglist stated a different opinion.

-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical                      |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  minor                          |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/41#comment:1>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#41: Map-Reply sent for not reachable EID (from D. Papadimitriou's review)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical                      |       Status:  closed         
Priority:  minor                          |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/41#comment:2>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #71: Missing description mechanism to make EID-to-RLOC (from D. Papadimitriou's review)
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#71: Missing description mechanism to make EID-to-RLOC (from D. Papadimitriou's
review)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 Authors replied on the mailinglist that in their opinion there is no need
 to make any change to the draft. Neither the original person that raised
 the issue nor the mailinglist stated a different opinion.

-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical                      |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  minor                          |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/71#comment:1>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#71: Missing description mechanism to make EID-to-RLOC (from D. Papadimitriou's
review)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical                      |       Status:  closed         
Priority:  minor                          |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/71#comment:2>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#81: Implication of deploying  of xTRs as first/last hop.

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 Authors replied on the mailinglist that in their opinion there is no need
 to make any change to the draft. Neither the original person that raised
 the issue nor the mailinglist stated a different opinion.

-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical                      |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  trivial                        |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/81#comment:1>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#81: Implication of deploying  of xTRs as first/last hop.

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical                      |       Status:  closed         
Priority:  trivial                        |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/81#comment:2>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #113: inbound traffic engineering support with LISP
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#113: inbound traffic engineering support with LISP

Changes (by yakov@â€¦):

  * status:  closed => reopened
  * resolution:  fixed =>


Comment:

 The issue is still unresolved. Moreover, as I mentioned in my e-mail on
 2/15/2011

  To add to the above, there should be a detailed description of how TE-xTR
  perform traffic engineering. This description should be sufficient to
  address the questions I raised in my e-mail to the LISP WG mailing list
 on
  6/1/2010.

-- 
------------------------------+---------------------------------------------
Reporter:  yakov@â€¦            |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical          |       Status:  reopened       
Priority:  major              |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                  |   Resolution:                 
Keywords:                     |  
------------------------------+---------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/113#comment:4>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #48: MAP-Replies returning different contents for a given EID (review by Y, Rekhter)
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#48: MAP-Replies returning different contents for a given EID (review by Y,
Rekhter)

Changes (by yakov@â€¦):

  * status:  closed => reopened
  * resolution:  fixed =>


Comment:

 Please point to the specific text that addresses this comment, and
 specifically describe the consequences if two entities do return MAP-
 replies with different contents for a given EID

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  reopened       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:                 
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/48#comment:7>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: [lisp]  #114: EID-to-RLOC mapping - transients
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#114: EID-to-RLOC mapping - transients

 From section 3:

    EID-to-RLOC Database:   The EID-to-RLOC database is a global
       distributed database that contains all known EID-prefix to RLOC
       mappings.  Each potential ETR typically contains a small piece of
       the database: the EID-to-RLOC mappings for the EID prefixes
       "behind" the router.  These map to one of the router's own,
       globally-visible, IP addresses.  The same database mapping entries
       MUST be configured on all ETRs for a given site.  That is, the
       EID-prefixes for the site and locator-set for each EID-prefix MUST
       be the same on all ETRs so they consistently send Map-Reply
       messages with the same database mapping contents.

 During the time period when the EID-to-RLOC mapping changes, and a site
 has multiple ETRs the spec has to document the procedures by which all the
 ETRs of a given site "consistently send Map-Reply messages with the same
 database mapping contents".

-- 
------------------------------+---------------------------------------------
Reporter:  yakov@â€¦            |       Owner:     
    Type:  technical          |      Status:  new
Priority:  major              |   Component:  alt
Severity:  -                  |    Keywords:     
------------------------------+---------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/114>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#98: LISP nonce (comment 17 reported by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by yakov@â€¦):

  * status:  closed => reopened
  * resolution:  fixed =>


Comment:

 I disagree with the authors' opinion. Thus the ticket is still open

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  editorial           |       Status:  reopened       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:                 
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/98#comment:3>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #94: Implications on using Control plane for data forwarding (comment 15 reported by Y. Rekhter)
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#94: Implications on using Control plane for data forwarding (comment 15
reported by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by yakov@â€¦):

  * status:  closed => reopened
  * resolution:  fixed =>


Comment:

 The issue raised in this ticket has to be addresses. Until this issue is
 addressed, the ticket should stay open.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  reopened       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:                 
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/94#comment:3>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #90: Restricting re-encapsulation (comment 12 reported by Y. Rekhter)
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#90: Restricting re-encapsulation (comment 12 reported by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by yakov@â€¦):

  * status:  closed => reopened
  * resolution:  fixed =>


Comment:

 The question posed in this comment is still not answered.Thus the ticket
 should stay open until the question is answered.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  reopened       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:                 
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/90#comment:3>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #89: On redefining the name of the encapsulated packet header (comment 12 reported by Y. Rekhter)
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#89: On redefining the name of the encapsulated packet header (comment 12
reported by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by yakov@â€¦):

  * status:  closed => reopened
  * resolution:  fixed =>


Comment:

 the question posed in this ticket is still not answered. Until the
 question is answered, the ticket should stay as open.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  reopened       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:                 
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/89#comment:3>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #84: Renumbering burden when clients change providers (comment 9 reported by Y. Rekhter)
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#84: Renumbering burden when clients change providers (comment 9 reported by Y.
Rekhter)

Changes (by yakov@â€¦):

  * status:  closed => reopened
  * resolution:  fixed =>


Comment:

 I disagree with the authors that "there is no need to make any changes to
 the draft". I think that the issue raised in this ticket is still not
 addresses, and therefore the ticket should stay open.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  reopened       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:                 
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/84#comment:4>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #81: Implication of deploying of xTRs as first/last hop.
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#81: Implication of deploying  of xTRs as first/last hop.

Changes (by yakov@â€¦):

  * status:  closed => reopened
  * resolution:  fixed =>


Comment:

 I disagree with the authors that "there is no need to make any change to
 the draft". The issue raised in this ticket is still not addresses. Until
 this issue is addressed, the ticket should stay open.

-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical                      |       Status:  reopened       
Priority:  trivial                        |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:                 
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/81#comment:3>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #71: Missing description mechanism to make EID-to-RLOC (from D. Papadimitriou's review)
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#71: Missing description mechanism to make EID-to-RLOC (from D. Papadimitriou's
review)

Changes (by yakov@â€¦):

  * status:  closed => reopened
  * resolution:  fixed =>


Comment:

 I don't think that the issue raised in this ticket has been addressed.
 Thus the ticket should stay open.

-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical                      |       Status:  reopened       
Priority:  minor                          |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:                 
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/71#comment:3>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #73: Tunnel liveness (from R. Bonica review for the RTG directorate)
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#73: Tunnel liveness (from R. Bonica review for the RTG directorate)

Changes (by yakov@â€¦):

  * status:  closed => reopened
  * resolution:  fixed =>


Comment:

 The issue raised in this ticket is still not addressed. Thus the ticket
 must stay open.

-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical                      |       Status:  reopened       
Priority:  major                          |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:                 
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/73#comment:3>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #70: Client not respecting RLOC weights (from Y. Rekhter's review)
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#70: Client not respecting RLOC weights (from Y. Rekhter's review)

Changes (by yakov@â€¦):

  * status:  closed => reopened
  * resolution:  fixed =>


Comment:

 The issue raised in this ticket is still not addressed. Thus the ticket
 must stay open.

-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical                      |       Status:  reopened       
Priority:  major                          |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:                 
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/70#comment:4>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #94: Implications on using Control plane for data forwarding (comment 15 reported by Y. Rekhter)
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Yakov, I am confused by your re-opening this issue.
The text from the ticket no longer appears in the LISP documents.
The LISP ALT document does still have references to forwarding data 
plane packets through the control plane.  That text has explicit 
warnings that this appears to be a bad idea, and that it should only be 
done for special tests aimed at verifying that question.

If you feel something more is needed in one of the documents, can you 
please be more specific.

Yours,
Joel

On 3/16/2011 2:56 PM, lisp issue tracker wrote:
> #94: Implications on using Control plane for data forwarding (comment 15
> reported by Y. Rekhter)
>
> Changes (by yakov@â€¦):
>
>    * status:  closed =>  reopened
>    * resolution:  fixed =>
>
>
> Comment:
>
>   The issue raised in this ticket has to be addresses. Until this issue is
>   addressed, the ticket should stay open.
>

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#68: What is the source address for a negative reply, which has a zero length
locator -set ? (from Y. Rekhter's review)

Changes (by yakov@â€¦):

  * status:  closed => reopened
  * resolution:  fixed =>


Comment:

 The question raised in this ticket is still not answered. Thus the ticket
 must stay open.

-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical                      |       Status:  reopened       
Priority:  major                          |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:                 
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/68#comment:4>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#66: Strict RLOC ordering causing problems on mapping changes

Changes (by yakov@â€¦):

  * status:  closed => reopened
  * resolution:  fixed =>


Comment:

 The issues raised in this ticket are still not addressed. Therefore the
 ticket should stay open.

-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical                      |       Status:  reopened       
Priority:  major                          |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:                 
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/66#comment:5>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #68: What is the source address for a negative reply, which has a zero length locator -set ? (from Y. Rekhter's review)
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> #68: What is the source address for a negative reply, which has a =20
> zero length
> locator -set ? (from Y. Rekhter's review)

The originator's IP address is the source of the Map-Reply. In the =20
case of a positive Map-Reply from the ETR, it is the ETR's IP address =20=

in the case of a negative Map-Reply, it is the Map-Resolver's IP =20
address.

This is basic IP packet origination, so I am not sure what you are =20
really getting at. Please be more specific.

Dino

>
> Changes (by yakov@=85):
>
>  * status:  closed =3D> reopened
>  * resolution:  fixed =3D>
>
>
> Comment:
>
> The question raised in this ticket is still not answered. Thus the =20
> ticket
> must stay open.
>
> --=20
> ------------------------------------------=20
> +---------------------------------
> Reporter:  luigi@=85                        |        Owner:
>    Type:  technical                      |       Status:  reopened
> Priority:  major                          |    Component:  draft-=20
> ietf-lisp
> Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:
> Keywords:                                 |
> ------------------------------------------=20
> +---------------------------------
>
> Ticket URL: =
<https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/68#comment:4=20
> >
> lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
> LISP WG document issues
> _______________________________________________
> lisp mailing list
> lisp@ietf.org
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Subject: Re: [lisp] #63: On the use of anycast addresses for RLOCs (from Y. Rekhter's review)
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#63: On the use of anycast addresses for RLOCs (from Y. Rekhter's review)

Changes (by yakov@â€¦):

  * status:  closed => reopened
  * resolution:  fixed =>


Comment:

 The new draft still does not fully address the issue raised in this
 ticket. To close this ticket the authors should replace

    Another disadvantage of using anycast locators is the limited
 advertisement
    scope of /32 (or /128 for IPv6) routes.

 with the following:

   When more than one CE at a site is configured with the same IP
   address (in which case an RLOC is an anycast address), then in
   order to avoid negative implications on routing scalability (in
   order to prevent carrying RLOCs as individual /32 (or /128 for
   IPv6) routes throughout the whole Internet), for a given site only
   CEs connected to the same ISP may be configured with the same IP
   address. Thus to avoid negative implications on routing scalability
   use of anycast addresses as RLOCs for CEs should be
   constrained to only the CEs connected to the same ISP.

-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical                      |       Status:  reopened       
Priority:  major                          |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:                 
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/63#comment:5>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #57: How to determine EIDs not forwardable on the routable topology (from Y. Rekhter's review)
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#57: How to determine EIDs not forwardable on the routable topology (from Y.
Rekhter's review)

Changes (by yakov@â€¦):

  * status:  closed => reopened
  * resolution:  fixed =>


Comment:

 In order to close this ticket the authors should answer the question
 raised in this ticket.

-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical                      |       Status:  reopened       
Priority:  major                          |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:                 
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/57#comment:4>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #53: Reachability between ETR and EID (review by Y. Rekhter)
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#53: Reachability between ETR and EID (review by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by yakov@â€¦):

  * status:  closed => reopened
  * resolution:  fixed =>


Comment:

 In order to close the ticket the authors need to answer the question
 raised in the ticket.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  reopened       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:                 
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/53#comment:3>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

From jmh@joelhalpern.com  Wed Mar 16 12:28:09 2011
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Cc: lisp issue tracker <trac+lisp@trac.tools.ietf.org>, lisp@ietf.org
Subject: Re: [lisp] #68: What is the source address for a negative reply, which has a zero length locator -set ? (from Y. Rekhter's review)
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Yakov,
     Would it suffice to add a sentence to the end of section 6.1.5 
along the lines of:
In the case of a Negative Map Reply sent from the mapping system, the 
source IP address will be the IP address of the device sending the 
reply, rather than being a valid RLOC, since there are no valid RLOCs 
returned.

?
Yours,
Joel

On 3/16/2011 3:20 PM, Dino Farinacci wrote:
>> #68: What is the source address for a negative reply, which has a zero
>> length
>> locator -set ? (from Y. Rekhter's review)
>
> The originator's IP address is the source of the Map-Reply. In the case
> of a positive Map-Reply from the ETR, it is the ETR's IP address in the
> case of a negative Map-Reply, it is the Map-Resolver's IP address.
>
> This is basic IP packet origination, so I am not sure what you are
> really getting at. Please be more specific.
>
> Dino
>
>>
>> Changes (by yakov@…):
>>
>> * status: closed => reopened
>> * resolution: fixed =>
>>
>>
>> Comment:
>>
>> The question raised in this ticket is still not answered. Thus the ticket
>> must stay open.
>>
>> --
>> ------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
>>
>> Reporter: luigi@… | Owner:
>> Type: technical | Status: reopened
>> Priority: major | Component: draft-ietf-lisp
>> Severity: - | Resolution:
>> Keywords: |
>> ------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
>>
>>
>> Ticket URL:
>> <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/68#comment:4>
>> lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
>> LISP WG document issues
>> _______________________________________________
>> lisp mailing list
>> lisp@ietf.org
>> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/lisp
>
> _______________________________________________
> lisp mailing list
> lisp@ietf.org
> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/lisp
>

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #50: MAP-Replies content that MUST be invariant (review by Y. Rekhter)
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#50: MAP-Replies content that MUST be invariant (review by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by yakov@â€¦):

  * status:  closed => reopened
  * resolution:  fixed =>


Comment:

 In order to close the issue please point to the text that has been
 modified to fix the issue.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  reopened       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:                 
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/50#comment:3>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#49: "MAP-Replies" content that is allowed to change (review by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by yakov@â€¦):

  * status:  closed => reopened
  * resolution:  fixed =>


Comment:

 Before closing the issue please point to the text that has been modified
 to address the issue.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  reopened       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:                 
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/49#comment:3>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #47: Ambiguity on "MAP-replies" requirements (review by Y. Rekhter)
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#47: Ambiguity on "MAP-replies" requirements (review by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by yakov@â€¦):

  * status:  closed => reopened
  * resolution:  fixed =>


Comment:

 Until the authors point to the text that addresses the issue raised in the
 ticket, the ticket should stay open.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  reopened       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:                 
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/47#comment:4>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #46: Cache Thrashing (review by Y. Rekhter)
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#46: Cache Thrashing (review by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by yakov@â€¦):

  * status:  closed => reopened
  * resolution:  fixed =>


Comment:

 The issue raised in this ticket has to be addresses. Until it is
 addressed, the ticket should stay open.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  reopened       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:                 
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/46#comment:4>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

From dino@cisco.com  Wed Mar 16 12:33:40 2011
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Subject: Re: [lisp] #68: What is the source address for a negative reply, which has a zero length locator -set ? (from Y. Rekhter's review)
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> Yakov,
>    Would it suffice to add a sentence to the end of section 6.1.5 =20
> along the lines of:
> In the case of a Negative Map Reply sent from the mapping system, =20
> the source IP address will be the IP address of the device sending =20
> the reply, rather than being a valid RLOC, since there are no valid =20=

> RLOCs returned.

Joel, the source address selection has nothing to do with the contents =20=

of the control message. So why call this out specifically and make the =20=

document unreadable and block the flow of continuity.

What should the source address be for a positive Map-Reply?
What should the source address be for a drop-action Map-Reply?
What should the source address be when there are multiple EID records?

Why shouldn't those among the other 100s of combinations be included =20
as well?

The answer is the same for all questions, *the originator of the =20
control message*.

Dino

>
> ?
> Yours,
> Joel
>
> On 3/16/2011 3:20 PM, Dino Farinacci wrote:
>>> #68: What is the source address for a negative reply, which has a =20=

>>> zero
>>> length
>>> locator -set ? (from Y. Rekhter's review)
>>
>> The originator's IP address is the source of the Map-Reply. In the =20=

>> case
>> of a positive Map-Reply from the ETR, it is the ETR's IP address in =20=

>> the
>> case of a negative Map-Reply, it is the Map-Resolver's IP address.
>>
>> This is basic IP packet origination, so I am not sure what you are
>> really getting at. Please be more specific.
>>
>> Dino
>>
>>>
>>> Changes (by yakov@=85):
>>>
>>> * status: closed =3D> reopened
>>> * resolution: fixed =3D>
>>>
>>>
>>> Comment:
>>>
>>> The question raised in this ticket is still not answered. Thus the =20=

>>> ticket
>>> must stay open.
>>>
>>> --
>>> ------------------------------------------=20
>>> +---------------------------------
>>>
>>> Reporter: luigi@=85 | Owner:
>>> Type: technical | Status: reopened
>>> Priority: major | Component: draft-ietf-lisp
>>> Severity: - | Resolution:
>>> Keywords: |
>>> ------------------------------------------=20
>>> +---------------------------------
>>>
>>>
>>> Ticket URL:
>>> <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/68#comment:4>
>>> lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
>>> LISP WG document issues
>>> _______________________________________________
>>> lisp mailing list
>>> lisp@ietf.org
>>> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/lisp
>>
>> _______________________________________________
>> lisp mailing list
>> lisp@ietf.org
>> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/lisp
>>


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Subject: Re: [lisp] #45: LISP vs. Existing (from Y. Rekhter)
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#45: LISP vs. Existing (from Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by yakov@â€¦):

  * status:  closed => reopened
  * resolution:  fixed =>


Comment:

 In order to close the ticket the authors should point to the text that
 answers the question raised in the ticket.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  reopened       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:                 
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/45#comment:3>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #44: LISP vs existing (reported by Yakov Rekhter)
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#44: LISP vs existing (reported by Yakov Rekhter)

Changes (by yakov@â€¦):

  * status:  closed => reopened
  * resolution:  fixed =>


Comment:

 In order to close the ticket the authors need to point to the text that
 answers the question raised in the ticket.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  reopened       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:                 
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/44#comment:5>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

From jmh@joelhalpern.com  Wed Mar 16 12:39:45 2011
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From: "Joel M. Halpern" <jmh@joelhalpern.com>
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To: Dino Farinacci <dino@cisco.com>
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Cc: lisp issue tracker <trac+lisp@trac.tools.ietf.org>, lisp@ietf.org
Subject: Re: [lisp] #68: What is the source address for a negative reply, which has a zero length locator -set ? (from Y. Rekhter's review)
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The reason is that the text in the last paragraph of 6.1.5 says "The 
source address of the Map_reply is one of the local locator addresses 
listed in the locator set of any mapping record in teh message ..."

The document makes a point of talking about the source adress here. 
That raises the question of what happens in the corner case when the 
reply has not locator sets.

Yours,
Joel

On 3/16/2011 3:35 PM, Dino Farinacci wrote:
>> Yakov,
>> Would it suffice to add a sentence to the end of section 6.1.5 along
>> the lines of:
>> In the case of a Negative Map Reply sent from the mapping system, the
>> source IP address will be the IP address of the device sending the
>> reply, rather than being a valid RLOC, since there are no valid RLOCs
>> returned.
>
> Joel, the source address selection has nothing to do with the contents
> of the control message. So why call this out specifically and make the
> document unreadable and block the flow of continuity.
>
> What should the source address be for a positive Map-Reply?
> What should the source address be for a drop-action Map-Reply?
> What should the source address be when there are multiple EID records?
>
> Why shouldn't those among the other 100s of combinations be included as
> well?
>
> The answer is the same for all questions, *the originator of the control
> message*.
>
> Dino
>
>>
>> ?
>> Yours,
>> Joel
>>
>> On 3/16/2011 3:20 PM, Dino Farinacci wrote:
>>>> #68: What is the source address for a negative reply, which has a zero
>>>> length
>>>> locator -set ? (from Y. Rekhter's review)
>>>
>>> The originator's IP address is the source of the Map-Reply. In the case
>>> of a positive Map-Reply from the ETR, it is the ETR's IP address in the
>>> case of a negative Map-Reply, it is the Map-Resolver's IP address.
>>>
>>> This is basic IP packet origination, so I am not sure what you are
>>> really getting at. Please be more specific.
>>>
>>> Dino
>>>
>>>>
>>>> Changes (by yakov@…):
>>>>
>>>> * status: closed => reopened
>>>> * resolution: fixed =>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> Comment:
>>>>
>>>> The question raised in this ticket is still not answered. Thus the
>>>> ticket
>>>> must stay open.
>>>>
>>>> --
>>>> ------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> Reporter: luigi@… | Owner:
>>>> Type: technical | Status: reopened
>>>> Priority: major | Component: draft-ietf-lisp
>>>> Severity: - | Resolution:
>>>> Keywords: |
>>>> ------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> Ticket URL:
>>>> <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/68#comment:4>
>>>> lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
>>>> LISP WG document issues
>>>> _______________________________________________
>>>> lisp mailing list
>>>> lisp@ietf.org
>>>> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/lisp
>>>
>>> _______________________________________________
>>> lisp mailing list
>>> lisp@ietf.org
>>> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/lisp
>>>
>
>

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Date: Wed, 16 Mar 2011 12:44:41 -0700
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Cc: lisp issue tracker <trac+lisp@trac.tools.ietf.org>, lisp@ietf.org
Subject: Re: [lisp] #68: What is the source address for a negative reply, which has a zero length locator -set ? (from Y. Rekhter's review)
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> The reason is that the text in the last paragraph of 6.1.5 says "The =20=

> source address of the Map_reply is one of the local locator =20
> addresses listed in the locator set of any mapping record in teh =20
> message ..."

Oh, if Yakov would have pointed that out, we could have fixed it ASAP.

> The document makes a point of talking about the source adress here. =20=

> That raises the question of what happens in the corner case when the =20=

> reply has not locator sets.

Consider it fixed in the next version.

Dino

>
> Yours,
> Joel
>
> On 3/16/2011 3:35 PM, Dino Farinacci wrote:
>>> Yakov,
>>> Would it suffice to add a sentence to the end of section 6.1.5 along
>>> the lines of:
>>> In the case of a Negative Map Reply sent from the mapping system, =20=

>>> the
>>> source IP address will be the IP address of the device sending the
>>> reply, rather than being a valid RLOC, since there are no valid =20
>>> RLOCs
>>> returned.
>>
>> Joel, the source address selection has nothing to do with the =20
>> contents
>> of the control message. So why call this out specifically and make =20=

>> the
>> document unreadable and block the flow of continuity.
>>
>> What should the source address be for a positive Map-Reply?
>> What should the source address be for a drop-action Map-Reply?
>> What should the source address be when there are multiple EID =20
>> records?
>>
>> Why shouldn't those among the other 100s of combinations be =20
>> included as
>> well?
>>
>> The answer is the same for all questions, *the originator of the =20
>> control
>> message*.
>>
>> Dino
>>
>>>
>>> ?
>>> Yours,
>>> Joel
>>>
>>> On 3/16/2011 3:20 PM, Dino Farinacci wrote:
>>>>> #68: What is the source address for a negative reply, which has =20=

>>>>> a zero
>>>>> length
>>>>> locator -set ? (from Y. Rekhter's review)
>>>>
>>>> The originator's IP address is the source of the Map-Reply. In =20
>>>> the case
>>>> of a positive Map-Reply from the ETR, it is the ETR's IP address =20=

>>>> in the
>>>> case of a negative Map-Reply, it is the Map-Resolver's IP address.
>>>>
>>>> This is basic IP packet origination, so I am not sure what you are
>>>> really getting at. Please be more specific.
>>>>
>>>> Dino
>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>> Changes (by yakov@=85):
>>>>>
>>>>> * status: closed =3D> reopened
>>>>> * resolution: fixed =3D>
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>> Comment:
>>>>>
>>>>> The question raised in this ticket is still not answered. Thus the
>>>>> ticket
>>>>> must stay open.
>>>>>
>>>>> --
>>>>> ------------------------------------------=20
>>>>> +---------------------------------
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>> Reporter: luigi@=85 | Owner:
>>>>> Type: technical | Status: reopened
>>>>> Priority: major | Component: draft-ietf-lisp
>>>>> Severity: - | Resolution:
>>>>> Keywords: |
>>>>> ------------------------------------------=20
>>>>> +---------------------------------
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>> Ticket URL:
>>>>> <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/68#comment:4>
>>>>> lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
>>>>> LISP WG document issues
>>>>> _______________________________________________
>>>>> lisp mailing list
>>>>> lisp@ietf.org
>>>>> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/lisp
>>>>
>>>> _______________________________________________
>>>> lisp mailing list
>>>> lisp@ietf.org
>>>> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/lisp
>>>>
>>
>>


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Subject: Re: [lisp] #42: On the SMR mechanism
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#42: On the SMR mechanism

Changes (by yakov@â€¦):

  * status:  closed => reopened
  * resolution:  fixed =>


Comment:

 The new text is still inadequate:

    Since the ETRs don't keep track of remote ITRs that have cached their
    mappings, they do not know which ITRs need to have their mappings
    updated.  As a result, an ETR will solicit Map-Requests (called an
    SMR message) from those sites to which it has been sending
    encapsulated data to for the last minute.  In particular, an ETR will
    send an SMR an ITR to which it has recently sent encapsulated data.

 "recently" in the last sentence above needs to be quantified.

 What is the meaning of "solicit Map-Requests from those sites" ? Does it
 mean soliciting it from all the xTRs of a given site, or only some ?

                                                               Since the
    mapping database system is more secure to reach an authoritative ETR,
    it will deliver the Map-Request to the authoritative source of the
    mapping data.

 "more secure" relative to what ? What is the justification for this
 assumption about the mapping database's security?

-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical                      |       Status:  reopened       
Priority:  minor                          |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:                 
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/42#comment:5>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #27: ETR may claim a larger prefix than is delegated to it
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#27: ETR may claim a larger prefix than is delegated to it

Changes (by yakov@â€¦):

  * status:  closed => reopened
  * resolution:  fixed =>


Comment:

 Before closing the ticket please document how the issue raised by the
 ticket is resolved.

-- 
----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------
Reporter:  hartmans-ietf@â€¦        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical              |       Status:  reopened       
Priority:  major                  |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                      |   Resolution:                 
Keywords:                         |  
----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/27#comment:3>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #111: Semantics of LSB
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#111: Semantics of LSB

Changes (by yakov@â€¦):

  * status:  closed => reopened
  * resolution:  fixed =>


Comment:

 In order to close the ticket the authors have to answer the question
 raised by the ticket.

-- 
------------------------------+---------------------------------------------
Reporter:  yakov@â€¦            |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical          |       Status:  reopened       
Priority:  major              |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                  |   Resolution:                 
Keywords:                     |  
------------------------------+---------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/111#comment:3>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #101: Filtering ICMP messages (comment 19 reported by Y. Rekhter)
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#101: Filtering ICMP messages (comment 19 reported by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by yakov@â€¦):

  * status:  closed => reopened
  * resolution:  fixed =>


Comment:

 The issues raised in this ticket are still not addressed. Until these
 issues are addressed, the ticket should stay open.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  reopened       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:                 
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/101#comment:3>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

From yakov@juniper.net  Wed Mar 16 13:17:06 2011
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From: Yakov Rekhter <yakov@juniper.net>
Cc: lisp issue tracker <trac+lisp@zinfandel.tools.ietf.org>, lisp@ietf.org
Subject: Re: [lisp] #68: What is the source address for a negative reply, which has a zero length locator -set ? (from Y. Rekhter's review)
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Joel,

> Yakov,
>      Would it suffice to add a sentence to the end of section 6.1.5 =

> along the lines of:
> In the case of a Negative Map Reply sent from the mapping system, the =

> source IP address will be the IP address of the device sending the =

> reply, rather than being a valid RLOC, since there are no valid RLOCs =

> returned.

Yes, as the text you proposed above would answer the question =

raised in the ticket.

Yakov.

> =

> ?
> Yours,
> Joel
> =

> On 3/16/2011 3:20 PM, Dino Farinacci wrote:
> >> #68: What is the source address for a negative reply, which has a zer=
o
> >> length
> >> locator -set ? (from Y. Rekhter's review)
> >
> > The originator's IP address is the source of the Map-Reply. In the cas=
e
> > of a positive Map-Reply from the ETR, it is the ETR's IP address in th=
e
> > case of a negative Map-Reply, it is the Map-Resolver's IP address.
> >
> > This is basic IP packet origination, so I am not sure what you are
> > really getting at. Please be more specific.
> >
> > Dino
> >
> >>
> >> Changes (by yakov@=85):
> >>
> >> * status: closed =3D> reopened
> >> * resolution: fixed =3D>
> >>
> >>
> >> Comment:
> >>
> >> The question raised in this ticket is still not answered. Thus the ti=
cket
> >> must stay open.
> >>
> >> --
> >> ------------------------------------------+--------------------------=
-----
--
> >>
> >> Reporter: luigi@=85 | Owner:
> >> Type: technical | Status: reopened
> >> Priority: major | Component: draft-ietf-lisp
> >> Severity: - | Resolution:
> >> Keywords: |
> >> ------------------------------------------+--------------------------=
-----
--
> >>
> >>
> >> Ticket URL:
> >> <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/68#comment:4>
> >> lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
> >> LISP WG document issues
> >> _______________________________________________
> >> lisp mailing list
> >> lisp@ietf.org
> >> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/lisp
> >
> > _______________________________________________
> > lisp mailing list
> > lisp@ietf.org
> > https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/lisp
> >
> _______________________________________________
> lisp mailing list
> lisp@ietf.org
> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/lisp
> =


From yakov@juniper.net  Wed Mar 16 13:20:50 2011
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From: Yakov Rekhter <yakov@juniper.net>
Cc: lisp issue tracker <trac+lisp@zinfandel.tools.ietf.org>, lisp@ietf.org
Subject: Re: [lisp] #68: What is the source address for a negative reply, which has a zero length locator -set ? (from Y. Rekhter's review)
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Dino,

> > The reason is that the text in the last paragraph of 6.1.5 says "The  
> > source address of the Map_reply is one of the local locator  
> > addresses listed in the locator set of any mapping record in teh  
> > message ..."
> 
> Oh, if Yakov would have pointed that out, we could have fixed it ASAP.

I did point this out. From my original comment:

   This is part of Comment 24 of Rekhter's review

   Section 6.1.5 EID-to-RLOC UDP Map-Reply message

    When sending a Map-Reply message, the destination address is copied
    from the source address of the Map-Request or Data-Probe message
    which is invoking the reply. The source address of the Map-Reply is
    one of the local locator addresses listed in the locator-set of any
    mapping record in the message.

   What is the source address for a negative reply, which has a zero
   length locator -set ? 

> > The document makes a point of talking about the source adress here.  
> > That raises the question of what happens in the corner case when the  
> > reply has not locator sets.
> 
> Consider it fixed in the next version.

Yakov.

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #94: Implications on using Control plane for data forwarding (comment 15 reported by Y. Rekhter)
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#94: Implications on using Control plane for data forwarding (comment 15
reported by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by yakov@â€¦):

  * status:  reopened => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 The ticket should be closed as the text quoted in the ticket has been
 removed.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/94#comment:4>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

From dino@cisco.com  Wed Mar 16 13:31:45 2011
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From: Dino Farinacci <dino@cisco.com>
To: Yakov Rekhter <yakov@juniper.net>
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Cc: lisp issue tracker <trac+lisp@zinfandel.tools.ietf.org>, lisp@ietf.org
Subject: Re: [lisp] #68: What is the source address for a negative reply, which has a zero length locator -set ? (from Y. Rekhter's review)
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Then we missed it in the 100s of comments we received. We will fix it.  
Please be specific on the other items you think we did not fix.

Dino

On Mar 16, 2011, at 1:19 PM, Yakov Rekhter wrote:

> Dino,
>
>>> The reason is that the text in the last paragraph of 6.1.5 says "The
>>> source address of the Map_reply is one of the local locator
>>> addresses listed in the locator set of any mapping record in teh
>>> message ..."
>>
>> Oh, if Yakov would have pointed that out, we could have fixed it  
>> ASAP.
>
> I did point this out. From my original comment:
>
>   This is part of Comment 24 of Rekhter's review
>
>   Section 6.1.5 EID-to-RLOC UDP Map-Reply message
>
>    When sending a Map-Reply message, the destination address is copied
>    from the source address of the Map-Request or Data-Probe message
>    which is invoking the reply. The source address of the Map-Reply is
>    one of the local locator addresses listed in the locator-set of any
>    mapping record in the message.
>
>   What is the source address for a negative reply, which has a zero
>   length locator -set ?
>
>>> The document makes a point of talking about the source adress here.
>>> That raises the question of what happens in the corner case when the
>>> reply has not locator sets.
>>
>> Consider it fixed in the next version.
>
> Yakov.


From yakov@juniper.net  Wed Mar 16 13:31:55 2011
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From: Yakov Rekhter <yakov@juniper.net>
Cc: lisp issue tracker <trac+lisp@zinfandel.tools.ietf.org>, lisp@ietf.org
Subject: Re: [lisp] #94: Implications on using Control plane for data forwarding (comment 15 reported by Y. Rekhter)
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Joel,

> Yakov, I am confused by your re-opening this issue.
> The text from the ticket no longer appears in the LISP documents.

It would be very helpful if the ticket would just say this.

> The LISP ALT document does still have references to forwarding data =

> plane packets through the control plane.  That text has explicit =

> warnings that this appears to be a bad idea, and that it should only be =

> done for special tests aimed at verifying that question.
> =

> If you feel something more is needed in one of the documents, can you =

> please be more specific.

I just closed the ticket.

Yakov.

> =

> Yours,
> Joel
> =

> On 3/16/2011 2:56 PM, lisp issue tracker wrote:
> > #94: Implications on using Control plane for data forwarding (comment =
15
> > reported by Y. Rekhter)
> >
> > Changes (by yakov@=E2=80=A6):
> >
> >    * status:  closed =3D>  reopened
> >    * resolution:  fixed =3D>
> >
> >
> > Comment:
> >
> >   The issue raised in this ticket has to be addresses. Until this issu=
e is
> >   addressed, the ticket should stay open.
> >

From luigi@net.t-labs.tu-berlin.de  Thu Mar 17 07:16:57 2011
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Subject: [lisp] Re-opened issues (and further discussion)
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Yakov,

Let me summarize in this mail a large part of the re-opened issues, so =
to avoid to send multiple emails with the same content.

What follows is a list of the re-opened issues and a link to the email =
that provided an answer to the issue.

All emails are dated july/august 2010.=20

IMHO and in order to progress, the original author of the issue (is not =
always you) should clearly state why he is not satisfied with the =
provided answer (even better would be to suggest text and corrections).

Hope the following links will help in re-start the discussion and make =
progress.

Luigi

--


Re: [lisp] #90: Restricting re-encapsulation (comment 12 reported by Y. =
Rekhter)
http://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/lisp/current/msg02324.html

Re: [lisp] #89: On redefining the name of the encapsulated packet header =
(comment 12 reported by Y. Rekhter)
http://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/lisp/current/msg02323.html

Re: [lisp] #71: Missing description mechanism to make EID-to-RLOC (from =
D. Papadimitriou's review)
http://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/lisp/current/msg02314.html

Re: [lisp] #73: Tunnel liveness (from R. Bonica review for the RTG =
directorate)
http://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/lisp/current/msg02315.html

Re: [lisp] #70: Client not respecting RLOC weights (from Y. Rekhter's =
review)
http://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/lisp/current/msg02312.html

Re: [lisp] #66: Strict RLOC ordering causing problems on mapping changes
http://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/lisp/current/msg02309.html

Re: [lisp] #57: How to determine EIDs not forwardable on the routable =
topology (from Y. Rekhter's review)
http://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/lisp/current/msg02305.html

Re: [lisp] #53: Reachability between ETR and EID (review by Y. Rekhter)
http://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/lisp/current/msg02302.html

Re: [lisp] #47: Ambiguity on "MAP-replies" requirements (review by Y. =
Rekhter)
Re: [lisp] #49: "MAP-Replies" content that is allowed to change (review =
by Y. Rekhter)
Re: [lisp] #50: MAP-Replies content that MUST be invariant (review by Y. =
Rekhter)
http://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/lisp/current/msg02340.html

Re: [lisp] #46: Cache Thrashing (review by Y. Rekhter)
http://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/lisp/current/msg02300.html

Re: [lisp] #45: LISP vs. Existing (from Y. Rekhter)
http://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/lisp/current/msg02301.html

Re: [lisp] #44: LISP vs existing (reported by Yakov Rekhter)
http://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/lisp/current/msg02299.html

Re: [lisp] #111: Semantics of LSB
http://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/lisp/current/msg02332.html

Re: [lisp] #101: Filtering ICMP messages (comment 19 reported by Y. =
Rekhter)
http://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/lisp/current/msg02330.html


On 16, Mar, 2011, at 19:58 , lisp issue tracker wrote:

> #90: Restricting re-encapsulation (comment 12 reported by Y. Rekhter)
>=20
> Changes (by yakov@=85):
>=20
>  * status:  closed =3D> reopened
>  * resolution:  fixed =3D>
>=20
>=20
> Comment:
>=20
> The question posed in this comment is still not answered.Thus the =
ticket
> should stay open until the question is answered.
>=20
> --=20
> =
-------------------------------+------------------------------------------=
--
> Reporter:  wmhaddad@=85          |        Owner:                =20
>    Type:  technical           |       Status:  reopened      =20
> Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
> Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:                =20
> Keywords:                      | =20
> =
-------------------------------+------------------------------------------=
--
>=20
> Ticket URL: =
<http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/90#comment:3>
> lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
> LISP WG document issues


--Apple-Mail-28--58244153
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<html><head></head><body style=3D"word-wrap: break-word; =
-webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; =
">Yakov,<div><br></div><div>Let me summarize in this mail a large part =
of the re-opened issues, so to avoid to send multiple emails with the =
same content.</div><div><br></div><div>What follows is a list of the =
re-opened issues and a link to the email that provided an answer to the =
issue.</div><div><br></div><div>All emails are dated july/august =
2010.&nbsp;</div><div><br></div><div>IMHO and in order to progress, the =
original author of the issue (is not always you) should clearly state =
why he is not satisfied with the provided answer (even better would be =
to suggest text and corrections).</div><div><br></div><div><div>Hope the =
following links will help in re-start the discussion and make =
progress.</div></div><div><br></div><div>Luigi</div><div><br></div><div>--=
</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><p style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px =
1.0px 56.0px; text-indent: -56.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica"><b>Re: =
[lisp] #90: Restricting re-encapsulation (comment 12 reported by Y. =
Rekhter)</b></p></div><div><a =
href=3D"http://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/lisp/current/msg02324.html">h=
ttp://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/lisp/current/msg02324.html</a></div><d=
iv><div><br></div><div><p style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px 1.0px 56.0px; =
text-indent: -56.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica"><b>Re: [lisp] #89: On =
redefining the name of the encapsulated packet header (comment 12 =
reported by Y. Rekhter)</b></p><div><a =
href=3D"http://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/lisp/current/msg02323.html">h=
ttp://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/lisp/current/msg02323.html</a></div></=
div><div><br></div><div><p style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px 1.0px 56.0px; =
text-indent: -56.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica"><b>Re: [lisp] #71: Missing =
description mechanism to make EID-to-RLOC (from D. Papadimitriou's =
review)</b></p><div><a =
href=3D"http://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/lisp/current/msg02314.html">h=
ttp://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/lisp/current/msg02314.html</a></div></=
div><div><br></div><div><p style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px 1.0px 56.0px; =
text-indent: -56.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica"><b>Re: [lisp] #73: Tunnel =
liveness (from R. Bonica review for the RTG directorate)</b></p><div><a =
href=3D"http://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/lisp/current/msg02315.html">h=
ttp://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/lisp/current/msg02315.html</a></div></=
div><div><br></div><div><p style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px 1.0px 56.0px; =
text-indent: -56.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica"><b>Re: [lisp] #70: Client =
not respecting RLOC weights (from Y. Rekhter's review)</b></p><div><a =
href=3D"http://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/lisp/current/msg02312.html">h=
ttp://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/lisp/current/msg02312.html</a></div></=
div><div><br></div><div><p style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px 1.0px 56.0px; =
text-indent: -56.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica"><b>Re: [lisp] #66: Strict =
RLOC ordering causing problems on mapping changes</b></p></div><div><a =
href=3D"http://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/lisp/current/msg02309.html">h=
ttp://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/lisp/current/msg02309.html</a></div><d=
iv><br></div><div><p style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px 1.0px 56.0px; =
text-indent: -56.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica"><b>Re: [lisp] #57: How to =
determine EIDs not forwardable on the routable topology (from Y. =
Rekhter's review)</b></p></div><div><a =
href=3D"http://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/lisp/current/msg02305.html">h=
ttp://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/lisp/current/msg02305.html</a></div><d=
iv><br></div><div><p style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px 1.0px 56.0px; =
text-indent: -56.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica"><b>Re: [lisp] #53: =
Reachability between ETR and EID (review by Y. =
Rekhter)</b></p></div><div><a =
href=3D"http://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/lisp/current/msg02302.html">h=
ttp://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/lisp/current/msg02302.html</a></div><d=
iv><br></div><div><p style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px 1.0px 56.0px; =
text-indent: -56.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica"><b><span =
class=3D"Apple-style-span" style=3D"font-weight: normal; "><b><span =
class=3D"Apple-style-span" style=3D"font-weight: normal; "><b>Re: [lisp] =
#47: Ambiguity on "MAP-replies" requirements (review by Y. =
Rekhter)</b></span></b></span></b></p><p style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px =
1.0px 56.0px; text-indent: -56.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica"><b><span =
class=3D"Apple-style-span" style=3D"font-weight: normal; "><b><span =
class=3D"Apple-style-span" style=3D"font-weight: normal; =
"><b></b></span>Re: [lisp] #49: "MAP-Replies" content that is allowed to =
change (review by Y. Rekhter)</b></span></b></p><p style=3D"margin: =
0.0px 0.0px 1.0px 56.0px; text-indent: -56.0px; font: 12.0px =
Helvetica"><b><span class=3D"Apple-style-span" style=3D"font-weight: =
normal; "><b></b></span>Re: [lisp] #50: MAP-Replies content that MUST be =
invariant (review by Y. Rekhter)</b></p></div><div><a =
href=3D"http://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/lisp/current/msg02340.html">h=
ttp://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/lisp/current/msg02340.html</a></div><d=
iv><br></div><div><p style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px 1.0px 56.0px; =
text-indent: -56.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica"><b>Re: [lisp] #46: Cache =
Thrashing (review by Y. Rekhter)</b></p></div><div><a =
href=3D"http://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/lisp/current/msg02300.html">h=
ttp://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/lisp/current/msg02300.html</a></div><d=
iv><br></div><div><p style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px 1.0px 56.0px; =
text-indent: -56.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica"><b>Re: [lisp] #45: LISP =
vs. Existing (from Y. Rekhter)</b></p></div><div><a =
href=3D"http://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/lisp/current/msg02301.html">h=
ttp://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/lisp/current/msg02301.html</a></div><d=
iv><br></div><div><p style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px 1.0px 56.0px; =
text-indent: -56.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica"><b>Re: [lisp] #44: LISP vs =
existing (reported by Yakov Rekhter)</b></p></div><div><a =
href=3D"http://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/lisp/current/msg02299.html">h=
ttp://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/lisp/current/msg02299.html</a></div><d=
iv><br></div><div><p style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px 1.0px 56.0px; =
text-indent: -56.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica"><b>Re: [lisp] #111: =
Semantics of LSB</b></p></div><div><a =
href=3D"http://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/lisp/current/msg02332.html">h=
ttp://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/lisp/current/msg02332.html</a></div><d=
iv><br></div><div><p style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px 1.0px 56.0px; =
text-indent: -56.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica"><b>Re: [lisp] #101: =
Filtering ICMP messages (comment 19 reported by Y. =
Rekhter)</b></p></div><div><a =
href=3D"http://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/lisp/current/msg02330.html">h=
ttp://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/lisp/current/msg02330.html</a></div><d=
iv><br></div><div><p style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px 1.0px 56.0px; =
text-indent: -56.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica"><span =
class=3D"Apple-style-span" style=3D"font-size: =
medium;"><b><br></b></span></p></div><div><div><div>On 16, Mar, 2011, at =
19:58 , lisp issue tracker wrote:</div><br =
class=3D"Apple-interchange-newline"><blockquote type=3D"cite"><div>#90: =
Restricting re-encapsulation (comment 12 reported by Y. =
Rekhter)<br><br>Changes (by yakov@=85):<br><br> &nbsp;* status: =
&nbsp;closed =3D&gt; reopened<br> &nbsp;* resolution: &nbsp;fixed =
=3D&gt;<br><br><br>Comment:<br><br> The question posed in this comment =
is still not answered.Thus the ticket<br> should stay open until the =
question is answered.<br><br>-- =
<br>-------------------------------+--------------------------------------=
------<br>Reporter: &nbsp;wmhaddad@=85 =
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;| =
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Owner: =
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&n=
bsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Type: &nbsp;technical =
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;| =
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Status: &nbsp;reopened =
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br>Priority: &nbsp;major =
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&n=
bsp;&nbsp;| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Component: =
&nbsp;draft-ietf-lisp<br>Severity: &nbsp;- =
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&n=
bsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;| &nbsp;&nbsp;Resolution: =
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&n=
bsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br>Keywords: =
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&n=
bsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;| =
&nbsp;<br>-------------------------------+--------------------------------=
------------<br><br>Ticket URL: &lt;<a =
href=3D"http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/90#comment:3">http:=
//trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/90#comment:3</a>&gt;<br>lisp =
&lt;<a =
href=3D"http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/">http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/</a>&gt;<b=
r>LISP WG document =
issues<br></div></blockquote></div><br></div></div></body></html>=

--Apple-Mail-28--58244153--

From yakov@juniper.net  Thu Mar 17 08:14:12 2011
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Date: Thu, 17 Mar 2011 08:13:05 -0700
From: Yakov Rekhter <yakov@juniper.net>
Cc: lisp@ietf.org
Subject: Re: [lisp] Issue Title (number): Limiting number of headers(90)
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Darrel,

> Issue Title (number): Limiting number of headers(90)
> Draft Section: 3
> Issue Description: Reincapsulation of Headers
> Comments:
> 
> Section 3:
> 
>    Reencapsulating Tunnels: when a packet has no more than one LISP IP
>    header (two IP headers total) and when it needs to be diverted to
>    new RLOC, an ETR can decapsulate the packet (remove the LISP
>    header) and prepend a new tunnel header, with new RLOC, on to the
>    packet.
> 
> Why re-encapsulation is restricted to packets that only have a single 
> level of LISP encapsulation?
> 
> Response:
> 
> Dear Yakov-
> 
> Thank you for your contribution to draft-ietf-lisp-06.txt. The draft authors
> have reviewed your comments but do not feel that changes to the document are
> warranted at this time. To use common jargon, re-encapsulating is is a 'pop'
> and then a 'push'. That is all that is meant.  Please feel free to continue 
> discussion of your issue on the LISP working group mailing list, 
> lisp@ietf.org. 
> Should discussion result in WG consensus that changes are required, the 
> authors will incorporate appropriate text into a future version of the draft.

That still does not answer my original question. Namely, what are
the reasons why re-encapsulation is restricted to packets that have
"no more than one LISP IP header" ?

Yakov.

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #89: On redefining the name of the encapsulated packet header (comment 12 reported by Y. Rekhter)
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#89: On redefining the name of the encapsulated packet header (comment 12
reported by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by yakov@â€¦):

  * status:  reopened => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 Consider the ticket closed.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/89#comment:4>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #71: Missing description mechanism to make EID-to-RLOC (from D. Papadimitriou's review)
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#71: Missing description mechanism to make EID-to-RLOC (from D. Papadimitriou's
review)

Changes (by yakov@â€¦):

  * status:  reopened => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 Consider the ticket as closed.

-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical                      |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  minor                          |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/71#comment:4>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #73: Tunnel liveness (from R. Bonica review for the RTG directorate)
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#73: Tunnel liveness (from R. Bonica review for the RTG directorate)


Comment(by yakov@â€¦):

 To address the issue raised by the ticket please add the following to the
 beginning of 6.3:

 When an ETR becomes unreachable (e.g., due to the ETR crash), that results
 in    (temporary) black-holing the traffic that have been sent to that ETR
 by ITRs, which in turn may result in service disruption. That black-holing
 and the service disruption due to that black-holing lasts until all these
 ITRs determine that the ETR is no longer reachable, and subsequently
 select another ETR.

-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical                      |       Status:  reopened       
Priority:  major                          |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:                 
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/73#comment:4>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #70: Client not respecting RLOC weights (from Y. Rekhter's review)
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#70: Client not respecting RLOC weights (from Y. Rekhter's review)


Comment(by yakov@â€¦):

 Here is from the response to my original comment:

   Thank you for your contribution to draft-ietf-lisp-06.txt. The draft
 authors
   have reviewed your comments but do not feel that changes to the document
 are
   warranted at this time. Implementations must adhere to the
 specification.

 Note that the text I quoted above uses none of the ""MUST", "MUST NOT",
 "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED",
 "MAY", and
 "OPTIONAL". So, the text still does not say what is exactly required by
 the specification. Thus the spec has to replace "can" in "Client can
 only.." with one of the terms defined in rfc2119.

-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical                      |       Status:  reopened       
Priority:  major                          |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:                 
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/70#comment:5>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#66: Strict RLOC ordering causing problems on mapping changes


Comment(by yakov@â€¦):

 From the response to my comment:

   Thank you for your contribution to draft-ietf-lisp-06.txt. The draft
 authors
   have reviewed your comments but do not feel that changes to the document
 are
   warranted at this time. We think that the use of version numbers will
 help
   this. Its also important to note that LSBs are a hint and a
 request/reply
   exchange will confirm from the R-bits of the locators in the locator-set
 which
   are reachable or not.

 To close the ticket the draft authors should describe how the use of
 version number will address the issues raised in the ticket. Likewise, the
 authors should point to the specific text in the draft that makes it clear
 that "LSBs are a hint" and thus are are not sufficient to determine
 locator's reachability - a request/reply exchange will be required.

-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical                      |       Status:  reopened       
Priority:  major                          |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:                 
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/66#comment:6>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #57: How to determine EIDs not forwardable on the routable topology (from Y. Rekhter's review)
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#57: How to determine EIDs not forwardable on the routable topology (from Y.
Rekhter's review)


Comment(by yakov@â€¦):

 From the response to my ticket:

   Thank you for your contribution to draft-ietf-lisp-06.txt. The draft
 authors
   have reviewed your comments but do not feel that changes to the document
 are
   warranted at this time.  We feel that this subject is thoroughly covered
 in
   the draft-ietf-lisp-alt and draft-ietf-lisp-ms specifications.

 If that is the case, then please include in Section 7 a reference to the
 specific sections in lisp-alt and lisp-ms that thoroughly cover the
 subject.

-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical                      |       Status:  reopened       
Priority:  major                          |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:                 
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/57#comment:5>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #53: Reachability between ETR and EID (review by Y. Rekhter)
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#53: Reachability between ETR and EID (review by Y. Rekhter)


Comment(by yakov@â€¦):

 From the response to my original comment:

   Thank you for your contribution to draft-ietf-lisp-06.txt. The draft
 authors
   have reviewed your comments but do not feel that changes to the document
 are
   warranted at this time. Remember that on-going locator reachability is
 not conveyed
   by the initial Map-Reply.

 To close the ticket please replace the following (from section 6.3 item
 5):

                                  The RLOC source of the Map-Reply is
        likely up since the ETR was able to send the Map-Reply to the
        ITR.

 with the following:

       The RLOC source of the Map-Reply was up at the time the ETR was able
       to send the Map-Reply to the ITR. However, the RLOC source may no
 longer
       be up even at the time the ITR receives the Map-Reply, and certainly
 may
       not be up after the ITR receives the Map-Reply, as the Map-Reply
 does
       not convey on-going locator reachability.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  reopened       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:                 
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/53#comment:4>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #53: Reachability between ETR and EID (review by Y. Rekhter)
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I don't agree with this proposed changed, as it is overly pessimistic, a
common thread.  In all likelihood, the ETR *is* up.  There will be cases
where the ETR fails, and those circumstances should be discussed (I
believe they are, albeit elsewhere).

Eliot

On 3/17/11 5:40 PM, lisp issue tracker wrote:
> #53: Reachability between ETR and EID (review by Y. Rekhter)
>
>
> Comment(by yakov@â€¦):
>
>  From the response to my original comment:
>
>    Thank you for your contribution to draft-ietf-lisp-06.txt. The draft
>  authors
>    have reviewed your comments but do not feel that changes to the document
>  are
>    warranted at this time. Remember that on-going locator reachability is
>  not conveyed
>    by the initial Map-Reply.
>
>  To close the ticket please replace the following (from section 6.3 item
>  5):
>
>                                   The RLOC source of the Map-Reply is
>         likely up since the ETR was able to send the Map-Reply to the
>         ITR.
>
>  with the following:
>
>        The RLOC source of the Map-Reply was up at the time the ETR was able
>        to send the Map-Reply to the ITR. However, the RLOC source may no
>  longer
>        be up even at the time the ITR receives the Map-Reply, and certainly
>  may
>        not be up after the ITR receives the Map-Reply, as the Map-Reply
>  does
>        not convey on-going locator reachability.
>

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #46: Cache Thrashing (review by Y. Rekhter)
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#46: Cache Thrashing (review by Y. Rekhter)


Comment(by yakov@â€¦):

 From the response to the ticket:

   Thank you for your contribution to draft-ietf-lisp-06.txt. The draft
 authors
   have reviewed your comments but do not feel that changes to the document
 are
   warranted at this time. We feel that existing text adequately describes
 cache
   management behavior.

 The response is insufficient, as it fails to point out to the specific
 section(s) of the existing text that according to the authors "adequately
 describes cache management behavior". In order to determine whether the
 existing text is adequate, the first thing the authors need to do is to
 point out to such text.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  reopened       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:                 
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/46#comment:5>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #45: LISP vs. Existing (from Y. Rekhter)
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#45: LISP vs. Existing (from Y. Rekhter)


Comment(by yakov@â€¦):

 From the response I received:

   Thank you for your contribution to draft-ietf-lisp-06.txt. The draft
 authors
   have reviewed your comments but do not feel that changes to the document
 are
   warranted at this time.  In this case, this draft is an experimental
 protocol
   specification it seems out of place to discuss how sites use NAT at
 length.

 Note that I did not ask "to discuss how sites use NAT at length" - I asked
 to document the benefits that LISP could offer to sites that use NAT. If
 the authors think that this should be done in some other LISP WG document,
 then I'll be glad to hear their proposal.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  reopened       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:                 
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/45#comment:4>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #44: LISP vs existing (reported by Yakov Rekhter)
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#44: LISP vs existing (reported by Yakov Rekhter)


Comment(by yakov@â€¦):

 From the response I received:

   Thank you for your contribution to draft-ietf-lisp-06.txt. The draft
 authors
   have reviewed your comments but do not feel that changes to the document
 are
   warranted at this time.  In this case, this draft is an experimental
 protocol
   specification it seems out of place to discuss the benefits of existing
 PI
   multihoming at length.

 Note that I did not ask "to discuss the benefits of existing PI
 multihoming at length" - I asked to document the benefits that LISP could
 offer to sites that use PI. If the authors think that this should be done
 in some other LISP WG document, then I'll be glad to hear their proposal.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  reopened       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:                 
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/44#comment:6>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#111: Semantics of LSB


Comment(by yakov@â€¦):

 From the response I received:

    Thank you for your contribution to draft-ietf-lisp-06.txt. The draft
 authors
    have reviewed your comments but do not feel that changes to the
 document are
    warranted at this time. LSB semantics would mean that if the LSB for an
    anycast locator is set, then there is at least one RLOC with that
 address
    that is considered 'up'.

 To close the ticket please add the following to the description of LSB in
 5.3:

    If the LSB for an anycast locator is set to 1, then there is at least
 one RLOC with
    that address that the ITR is considered 'up'.

-- 
------------------------------+---------------------------------------------
Reporter:  yakov@â€¦            |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical          |       Status:  reopened       
Priority:  major              |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                  |   Resolution:                 
Keywords:                     |  
------------------------------+---------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/111#comment:4>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #45: LISP vs. Existing (from Y. Rekhter)
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If the issue of the deployment benefit interaction needs to be addressed 
at all (and I am not sure it does), then it would be in either the 
deployment draft or in yet a different applicability statement (which I 
hope we do not decide we need.)

Yours,
Joel

On 3/17/2011 12:54 PM, lisp issue tracker wrote:
> #45: LISP vs. Existing (from Y. Rekhter)
>
>
> Comment(by yakov@â€¦):
>
>   From the response I received:
>
>     Thank you for your contribution to draft-ietf-lisp-06.txt. The draft
>   authors
>     have reviewed your comments but do not feel that changes to the document
>   are
>     warranted at this time.  In this case, this draft is an experimental
>   protocol
>     specification it seems out of place to discuss how sites use NAT at
>   length.
>
>   Note that I did not ask "to discuss how sites use NAT at length" - I asked
>   to document the benefits that LISP could offer to sites that use NAT. If
>   the authors think that this should be done in some other LISP WG document,
>   then I'll be glad to hear their proposal.
>

From jmh@joelhalpern.com  Thu Mar 17 10:14:47 2011
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Date: Thu, 17 Mar 2011 13:16:19 -0400
From: "Joel M. Halpern" <jmh@joelhalpern.com>
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Subject: Re: [lisp] #44: LISP vs existing (reported by Yakov Rekhter)
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I do not understand what you are asking for here.  The roginal ticket 
says "What LISP offers to audiences which already using PI."
To a small degree, we might make such a case in the deployment document. 
  But I would not attempt to do so.  From the point of view of the 
eixsting PI user, they don't have a problem.  However, teh system has a 
problem with widespread PI deployment.

Now, I recognize that folks disagree about the degree of that problem. 
The LISP document already points to the places that is discussed.
Any effort to discuss it further in the LISP documents would induce 
controversy without actually solving anything.

Yours,
Joel M. Halpern

On 3/17/2011 12:57 PM, lisp issue tracker wrote:
> #44: LISP vs existing (reported by Yakov Rekhter)
>
>
> Comment(by yakov@â€¦):
>
>   From the response I received:
>
>     Thank you for your contribution to draft-ietf-lisp-06.txt. The draft
>   authors
>     have reviewed your comments but do not feel that changes to the document
>   are
>     warranted at this time.  In this case, this draft is an experimental
>   protocol
>     specification it seems out of place to discuss the benefits of existing
>   PI
>     multihoming at length.
>
>   Note that I did not ask "to discuss the benefits of existing PI
>   multihoming at length" - I asked to document the benefits that LISP could
>   offer to sites that use PI. If the authors think that this should be done
>   in some other LISP WG document, then I'll be glad to hear their proposal.
>

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #101: Filtering ICMP messages (comment 19 reported by Y. Rekhter)
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#101: Filtering ICMP messages (comment 19 reported by Y. Rekhter)


Comment(by yakov@â€¦):

 Here is the response I got from the authors:

   Thank you for your contribution to draft-ietf-lisp-06.txt. The draft
 authors
   have reviewed your comments but do not feel that changes to the document
 are
   warranted at this time.  While this case is possible the authors assume
 the
   popular use-case will be egress active-active so the map-cache (and
   therefore information about path MTU) is populated in both boxes.

 The response still does not answer my first question, namely how would
 this work if the ITR is behind the firewall, and the firewall filters ICMP
 messages? The draft has to answer this question before the ticket is
 considered to be closed.

 Now let's look at my second question, namely that in the case where a
 large volume of traffic has to be moved from one ITR to another (e.g., due
 to ITR failure), it will take time for the ITR to which the traffic is
 moved to discover the effective MTU for each locator mapping, and until
 this occurs, the traffic will be dropped. Since the authors think that
 this case is possible, the draft needs to document the implications of
 relying on ICMP Too Big message on connectivity restoration time after a
 large volume of traffic is moved from one ITR to another. To address this
 the following should be added to 5.4.2:

    Note that when traffic is moved from one ITR to another (e.g., due to
 ITR failure),
    the ITR to which the traffic has been moved may not have the effective
 MTU
    information for the locators used by the traffic. Until the ITR
 discovers
    the effective MTU for these locators, the ITR should drop the traffic
 that
    it needs to send to these locators, which would result in temporary
 connectivity
    disruption. This disruption will last as long as it would take the ITR
 to
    discover the effective MTU.

    Trying to make the ITR to discover the effective MTU for multiple
 locators
    as fast as possible may result in a large volume of ICMP message being
    received by the ITR, which could result in dropping some of these
 messages,
    thus further increasing the time to discover the effective MTU and
    prolonging connectivity disruption.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  reopened       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:                 
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/101#comment:4>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

From yakov@juniper.net  Thu Mar 17 10:46:27 2011
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From: Yakov Rekhter <yakov@juniper.net>
Cc: lisp issue tracker <trac+lisp@zinfandel.tools.ietf.org>, lisp@ietf.org
Subject: Re: [lisp] #45: LISP vs. Existing (from Y. Rekhter)
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Joel,

> If the issue of the deployment benefit interaction needs to be addressed=
 =

> at all (and I am not sure it does), then it would be in either the =

> deployment draft or in yet a different applicability statement (which I =

> hope we do not decide we need.)

I have no problems if this issue will be addressed in the LISP WG
deployment draft (I have a problem if this issue is not addressed
at all).  However, (to the best of my knowledge) as of now there
is no LISP WG deployment draft (there is only an individual
submission). Given that, what are the mechanisms/procedures we can
use to make sure that this issue will be addressed in the LISP WG
deployment draft ?

Yakov.

> =

> Yours,
> Joel
> =

> On 3/17/2011 12:54 PM, lisp issue tracker wrote:
> > #45: LISP vs. Existing (from Y. Rekhter)
> >
> >
> > Comment(by yakov@=E2=80=A6):
> >
> >   From the response I received:
> >
> >     Thank you for your contribution to draft-ietf-lisp-06.txt. The dra=
ft
> >   authors
> >     have reviewed your comments but do not feel that changes to the do=
cumen
t
> >   are
> >     warranted at this time.  In this case, this draft is an experiment=
al
> >   protocol
> >     specification it seems out of place to discuss how sites use NAT a=
t
> >   length.
> >
> >   Note that I did not ask "to discuss how sites use NAT at length" - I=
 aske
d
> >   to document the benefits that LISP could offer to sites that use NAT=
. If
> >   the authors think that this should be done in some other LISP WG doc=
ument
,
> >   then I'll be glad to hear their proposal.
> >

From yakov@juniper.net  Thu Mar 17 10:55:05 2011
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From: Yakov Rekhter <yakov@juniper.net>
Cc: lisp issue tracker <trac+lisp@zinfandel.tools.ietf.org>, lisp@ietf.org
Subject: Re: [lisp] #44: LISP vs existing (reported by Yakov Rekhter)
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Joel,

> I do not understand what you are asking for here.  The original ticket 
> says "What LISP offers to audiences which already using PI."

That is correct.

> To a small degree, we might make such a case in the deployment document. 

And as I said in my comment, it would be fine with me if this will
be addressed in the LISP WG deployment document.  (I have a problem
if this issue is not addressed at all).  However, (to the best of
my knowledge) as of now there is no LISP WG deployment draft (there
is only an individual submission). Given that, what are the
mechanisms/procedures we can use to make sure that this issue will
be addressed in the LISP WG deployment draft ?

>   But I would not attempt to do so.  From the point of view of the 
> eixsting PI user, they don't have a problem.  

I am not asking whether the existing PI users "have a problem" - I am
asking to document whether LISP offers any benefits to *such users*.

> However, the system has a problem with widespread PI deployment.

There is a need to document which parts of "the system" have such
problem, and which parts of "the system" would need to deploy LISP
in order to solve this problem. As I said above, it would be fine
with me if this will be done in the LISP WG deployment document.
  
Yakov.

From yakov@juniper.net  Thu Mar 17 11:01:14 2011
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To: Eliot Lear <lear@cisco.com>
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From: Yakov Rekhter <yakov@juniper.net>
Cc: lisp issue tracker <trac+lisp@zinfandel.tools.ietf.org>, lisp@ietf.org
Subject: Re: [lisp] #53: Reachability between ETR and EID (review by Y. Rekhter)
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Eliot,

> I don't agree with this proposed changed, as it is overly pessimistic, a
> common thread. =


"pessimistic" is not a valid technical reason to reject the change.

> In all likelihood, the ETR *is* up.  =


Could you quantify the likelihood ?

Yakov.

> There will be cases
> where the ETR fails, and those circumstances should be discussed (I
> believe they are, albeit elsewhere).
> =

> Eliot
> =

> On 3/17/11 5:40 PM, lisp issue tracker wrote:
> > #53: Reachability between ETR and EID (review by Y. Rekhter)
> >
> >
> > Comment(by yakov@=E2=80=A6):
> >
> >  From the response to my original comment:
> >
> >    Thank you for your contribution to draft-ietf-lisp-06.txt. The draf=
t
> >  authors
> >    have reviewed your comments but do not feel that changes to the doc=
ument
> >  are
> >    warranted at this time. Remember that on-going locator reachability=
 is
> >  not conveyed
> >    by the initial Map-Reply.
> >
> >  To close the ticket please replace the following (from section 6.3 it=
em
> >  5):
> >
> >                                   The RLOC source of the Map-Reply is
> >         likely up since the ETR was able to send the Map-Reply to the
> >         ITR.
> >
> >  with the following:
> >
> >        The RLOC source of the Map-Reply was up at the time the ETR was=
 able
> >        to send the Map-Reply to the ITR. However, the RLOC source may =
no
> >  longer
> >        be up even at the time the ITR receives the Map-Reply, and cert=
ainly
> >  may
> >        not be up after the ITR receives the Map-Reply, as the Map-Repl=
y
> >  does
> >        not convey on-going locator reachability.
> >

From lear@cisco.com  Thu Mar 17 11:36:08 2011
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Cc: lisp issue tracker <trac+lisp@zinfandel.tools.ietf.org>, lisp@ietf.org
Subject: Re: [lisp] #53: Reachability between ETR and EID (review by Y. Rekhter)
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Yakov,

On 3/17/11 7:00 PM, Yakov Rekhter wrote:
> Eliot,
>
>> I don't agree with this proposed changed, as it is overly pessimistic, a
>> common thread. 
> "pessimistic" is not a valid technical reason to reject the change.

Optimistic and pessimistic design are two classic system design
approaches.  The Internet is largely based on optimistic design (e.g.,
packets can drop and the world doesn't stop).  Your text appears to come
from the point of view of pessimistic design.  I don't agree with that
approach.  I'm not saying the system shouldn't be hardened, but perhaps
not everything has to happen in a single document?  Otherwise RFC 791
would have been quite large!

>> In all likelihood, the ETR *is* up.  
> Could you quantify the likelihood ?

Happily.  By way of example, my consumer-grade router has been up and
available over 99.98% of the time over a year.  I'm not saying I'm
average, but I doubt I'm far from it.

Eliot

From jmh@joelhalpern.com  Thu Mar 17 13:54:18 2011
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Cc: lisp issue tracker <trac+lisp@zinfandel.tools.ietf.org>, lisp@ietf.org
Subject: Re: [lisp] #44: LISP vs existing (reported by Yakov Rekhter)
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I do not follow why the LISP document need to describe all of the 
intricacies of the problems they are attempting to address.  The 
introduction to the LISP base document cites a number of other RFCs that 
discuss the issues.

If all you want is a sentence in the introduction re-iterating that the 
use of LISP could help reduce the need for unaggregatable PI 
advertisements in the core, if the experiments prove successful, I 
suppose we could add such a sentence.  I do not see how it would help 
the reader.

You seem to be imputing a claim to the document, and asking the authors 
to justify that claim.  As far as I know, it is not a claim they have 
made.  I do not see why they need to justify such a claim.  I also do 
not see why they would need to disclaim such an intention.  We do not 
ask drafts to disclaim all possible unjustified applications.  And we 
certainly don't ask that of experimental drafts.

Yours,
Joel

PS: The WG will be considering, and I expect adopting, the deployment 
draft in the near future.

On 3/17/2011 1:54 PM, Yakov Rekhter wrote:
> Joel,
>
>> I do not understand what you are asking for here.  The original ticket
>> says "What LISP offers to audiences which already using PI."
>
> That is correct.
>
>> To a small degree, we might make such a case in the deployment document.
>
> And as I said in my comment, it would be fine with me if this will
> be addressed in the LISP WG deployment document.  (I have a problem
> if this issue is not addressed at all).  However, (to the best of
> my knowledge) as of now there is no LISP WG deployment draft (there
> is only an individual submission). Given that, what are the
> mechanisms/procedures we can use to make sure that this issue will
> be addressed in the LISP WG deployment draft ?
>
>>    But I would not attempt to do so.  From the point of view of the
>> eixsting PI user, they don't have a problem.
>
> I am not asking whether the existing PI users "have a problem" - I am
> asking to document whether LISP offers any benefits to *such users*.
>
>> However, the system has a problem with widespread PI deployment.
>
> There is a need to document which parts of "the system" have such
> problem, and which parts of "the system" would need to deploy LISP
> in order to solve this problem. As I said above, it would be fine
> with me if this will be done in the LISP WG deployment document.
>
> Yakov.
>

From robert@raszuk.net  Thu Mar 17 16:12:00 2011
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Subject: Re: [lisp] #44: LISP vs existing (reported by Yakov Rekhter)
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Hi Yakov,

 > There is a need to document which parts of "the system" have such
 > problem, and which parts of "the system" would need to deploy LISP
 > in order to solve this problem. As I said above, it would be fine
 > with me if this will be done in the LISP WG deployment document.

Let me allow to observe that the document answering your question does 
already exit.

It is RFC 4984 available at http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4984.txt

With this in mind justification and explanation of "the problem" is 
beyond the scope of LISP WG or for that matter any other working group 
which is focused to deliver their own approach to address "the problem".

I believe that if there are questions reg the definition of the problem 
the tickets should be open against RFC4984 and not against any WGs 
working on the solutions for it.

Many thx,
R.



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Subject: Re: [lisp] #3: lisp-ms security mechanism between ITR and map resolver
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#3: lisp-ms security mechanism between ITR and map resolver


Old description:

> Currently, the interface between the ITR and map resolver has two
> security concerns.
>
>  * There is no integrity protection of the exchange between the ITR and
> map resolver
>
>  * An ITR accepts a reply from any ETR, which makes it hard to add
> security.
>
> The only protection of the map reply is that it needs to have the same
> nonce as the map request.  Long term, that is unlikely to be good
> enough.  It will be impossible to provide protection against on-path
> attackers who can observe the nonce unless cryptographic security is
> used.  I understand that the alt does not currently provide
> cryptographic security.  I don't know whether we'll conclude that is
> adequate (although suspect we'll decide it's the best we can do for
> the experimental version).  However even if that is adequate, it seems
> like in many deployments the path between the ITR and map resolver is
> more open to attack than the path over the alt.  For this reason I
> suspect that cryptographic security is needed to the map resolver even
> if it is not provided in the alt.
>
> If others disagree, I'm happy to hold this issue open until we've
> actually done security analysis of the ITR map resolver security.  I'm
> not comfortable closing this issue before that analysis.
>
> If cryptographic security is provided between the ITR and map
> resolver, it must meet the same requirements as security between the
> ETR and map server.

New description:

 Currently, the interface between the ITR and map resolver has two
 security concerns.

  * There is no integrity protection of the exchange between the ITR and
 map resolver

  * An ITR accepts a reply from any ETR, which makes it hard to add
 security.

 The only protection of the map reply is that it needs to have the same
 nonce as the map request.  Long term, that is unlikely to be good
 enough.  It will be impossible to provide protection against on-path
 attackers who can observe the nonce unless cryptographic security is
 used.  I understand that the alt does not currently provide
 cryptographic security.  I don't know whether we'll conclude that is
 adequate (although suspect we'll decide it's the best we can do for
 the experimental version).  However even if that is adequate, it seems
 like in many deployments the path between the ITR and map resolver is
 more open to attack than the path over the alt.  For this reason I
 suspect that cryptographic security is needed to the map resolver even
 if it is not provided in the alt.

 If others disagree, I'm happy to hold this issue open until we've
 actually done security analysis of the ITR map resolver security.  I'm
 not comfortable closing this issue before that analysis.

 If cryptographic security is provided between the ITR and map
 resolver, it must meet the same requirements as security between the
 ETR and map server.

--

Comment(by luigi@â€¦):

 Reply sent by Vince Fuller:

  * Covered by the LISP-SEC draft, which will be proposed as a WG item in
 Prague.

 NOTE: ticket will be closed Friday 25th March unless the
 responses noted here do not address the concern.
 If the concern is still not addressed substantive reasoning
 would be appreciated.

-- 
----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------
Reporter:  hartmans-ietf@â€¦        |       Owner:     
    Type:  technical              |      Status:  new
Priority:  major                  |   Component:  ms 
Severity:  -                      |    Keywords:     
----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/3#comment:2>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #25: Map Server to ETR security has no automated key management
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#25: Map Server to ETR security has no automated key management


Comment(by luigi@â€¦):

 Reply sent by Vince Fuller:

  * Outside of the scope of the current document and explicitly stated in
 section 7 (Security Considerations) as a subject for future work.

 '''Note:''' ticket will be closed Friday 25th March unless the responses
 noted here do not address the concern. If the concern is still not
 addressed substantive reasoning would be appreciated.

-- 
----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------
Reporter:  hartmans-ietf@â€¦        |       Owner:     
    Type:  technical              |      Status:  new
Priority:  major                  |   Component:  ms 
Severity:  -                      |    Keywords:     
----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/25#comment:1>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #75: Security of Map-Register message.
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#75: Security of Map-Register message.


Comment(by luigi@â€¦):

 Reply sent by Vince Fuller:

  * Covered by the LISP-SEC, draft which will be proposed as a WG item in
 Prague.

 '''Note:''' ticket will be closed Friday 25th March unless the responses
 noted here do not address the concern. If the concern is still not
 addressed substantive reasoning would be appreciated.

-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |       Owner:     
    Type:  technical                      |      Status:  new
Priority:  major                          |   Component:  ms 
Severity:  -                              |    Keywords:     
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/75#comment:1>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #77: On the use of key-chaining for re-keying
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#77: On the use of key-chaining for re-keying


Comment(by luigi@â€¦):

 Reply sent by Vince Fuller:

  * Outside of the scope of the current document and explicitly stated in
 section 7 (Security Considerations) as a subject for future work.

 '''Note:''' ticket will be closed Friday 25th March unless the responses
 noted here do not address the concern. If the concern is still not
 addressed substantive reasoning would be appreciated.

-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |       Owner:     
    Type:  technical                      |      Status:  new
Priority:  minor                          |   Component:  ms 
Severity:  -                              |    Keywords:     
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/77#comment:2>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #78: Missing things (from J. Arkko's mail)
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#78: Missing things (from J. Arkko's mail)


Comment(by luigi@â€¦):

 Reply sent by Vince Fuller:

  * This should really have been separated into several different issues.
 His point # 1 (propagating changes to mapping data) is covered by the SMR
 mechanism in the latest version draft-ietf-lisp. His point # 2 (one minute
 rate limit on Map-Registers) should be covered in the latest MS spec. His
 point # 3 (need for operational considerations section) should already be
 covered by the existance of section 5 (Open Issues and Considerations); if
 there are specific items he would like to see listed in that section, we
 welcome suggested text. His point # 4 (goal of experiment) is a vague and
 open-ended question; the authors believe that the goals of developing and
 deploying LISP are stated in the various document introductions and that
 no further explicit decription of what a large-scale, experimenal
 deployment will accomplish should be necessary; if Jari (or others)
 disagree, then we welcome suggested text.

 '''Note:''' ticket will be closed Friday 25th March unless the responses
 noted here do not address the concern. If the concern is still not
 addressed substantive reasoning would be appreciated.

-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |       Owner:     
    Type:  technical                      |      Status:  new
Priority:  minor                          |   Component:  ms 
Severity:  -                              |    Keywords:     
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/78#comment:1>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #79: Editorial Issues (from J. Arkko's mail)
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#79: Editorial Issues (from J. Arkko's mail)


Comment(by luigi@â€¦):

 Reply sent by Vince Fuller:

  * The first point in this issue is more a comment on style rather than
 substance; the LISP document authors explicitly decided to put all of the
 message definitions in the base protocol document (draft-ietf-lisp) rather
 than to scatter them in the different subsystem documents. I thought that
 all of the typos and other editorial nits had been fixed in the -07
 document but see that some remain; I'll fix those for -08.


 '''Note:''' ticket will be closed Friday 25th March unless the responses
 noted here do not address the concern. If the concern is still not
 addressed substantive reasoning would be appreciated.

-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |       Owner:     
    Type:  editorial                      |      Status:  new
Priority:  trivial                        |   Component:  ms 
Severity:  -                              |    Keywords:     
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/79#comment:1>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#76: Implication of using anycast addresses for Map-servers


Comment(by luigi@â€¦):

 Reply sent by Vince Fuller:

  * Outside of the scope of the current document which only describes use
 of anycast addresses for Map-Resolvers; use of anycast addresses for Map-
 Servers is not defined and is explicitly not recommended in section 4.4.1.

 '''Note:''' ticket will be closed Friday 25th March unless the responses
 noted here do not address the concern. If the concern is still not
 addressed substantive reasoning would be appreciated.

-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |       Owner:     
    Type:  technical                      |      Status:  new
Priority:  major                          |   Component:  ms 
Severity:  -                              |    Keywords:     
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/76#comment:1>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#23: inner source RLOC undefined in some cases


Comment(by luigi@â€¦):

 Reply sent by Vince Fuller:

  * The description of the tracker issue appears to be incorrect; the issue
 appears to be related to incompatible address family usage between source
 and destination of Map-Request. Dino stated in a response on 9/22/2009
 that this scenario represents a misconfiguration.  If this is not an
 acceptable response then perhaps the issue should be listed in section 5
 (Open Issues
 and Considerations) as I don't have a solution. Alternatively, the issue
 owner is asked to propose a mechanism and provide suggested text.

 '''Note:''' ticket will be closed Friday 25th March unless the responses
 noted here do not address the concern. If the concern is still not
 addressed substantive reasoning would be appreciated.

-- 
----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------
Reporter:  hartmans-ietf@â€¦        |       Owner:     
    Type:  technical              |      Status:  new
Priority:  minor                  |   Component:  ms 
Severity:  -                      |    Keywords:     
----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/23#comment:2>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

From jmh@joelhalpern.com  Fri Mar 18 10:53:04 2011
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Subject: Re: [lisp] draft-ietf-lisp #48 (reopened): MAP-Replies returning different contents for a given EID (review by Y, Rekhter)
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Yakov, this appears to be a request to explain the consequence of 
misconfiguration (misbehavior) of devices participating in LISP.  While 
we do sometimes explain such things, it seems unusual to require that 
the document try to explain the consequences of every possible 
misconfiguration.
Is there an underlying problem you see that drives the importance of 
this particular explanation?

On 2/15/2011 9:44 AM, lisp issue tracker wrote:
> #48: MAP-Replies returning different contents for a given EID (review by Y,
> Rekhter)
>
>
> Comment(by yakov@â€¦):
>
>   The proposed resolution still does not address the issue raised in this
>   ticket, namely to document the consequences if two entities do return MAP-
>   replies with different contents for a given EID.
>

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Cc: lisp issue tracker <trac@tools.ietf.org>, lisp@ietf.org
Subject: Re: [lisp] draft-ietf-lisp #113 (new): inbound traffic engineering support with LISP
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Yakov,  I have looked at the ticket, and the email exchange captured below.
Given that the deployment document talks about the scope over which LISP 
TE works;
and given that the LISP documents talk about priority and how that 
affects the steering of traffic;
I do not understand what more you are asking for.  The LISP document 
should not be expected to become a traffic engineering tutorial, even if 
that (TE) is one of the possible uses of LISP.

can you please clarify what you are looking for?

Thank you,
Joel


On 2/21/2011 2:48 PM, Yakov Rekhter wrote:
> Dino,
>
>> So we believe the usage guide will be a good place to put
>> configuration details on how to use LISP for traffic engineering
>> purposes.
>>
>> Having said that, we have these detailed references in draft-ietf-
>> lisp-09.txt:
>
> This is all fine. But as I said in my comment, I'd like to see
> *detailed* answers to the questions I raised in my e-mail to the
> LISP WG mailing  list on 6/1/2010. Having "these detailed references"
> is not sufficient.
>
> Yakov.
>
>>
>> (1) In the section describing priority and weight values in Map-Reply
>> messages for both unicast and
>>       multicast flows:
>>
>>      Priority:  each RLOC is assigned a unicast priority.  Lower values
>>         are more preferable.  When multiple RLOCs have the same priority,
>>         they may be used in a load-split fashion.  A value of 255 means
>>         the RLOC MUST NOT be used for unicast forwarding.
>>
>>      Weight:  when priorities are the same for multiple RLOCs, the weight
>>         indicates how to balance unicast traffic between them.  Weight is
>>         encoded as a relative weight of total unicast packets that match
>>         the mapping entry.  If a non-zero weight value is used for any
>>         RLOC, then all RLOCs MUST use a non-zero weight value and then
>> the
>>         sum of all weight values MUST equal 100.  If a zero value is used
>>         for any RLOC weight, then all weights MUST be zero and the
>>         receiver of the Map-Reply will decide how to load-split traffic.
>>         See Section 6.5 for a suggested hash algorithm to distribute load
>>         across locators with same priority and equal weight values.
>>
>> (2) In the Routing Locator Selection section:
>>
>>      Both client-side and server-side may need control over the selection
>>      of RLOCs for conversations between them.  This control is achieved
>> by
>>      manipulating the Priority and Weight fields in EID-to-RLOC Map-Reply
>>      messages.  Alternatively, RLOC information may be gleaned from
>>      received tunneled packets or EID-to-RLOC Map-Request messages.
>>
>>      The following enumerates different scenarios for choosing RLOCs and
>>      the controls that are available:
>>
>> [there are 5 bullet paragraphs that follow, see the spec since there
>> is too much text to incorporate here].
>>
>> (3) This paragrapgh in the Deployment Scenarios section 8:
>>
>>      o  Recursive tunneling is when tunneled traffic is again further
>>         encapsulated in another tunnel, either to implement VPNs or to
>>         perform Traffic Engineering.  When doing VPN-based tunneling, the
>>         site has some control since the site is prepending a new tunnel
>>         header.  In the case of TE-based tunneling, the site may have
>>         control if it is prepending a new tunnel header, but if the
>> site's
>>         ISP is doing the TE, then the site has no control.  Recursive
>>         tunneling generally will result in suboptimal paths but at the
>>         benefit of steering traffic to resource available parts of the
>>         network.
>>
>> Using tunnels with stretch greater than 1 can avoid congestion on the
>> shortest paths. Much like repair LSPs in MPLS.
>>
>> Dino
>>
>> On Feb 15, 2011, at 10:45 AM, lisp issue tracker wrote:
>>
>>> #113: inbound traffic engineering support with LISP
>>>
>>>
>>> Comment(by yakov@ï¿½):
>>>
>>> To add to the above, there should be a detailed description of how
>>> TE-xTR
>>> perform traffic engineering. This description should be sufficient to
>>> address the questions I raised in my e-mail to the LISP WG mailing
>>> list on 6/1/2010.
>
>>> --
>>> ------------------------------
>>> +---------------------------------------------
>>> Reporter:  yakov@ï¿½            |       Owner:
>>>     Type:  technical          |      Status:  new
>>> Priority:  major              |   Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
>>> Severity:  -                  |    Keywords:
>>> ------------------------------
>>> +---------------------------------------------
>>>
>>> Ticket URL:<http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/113#comment:1
>>>>
>>> lisp<http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
>>> LISP WG document issues
>>> _______________________________________________
>>> lisp mailing list
>>> lisp@ietf.org
>>> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/lisp
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> _______________________________________________
>> lisp mailing list
>> lisp@ietf.org
>> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/lisp

From jmh@joelhalpern.com  Fri Mar 18 11:36:48 2011
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Subject: Re: [lisp] #66: Strict RLOC ordering causing problems on mapping changes
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Yakov,
     There is extensive text on the various RLOC maintenance mechanisms, 
including an entire section on how the ITR cleans up its cache.  Are you 
asking for a pointer to the lisp-map-versioning document?

Yours,
Joel

On 3/17/2011 12:14 PM, lisp issue tracker wrote:
> #66: Strict RLOC ordering causing problems on mapping changes
>
>
> Comment(by yakov@â€¦):
>
>   From the response to my comment:
>
>     Thank you for your contribution to draft-ietf-lisp-06.txt. The draft
>   authors
>     have reviewed your comments but do not feel that changes to the document
>   are
>     warranted at this time. We think that the use of version numbers will
>   help
>     this. Its also important to note that LSBs are a hint and a
>   request/reply
>     exchange will confirm from the R-bits of the locators in the locator-set
>   which
>     are reachable or not.
>
>   To close the ticket the draft authors should describe how the use of
>   version number will address the issues raised in the ticket. Likewise, the
>   authors should point to the specific text in the draft that makes it clear
>   that "LSBs are a hint" and thus are are not sufficient to determine
>   locator's reachability - a request/reply exchange will be required.
>

From jmh@joelhalpern.com  Fri Mar 18 13:21:47 2011
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Date: Fri, 18 Mar 2011 16:23:21 -0400
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Subject: Re: [lisp] #27: ETR may claim a larger prefix than is delegated to it
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The general issue of authorization for address claims was noted early on 
as being something for later work, not within scope for the experiment.

This is dealt with in greater detail, including some pointers to ideas 
that we believe will address the over-claiming problem (some initial, 
and some more complete ideas) are described in 
http://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-saucez-lisp-security/, which will 
be discussed in the upcoming meeting and likely be a future work item 
for the working group.

Based on this, I do not see any changes needed to the LISP document to 
resolve this ticket.

Yours,
Joel M. Halpern

On 3/16/2011 4:02 PM, lisp issue tracker wrote:
> #27: ETR may claim a larger prefix than is delegated to it
>
> Changes (by yakov@â€¦):
>
>    * status:  closed =>  reopened
>    * resolution:  fixed =>
>
>
> Comment:
>
>   Before closing the ticket please document how the issue raised by the
>   ticket is resolved.
>

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From: Vince Fuller <vaf@cisco.com>
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Subject: Re: [lisp] #27: ETR may claim a larger prefix than is delegated to it
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On Fri, Mar 18, 2011 at 04:23:21PM -0400, Joel M. Halpern wrote:
> The general issue of authorization for address claims was noted early on 
> as being something for later work, not within scope for the experiment.

Actually, this particular issue is directly addressed by LISP-SEC, which
will be presented at the Prague IETF and proposed as a WG item.

	--Vince

From hartmans@mit.edu  Fri Mar 18 14:40:06 2011
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To: "Joel M. Halpern" <jmh@joelhalpern.com>
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Date: Fri, 18 Mar 2011 17:41:28 -0400
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>>>>> "Joel" == Joel M Halpern <jmh@joelhalpern.com> writes:

    Joel> The general issue of authorization for address claims was
    Joel> noted early on as being something for later work, not within
    Joel> scope for the experiment.

I certainly think it's true that SIDR-level authorization of addresses
was  noted even as early as chartering as out of scope.

However, this sort of issue, especially to the extent that LISP differed
from the existing Internet was definitely not ruled out for any
definition of early that involved time when  I was active.

There were some discussions with Jari about what would be out of scope
for the experiment and what would not.
In any of those discussions I participated in, I don't recall anything
that would rule this out of scope.

So, I'd like a bit more detail about when this was ruled out of scope.

Thanks,

--Sam

From jmh@joelhalpern.com  Fri Mar 18 14:58:33 2011
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What I was refering to as out of scope, which is what seems to be asked 
for in the ticket, is the SIDR / RPKI work.  (That work clearly applies. 
  But it is not part of the current phase of the effort.)

Having said that, I do not know what more you arse asking for relative 
to over-claiming.

Also, I should also have pointed to 
http://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-maino-lisp-sec/?include_text=1 as 
a relevant document.  (two lisp-security documents, evne the chairs get 
confused.)

Yours,
Joel



On 3/18/2011 5:41 PM, Sam Hartman wrote:
>>>>>> "Joel" == Joel M Halpern<jmh@joelhalpern.com>  writes:
>
>      Joel>  The general issue of authorization for address claims was
>      Joel>  noted early on as being something for later work, not within
>      Joel>  scope for the experiment.
>
> I certainly think it's true that SIDR-level authorization of addresses
> was  noted even as early as chartering as out of scope.
>
> However, this sort of issue, especially to the extent that LISP differed
> from the existing Internet was definitely not ruled out for any
> definition of early that involved time when  I was active.
>
> There were some discussions with Jari about what would be out of scope
> for the experiment and what would not.
> In any of those discussions I participated in, I don't recall anything
> that would rule this out of scope.
>
> So, I'd like a bit more detail about when this was ruled out of scope.
>
> Thanks,
>
> --Sam
>

From hartmans@mit.edu  Fri Mar 18 15:32:48 2011
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Subject: Re: [lisp] #27: ETR may claim a larger prefix than is delegated to it
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>>>>> "Joel" == Joel M Halpern <jmh@joelhalpern.com> writes:

    Joel> What I was refering to as out of scope, which is what seems to
    Joel> be asked for in the ticket, is the SIDR / RPKI work.  (That
    Joel> work clearly applies. But it is not part of the current phase
    Joel> of the effort.)

For a single address we get authorization through the combination of the
nonce, return routability, and relationships of the map server and ALT.
We get security similar to what the internet gives us today.

When that ticket was written the difference is that the ETR can claim a
larger block than is desired.
In today's internet, to do that, some BGP speaker near the person
claiming the address needs to claim the larger prefix. Then the BGP
speakers between me and the point where that route get chosen need to
not filter that information.

In LISP, we push that all to the ETR.
You could instead involve the map server  in the dicision so that the
ITR  knows  both the map server and the ETR agree with the claim of how
big a block should be mapped.
That brings it back to a BGP speaker.
It's not perfect obviously and is not quite the same as today's model.

I can think of a way to do this  that I think involves no extra packets
and no keying material, although it does involve a couple of hash
operations.
I'd be happy to discuss if people are interested.

I actually think SIDR-like solutions are a bad fit for LISP or at least
this problem in LISP. They're probably fine for securing the ALT.
My rationale is that you don't want every ITR to need to download an
entire RPKI repository, or to evaluate CRLs and signature chains.
You want something far simpler than that.

Another place to look for this sort of thing is how we've looked at
securing route optimizations for NEMO. I don't think they have any
standards (and I realize it's no longer in the NEMO group), but I
thought they had non-RPKI-based approaches as well.

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From: Vince Fuller <vaf@cisco.com>
To: Sam Hartman <hartmans-ietf@mit.edu>
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Subject: Re: [lisp] #27: ETR may claim a larger prefix than is delegated to it
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> In LISP, we push that all to the ETR.
> You could instead involve the map server  in the dicision so that the
> ITR  knows  both the map server and the ETR agree with the claim of how
> big a block should be mapped.
> That brings it back to a BGP speaker.
> It's not perfect obviously and is not quite the same as today's model.
> 
> I can think of a way to do this  that I think involves no extra packets
> and no keying material, although it does involve a couple of hash
> operations.
> I'd be happy to discuss if people are interested.

Please see LISP-SEC (http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-maino-lisp-sec-00)
which describes a mechanism for adding authentication to the ITR-MS-ETR-ITR
interaction.

One of the LISP-SEC authors will also be following-up in this thread.

	--Vince

From jmh@joelhalpern.com  Fri Mar 18 15:53:28 2011
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Subject: Re: [lisp] #27: ETR may claim a larger prefix than is delegated to it
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I had missed one line in reading LISP-SEC.
The suggestion is that the Map Server signs a block, based on the 
business registration, carrying the prefix information.
And then the ETR forwards that.

If I read this right, this provides over-claiming protection up to the 
level of the business relationship between the Map-Server and the ETR?

I would not claim it is complete coverage, but that does provide more 
coverage.

Are we intending to hold up the base LISP spec for this?  Or phrased 
differently, do you folks think the LISP-SEC material is important 
enough that we should ensure it is in all the implementations?

Yours,
Joel

On 3/18/2011 6:44 PM, Vince Fuller wrote:
>> In LISP, we push that all to the ETR.
>> You could instead involve the map server  in the dicision so that the
>> ITR  knows  both the map server and the ETR agree with the claim of how
>> big a block should be mapped.
>> That brings it back to a BGP speaker.
>> It's not perfect obviously and is not quite the same as today's model.
>>
>> I can think of a way to do this  that I think involves no extra packets
>> and no keying material, although it does involve a couple of hash
>> operations.
>> I'd be happy to discuss if people are interested.
>
> Please see LISP-SEC (http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-maino-lisp-sec-00)
> which describes a mechanism for adding authentication to the ITR-MS-ETR-ITR
> interaction.
>
> One of the LISP-SEC authors will also be following-up in this thread.
>
> 	--Vince
>

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #27: ETR may claim a larger prefix than is delegated to it
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On Fri, Mar 18, 2011 at 06:55:02PM -0400, Joel M. Halpern wrote:
> I had missed one line in reading LISP-SEC.
> The suggestion is that the Map Server signs a block, based on the 
> business registration, carrying the prefix information.
> And then the ETR forwards that.
> 
> If I read this right, this provides over-claiming protection up to the 
> level of the business relationship between the Map-Server and the ETR?

Where else could one propose putting such checks?

> I would not claim it is complete coverage, but that does provide more 
> coverage.

As with so many other things in the Internet, security will be used if the
operations community decides it is important. LISP-SEC is intended to offer
a mechanism for implementing authentication between ITR, MR, MS, and ETR;
whether it is actually enabled and used is quite beyond the scope of both
this discussion and the LISP WG charter.

> Are we intending to hold up the base LISP spec for this?  Or phrased 
> differently, do you folks think the LISP-SEC material is important 
> enough that we should ensure it is in all the implementations?

No, we should absolutely not hold up publication of the documents that are
already within the charter of the LISP WG.

Past attempts to mandate security in parts of the Internet architecture
have pretty much universally resulted in failure of technology to be
adopted; the lesson of history is that one can define robust security
mechanisms and encourage their implementation and deployment but the market
will ultimately decide whether they are actually used. I believe that the
LISP effort has done proper "due dilligence" in addressing security concerns
by defining appropriate technology; we cannot reasonably be expected to do
more than that.

	--Vince

From fmaino@cisco.com  Fri Mar 18 16:28:14 2011
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Cc: lisp issue tracker <trac+lisp@zinfandel.tools.ietf.org>, lisp@ietf.org
Subject: Re: [lisp] #27: ETR may claim a larger prefix than is delegated to it
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On 3/18/11 3:55 PM, Joel M. Halpern wrote:
>
> I had missed one line in reading LISP-SEC.
> The suggestion is that the Map Server signs a block, based on the
> business registration, carrying the prefix information.
> And then the ETR forwards that.
>
> If I read this right, this provides over-claiming protection up to the
> level of the business relationship between the Map-Server and the ETR?
>
No, it's more than that. The threat model assumes that the Mapping 
System is trusted, but the ETR can get compromised (or be malicious). To 
prevent the ETR from overclaiming, the EID prefix information is signed 
by the Map-Server with the OTK. A KDF is applied to the OTK to derive 
the OTK-ETR, that is passed to the ETR to protect the integrity of the 
Map-Reply. The KDF is non-invertible, so the ETR cannot impersonate the 
Map-Server and forge the authenticated EID-prefix authorization data 
signed by the Map-Server.

Fabio
>
>
> I would not claim it is complete coverage, but that does provide more
> coverage.
>
> Are we intending to hold up the base LISP spec for this?  Or phrased
> differently, do you folks think the LISP-SEC material is important
> enough that we should ensure it is in all the implementations?
>
> Yours,
> Joel
>
> On 3/18/2011 6:44 PM, Vince Fuller wrote:
> >> In LISP, we push that all to the ETR.
> >> You could instead involve the map server  in the dicision so that the
> >> ITR  knows  both the map server and the ETR agree with the claim of how
> >> big a block should be mapped.
> >> That brings it back to a BGP speaker.
> >> It's not perfect obviously and is not quite the same as today's model.
> >>
> >> I can think of a way to do this  that I think involves no extra packets
> >> and no keying material, although it does involve a couple of hash
> >> operations.
> >> I'd be happy to discuss if people are interested.
> >
> > Please see LISP-SEC (http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-maino-lisp-sec-00)
> > which describes a mechanism for adding authentication to the 
> ITR-MS-ETR-ITR
> > interaction.
> >
> > One of the LISP-SEC authors will also be following-up in this thread.
> >
> >       --Vince
> >
> _______________________________________________
> lisp mailing list
> lisp@ietf.org
> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/lisp
>


-- 
Fabio Maino
fmaino@cisco.com

For corporate legal information go to:
http://www.cisco.com/web/about/doing_business/legal/cri/index.html


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    On 3/18/11 3:55 PM, Joel M. Halpern wrote:
    <blockquote cite="mid:4D83E2C6.5050001@joelhalpern.com" type="cite">
      <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;
        charset=ISO-8859-1">
      <meta name="Generator" content="MS Exchange Server version
        6.5.7655.10">
      <title>Re: [lisp] #27: ETR may claim a larger prefix than is
        delegated to it</title>
      <!-- Converted from text/plain format -->
      <p><font size="2">I had missed one line in reading LISP-SEC.<br>
          The suggestion is that the Map Server signs a block, based on
          the<br>
          business registration, carrying the prefix information.<br>
          And then the ETR forwards that.<br>
          <br>
          If I read this right, this provides over-claiming protection
          up to the<br>
          level of the business relationship between the Map-Server and
          the ETR?<br>
        </font></p>
    </blockquote>
    No, it's more than that. The threat model assumes that the Mapping
    System is trusted, but the ETR can get compromised (or be
    malicious). To prevent the ETR from overclaiming, the EID prefix
    information is signed by the Map-Server with the OTK. A KDF is
    applied to the OTK to derive the OTK-ETR, that is passed to the ETR
    to protect the integrity of the Map-Reply. The KDF is
    non-invertible, so the ETR cannot impersonate the Map-Server and
    forge the authenticated EID-prefix authorization data signed by the
    Map-Server. <br>
    <br>
    Fabio<br>
    <blockquote cite="mid:4D83E2C6.5050001@joelhalpern.com" type="cite">
      <p><font size="2">
          <br>
          I would not claim it is complete coverage, but that does
          provide more<br>
          coverage.<br>
          <br>
          Are we intending to hold up the base LISP spec for this?&nbsp; Or
          phrased<br>
          differently, do you folks think the LISP-SEC material is
          important<br>
          enough that we should ensure it is in all the implementations?<br>
          <br>
          Yours,<br>
          Joel<br>
          <br>
          On 3/18/2011 6:44 PM, Vince Fuller wrote:<br>
          &gt;&gt; In LISP, we push that all to the ETR.<br>
          &gt;&gt; You could instead involve the map server&nbsp; in the
          dicision so that the<br>
          &gt;&gt; ITR&nbsp; knows&nbsp; both the map server and the ETR agree
          with the claim of how<br>
          &gt;&gt; big a block should be mapped.<br>
          &gt;&gt; That brings it back to a BGP speaker.<br>
          &gt;&gt; It's not perfect obviously and is not quite the same
          as today's model.<br>
          &gt;&gt;<br>
          &gt;&gt; I can think of a way to do this&nbsp; that I think
          involves no extra packets<br>
          &gt;&gt; and no keying material, although it does involve a
          couple of hash<br>
          &gt;&gt; operations.<br>
          &gt;&gt; I'd be happy to discuss if people are interested.<br>
          &gt;<br>
          &gt; Please see LISP-SEC (<a moz-do-not-send="true"
            href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-maino-lisp-sec-00">http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-maino-lisp-sec-00</a>)<br>
          &gt; which describes a mechanism for adding authentication to
          the ITR-MS-ETR-ITR<br>
          &gt; interaction.<br>
          &gt;<br>
          &gt; One of the LISP-SEC authors will also be following-up in
          this thread.<br>
          &gt;<br>
          &gt; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; --Vince<br>
          &gt;<br>
          _______________________________________________<br>
          lisp mailing list<br>
          <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:lisp@ietf.org">lisp@ietf.org</a><br>
          <a moz-do-not-send="true"
            href="https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/lisp">https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/lisp</a><br>
        </font>
      </p>
    </blockquote>
    <br>
    <br>
    <pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">-- 
Fabio Maino
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:fmaino@cisco.com">fmaino@cisco.com</a>

For corporate legal information go to:
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.cisco.com/web/about/doing_business/legal/cri/index.html">http://www.cisco.com/web/about/doing_business/legal/cri/index.html</a>
</pre>
  </body>
</html>

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #21: Section 5.1 behavior
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#21: Section 5.1 behavior


Comment(by luigi@â€¦):

 Reply sent by Vince Fuller:

 Â * Does this issue still apply to the current section 5.1 in the current
 (06) ALT draft? The issue text doesn't seem to make sence in the context
 of the current text.

 '''Note:''' ticket will be closed Friday 25th March unless the responses
 noted here do not address the concern. If the concern is still not
 addressed substantive reasoning would be appreciated.

-- 
----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------
Reporter:  hartmans-ietf@â€¦        |       Owner:     
    Type:  technical              |      Status:  new
Priority:  minor                  |   Component:  alt
Severity:  -                      |    Keywords:     
----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://svn.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/21#comment:1>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #114: EID-to-RLOC mapping - transients
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#114: EID-to-RLOC mapping - transients


Comment(by luigi@â€¦):

 Reply sent by Vince Fuller:

 Â * Just as with routing protocols or any other distributed database, there
 will inevitibly be short windows where an update to the configuration on
 one device can lag an update to another device; configuring multiple ETRs
 with the same EID-to-RLOC mappings is no different. The existing text
 describes proper practice when configuration devices; the authors do not
 feel it is necessary to specifically state that the world won't come to an
 end if multiple ETRs with the same database mappings do not have their
 configurations updated at pricesly the same instant. If the issue author
 or another WG member believes that an explicit warning is necessary then
 the document authors welcome suggested text.

 '''Note:''' ticket will be closed Friday 25th March unless the responses
 noted here do not address the concern. If the concern is still not
 addressed substantive reasoning would be appreciated.

-- 
------------------------------+---------------------------------------------
Reporter:  yakov@â€¦            |       Owner:     
    Type:  technical          |      Status:  new
Priority:  major              |   Component:  alt
Severity:  -                  |    Keywords:     
------------------------------+---------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/114#comment:1>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#22: An ETR MUST consume UDP port 4342 packets not addressed to it


Comment(by luigi@â€¦):

 Reply sent by Vince Fuller:

 Â * My reading of email records indicates that this issue was folded-in to
 #24 which was according to an email update sent on 8 December 2009.

 Cited email concerning #24: http://www.ietf.org/mail-
 archive/web/lisp/current/msg01828.html

 '''Note:''' ticket will be closed Friday 25th March unless the responses
 noted here do not address the concern. If the concern is still not
 addressed substantive reasoning would be appreciated.

-- 
----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------
Reporter:  hartmans-ietf@â€¦        |       Owner:     
    Type:  technical              |      Status:  new
Priority:  major                  |   Component:  alt
Severity:  -                      |    Keywords:     
----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/22#comment:3>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #114: EID-to-RLOC mapping - transients
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#114: EID-to-RLOC mapping - transients


Comment(by yakov@â€¦):

 To address the issue please add the following after "That is, the
 EID-prefixes for the site and locator-set for each EID-prefix MUST
 be the same on all ETRs so they consistently send Map-Reply
 messages with the same database mapping contents."

    Note that there may be transient conditions when the EID-prefix for the
 site
    and locator-set for each EID-prefix MAY not be the same on all ETRs. As
 a result,
    for the duration of these transient conditions not all the ETRs would
 be able to
    send Map-Reply messages with the same database mapping contents.

 Furthermore, if the authors think that sending inconsistent Map-Reply
 during transients has no negative implications, then add the following at
 the end of the text I suggested above:

    This has no negative implications.

 And if the authors think that sending inconsistent Map-Reply during
 transients does have negative implications, then the authors should list
 them following the text I suggested above.

-- 
------------------------------+---------------------------------------------
Reporter:  yakov@â€¦            |       Owner:     
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------------------------------+---------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/114#comment:2>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #27: ETR may claim a larger prefix than is delegated to it
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Joel,

Recalling that we're producing experimental RFCs, I don't see a need to
hold up any of this.  I would expect continued evolution of the work
even after the docs go to the editor.  Do others disagree?

Eliot

On 3/18/11 11:55 PM, Joel M. Halpern wrote:
> I had missed one line in reading LISP-SEC.
> The suggestion is that the Map Server signs a block, based on the
> business registration, carrying the prefix information.
> And then the ETR forwards that.
>
> If I read this right, this provides over-claiming protection up to the
> level of the business relationship between the Map-Server and the ETR?
>
> I would not claim it is complete coverage, but that does provide more
> coverage.
>
> Are we intending to hold up the base LISP spec for this?  Or phrased
> differently, do you folks think the LISP-SEC material is important
> enough that we should ensure it is in all the implementations?
>
> Yours,
> Joel
>
> On 3/18/2011 6:44 PM, Vince Fuller wrote:
>>> In LISP, we push that all to the ETR.
>>> You could instead involve the map server  in the dicision so that the
>>> ITR  knows  both the map server and the ETR agree with the claim of how
>>> big a block should be mapped.
>>> That brings it back to a BGP speaker.
>>> It's not perfect obviously and is not quite the same as today's model.
>>>
>>> I can think of a way to do this  that I think involves no extra packets
>>> and no keying material, although it does involve a couple of hash
>>> operations.
>>> I'd be happy to discuss if people are interested.
>>
>> Please see LISP-SEC (http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-maino-lisp-sec-00)
>> which describes a mechanism for adding authentication to the
>> ITR-MS-ETR-ITR
>> interaction.
>>
>> One of the LISP-SEC authors will also be following-up in this thread.
>>
>>     --Vince
>>
> _______________________________________________
> lisp mailing list
> lisp@ietf.org
> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/lisp
>

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Subject: Re: [lisp] draft-ietf-lisp #48 (reopened): MAP-Replies returning different contents for a given EID (review by Y, Rekhter)
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Joel,

> Yakov, this appears to be a request to explain the consequence of =

> misconfiguration (misbehavior) of devices participating in LISP.  While =

> we do sometimes explain such things, it seems unusual to require that =

> the document try to explain the consequences of every possible =

> misconfiguration.
> Is there an underlying problem you see that drives the importance of =

> this particular explanation?

Misconfiguration is certainly one possible reason when not all the
ETRs would send Map-Reply with the same database mapping contents.
But it is not the only one possible - another possible reason is
during transients - see my response to #114.

And as I mentioned in my response to #114, the authors should either
(a) state in the draft that there are no drawbacks when inconsistent
replies are sent, or (b) list in the draft (at least some of) the
drawbacks when inconsistent replies are sent.

Yakov.

> =

> On 2/15/2011 9:44 AM, lisp issue tracker wrote:
> > #48: MAP-Replies returning different contents for a given EID (review =
by Y,
> > Rekhter)
> >
> >
> > Comment(by yakov@=E2=80=A6):
> >
> >   The proposed resolution still does not address the issue raised in t=
his
> >   ticket, namely to document the consequences if two entities do retur=
n MAP
-
> >   replies with different contents for a given EID.
> >

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Subject: Re: [lisp] draft-ietf-lisp #113 (new): inbound traffic engineering support with LISP
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Joel,

> Yakov,  I have looked at the ticket, and the email exchange captured bel=
ow.
> Given that the deployment document talks about the scope over which LISP=
 =

> TE works;
> and given that the LISP documents talk about priority and how that =

> affects the steering of traffic;
> I do not understand what more you are asking for.  The LISP document =

> should not be expected to become a traffic engineering tutorial, even if=
 =

> that (TE) is one of the possible uses of LISP.
> =

> can you please clarify what you are looking for?

Given that the use of LISP for TE is documented in the deployment
document, please add a pointer to the deployment document at the end of
the following sentence in Section 4:

                                                             An obvious
   instance of this would be an ISP router that needs to perform traffic
   engineering for packets flowing through its network.

Yakov.

> =

> Thank you,
> Joel
> =

> =

> On 2/21/2011 2:48 PM, Yakov Rekhter wrote:
> > Dino,
> >
> >> So we believe the usage guide will be a good place to put
> >> configuration details on how to use LISP for traffic engineering
> >> purposes.
> >>
> >> Having said that, we have these detailed references in draft-ietf-
> >> lisp-09.txt:
> >
> > This is all fine. But as I said in my comment, I'd like to see
> > *detailed* answers to the questions I raised in my e-mail to the
> > LISP WG mailing  list on 6/1/2010. Having "these detailed references"
> > is not sufficient.
> >
> > Yakov.
> >
> >>
> >> (1) In the section describing priority and weight values in Map-Reply
> >> messages for both unicast and
> >>       multicast flows:
> >>
> >>      Priority:  each RLOC is assigned a unicast priority.  Lower valu=
es
> >>         are more preferable.  When multiple RLOCs have the same prior=
ity,
> >>         they may be used in a load-split fashion.  A value of 255 mea=
ns
> >>         the RLOC MUST NOT be used for unicast forwarding.
> >>
> >>      Weight:  when priorities are the same for multiple RLOCs, the we=
ight
> >>         indicates how to balance unicast traffic between them.  Weigh=
t is
> >>         encoded as a relative weight of total unicast packets that ma=
tch
> >>         the mapping entry.  If a non-zero weight value is used for an=
y
> >>         RLOC, then all RLOCs MUST use a non-zero weight value and the=
n
> >> the
> >>         sum of all weight values MUST equal 100.  If a zero value is =
used
> >>         for any RLOC weight, then all weights MUST be zero and the
> >>         receiver of the Map-Reply will decide how to load-split traff=
ic.
> >>         See Section 6.5 for a suggested hash algorithm to distribute =
load
> >>         across locators with same priority and equal weight values.
> >>
> >> (2) In the Routing Locator Selection section:
> >>
> >>      Both client-side and server-side may need control over the selec=
tion
> >>      of RLOCs for conversations between them.  This control is achiev=
ed
> >> by
> >>      manipulating the Priority and Weight fields in EID-to-RLOC Map-R=
eply
> >>      messages.  Alternatively, RLOC information may be gleaned from
> >>      received tunneled packets or EID-to-RLOC Map-Request messages.
> >>
> >>      The following enumerates different scenarios for choosing RLOCs =
and
> >>      the controls that are available:
> >>
> >> [there are 5 bullet paragraphs that follow, see the spec since there
> >> is too much text to incorporate here].
> >>
> >> (3) This paragrapgh in the Deployment Scenarios section 8:
> >>
> >>      o  Recursive tunneling is when tunneled traffic is again further
> >>         encapsulated in another tunnel, either to implement VPNs or t=
o
> >>         perform Traffic Engineering.  When doing VPN-based tunneling,=
 the
> >>         site has some control since the site is prepending a new tunn=
el
> >>         header.  In the case of TE-based tunneling, the site may have
> >>         control if it is prepending a new tunnel header, but if the
> >> site's
> >>         ISP is doing the TE, then the site has no control.  Recursive
> >>         tunneling generally will result in suboptimal paths but at th=
e
> >>         benefit of steering traffic to resource available parts of th=
e
> >>         network.
> >>
> >> Using tunnels with stretch greater than 1 can avoid congestion on the
> >> shortest paths. Much like repair LSPs in MPLS.
> >>
> >> Dino
> >>
> >> On Feb 15, 2011, at 10:45 AM, lisp issue tracker wrote:
> >>
> >>> #113: inbound traffic engineering support with LISP
> >>>
> >>>
> >>> Comment(by yakov@=EF=BF=BD):
> >>>
> >>> To add to the above, there should be a detailed description of how
> >>> TE-xTR
> >>> perform traffic engineering. This description should be sufficient t=
o
> >>> address the questions I raised in my e-mail to the LISP WG mailing
> >>> list on 6/1/2010.
> >
> >>> --
> >>> ------------------------------
> >>> +---------------------------------------------
> >>> Reporter:  yakov@=EF=BF=BD            |       Owner:
> >>>     Type:  technical          |      Status:  new
> >>> Priority:  major              |   Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
> >>> Severity:  -                  |    Keywords:
> >>> ------------------------------
> >>> +---------------------------------------------
> >>>
> >>> Ticket URL:<http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/113#comme=
nt:1
> >>>>
> >>> lisp<http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
> >>> LISP WG document issues
> >>> _______________________________________________
> >>> lisp mailing list
> >>> lisp@ietf.org
> >>> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/lisp
> >>
> >>
> >>
> >>
> >> _______________________________________________
> >> lisp mailing list
> >> lisp@ietf.org
> >> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/lisp

From yakov@juniper.net  Tue Mar 22 05:53:23 2011
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From: Yakov Rekhter <yakov@juniper.net>
Cc: lisp issue tracker <trac+lisp@zinfandel.tools.ietf.org>, lisp@ietf.org
Subject: Re: [lisp] #66: Strict RLOC ordering causing problems on mapping changes
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Joel,

> Yakov,
>      There is extensive text on the various RLOC maintenance mechanisms,=
 =

> including an entire section on how the ITR cleans up its cache.  Are you=
 =

> asking for a pointer to the lisp-map-versioning document?

The problem raised in the ticket has to do with the following. Quoting
from Section 6.6:

   When a locator record is added to the end of a locator-set, it is
   easy to update mappings.  We assume new mappings will maintain the
   same locator ordering as the old mapping but just have new locators
   appended to the end of the list.  So some ITRs can have a new mapping
   while other ITRs have only an old mapping that is used until they
   time out.  When an ITR has only an old mapping but detects bits set
   in the loc-status-bits that correspond to locators beyond the list it
   has cached, it simply ignores them.  However, this can only happen
   for locator addresses that are lexicographically greater than the
   locator addresses in the existing locator-set.

The above covers the case when a new locator record is appended
to the end of the list. The above does *not* cover the case where
(due to the algorithm used for ordering) a new locator record
has to be inserted in the middle of the list. To cover this
new text should be added right after the text I quoted above.

Yakov.

> =

> Yours,
> Joel
> =

> On 3/17/2011 12:14 PM, lisp issue tracker wrote:
> > #66: Strict RLOC ordering causing problems on mapping changes
> >
> >
> > Comment(by yakov@=E2=80=A6):
> >
> >   From the response to my comment:
> >
> >     Thank you for your contribution to draft-ietf-lisp-06.txt. The dra=
ft
> >   authors
> >     have reviewed your comments but do not feel that changes to the do=
cumen
t
> >   are
> >     warranted at this time. We think that the use of version numbers w=
ill
> >   help
> >     this. Its also important to note that LSBs are a hint and a
> >   request/reply
> >     exchange will confirm from the R-bits of the locators in the locat=
or-se
t
> >   which
> >     are reachable or not.
> >
> >   To close the ticket the draft authors should describe how the use of
> >   version number will address the issues raised in the ticket. Likewis=
e, th
e
> >   authors should point to the specific text in the draft that makes it=
 clea
r
> >   that "LSBs are a hint" and thus are are not sufficient to determine
> >   locator's reachability - a request/reply exchange will be required.
> >

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #44: LISP vs existing (reported by Yakov Rekhter)
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#44: LISP vs existing (reported by Yakov Rekhter)

Changes (by yakov@â€¦):

  * status:  reopened => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/44#comment:7>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#44: LISP vs existing (reported by Yakov Rekhter)

Changes (by yakov@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  closed         
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/44#comment:8>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: [lisp]  #115: claims in Section 7
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#115: claims in Section 7

 From Section 7:

    LISP is designed to be very hardware-based forwarding friendly.

   ....

    No changes to existing, deployed hardware should be needed to
    support this.

 Please delete the text quoted above from the spec.

-- 
------------------------------+---------------------------------------------
Reporter:  yakov@â€¦            |       Owner:                 
    Type:  technical          |      Status:  new            
Priority:  major              |   Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                  |    Keywords:                 
------------------------------+---------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/115>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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To: Yakov Rekhter <yakov@juniper.net>
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Cc: lisp issue tracker <trac+lisp@zinfandel.tools.ietf.org>, lisp@ietf.org
Subject: Re: [lisp] #66: Strict RLOC ordering causing problems on mapping changes
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Hi,

I think that the misleading sentence is the first one:

> When a locator record is added to the end of a locator-set, it is
>   easy to update mappings. =20


=46rom my understanding, whenever there is a new RLOC, authors suggest =
to append it to the list of RLOC and set to 1 the corresponding bit of =
the loc-status-bits. That's all.

I would fix the text in the following way:

	When a locator record is added, it is easy to update mappings.=20=

 	We assume new mappings will maintain the same locator ordering=20=

	as the old mapping but just have new locators appended to the=20
	end of the list.  So some ITRs can have a new mapping while =
other=20
	ITRs have only an old mapping that is used until they time out. =20=

	When an ITR has only an old mapping but detects bits set in the=20=

	loc-status-bits that correspond to locators beyond the list it =
has=20
	cached, it simply ignores them. =20

I would drop the last sentence, about lexicographic order, as well. The =
above text looks sufficient to me.

Luigi


On 22, Mar, 2011, at 13:53 , Yakov Rekhter wrote:

> Joel,
>=20
>> Yakov,
>>     There is extensive text on the various RLOC maintenance =
mechanisms,=20
>> including an entire section on how the ITR cleans up its cache.  Are =
you=20
>> asking for a pointer to the lisp-map-versioning document?
>=20
> The problem raised in the ticket has to do with the following. Quoting
> from Section 6.6:
>=20
>   When a locator record is added to the end of a locator-set, it is
>   easy to update mappings.  We assume new mappings will maintain the
>   same locator ordering as the old mapping but just have new locators
>   appended to the end of the list.  So some ITRs can have a new =
mapping
>   while other ITRs have only an old mapping that is used until they
>   time out.  When an ITR has only an old mapping but detects bits set
>   in the loc-status-bits that correspond to locators beyond the list =
it
>   has cached, it simply ignores them.  However, this can only happen
>   for locator addresses that are lexicographically greater than the
>   locator addresses in the existing locator-set.
>=20
> The above covers the case when a new locator record is appended
> to the end of the list. The above does *not* cover the case where
> (due to the algorithm used for ordering) a new locator record
> has to be inserted in the middle of the list. To cover this
> new text should be added right after the text I quoted above.
>=20
> Yakov.
>=20
>>=20
>> Yours,
>> Joel
>>=20
>> On 3/17/2011 12:14 PM, lisp issue tracker wrote:
>>> #66: Strict RLOC ordering causing problems on mapping changes
>>>=20
>>>=20
>>> Comment(by yakov@=E2=80=A6):
>>>=20
>>>  =46rom the response to my comment:
>>>=20
>>>    Thank you for your contribution to draft-ietf-lisp-06.txt. The =
draft
>>>  authors
>>>    have reviewed your comments but do not feel that changes to the =
documen
> t
>>>  are
>>>    warranted at this time. We think that the use of version numbers =
will
>>>  help
>>>    this. Its also important to note that LSBs are a hint and a
>>>  request/reply
>>>    exchange will confirm from the R-bits of the locators in the =
locator-se
> t
>>>  which
>>>    are reachable or not.
>>>=20
>>>  To close the ticket the draft authors should describe how the use =
of
>>>  version number will address the issues raised in the ticket. =
Likewise, th
> e
>>>  authors should point to the specific text in the draft that makes =
it clea
> r
>>>  that "LSBs are a hint" and thus are are not sufficient to determine
>>>  locator's reachability - a request/reply exchange will be required.
>>>=20


From yakov@juniper.net  Tue Mar 22 07:03:54 2011
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To: Luigi Iannone <luigi@net.t-labs.tu-berlin.de>
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Date: Tue, 22 Mar 2011 07:03:38 -0700
From: Yakov Rekhter <yakov@juniper.net>
Cc: lisp@ietf.org, lisp issue tracker <trac+lisp@zinfandel.tools.ietf.org>
Subject: Re: [lisp] #66: Strict RLOC ordering causing problems on mapping changes
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Luigi,

> Hi,
> =

> I think that the misleading sentence is the first one:
> =

> > When a locator record is added to the end of a locator-set, it is
> >   easy to update mappings.  =

> =

> =

> From my understanding, whenever there is a new RLOC, authors suggest =

> to append it to the list of RLOC and set to 1 the corresponding bit =

> of the loc-status-bits. That's all.
> =

> I would fix the text in the following way:
> =

> 	When a locator record is added, it is easy to update mappings. =

>  	We assume new mappings will maintain the same locator ordering =

> 	as the old mapping but just have new locators appended to the =

> 	end of the list.  So some ITRs can have a new mapping while other =

> 	ITRs have only an old mapping that is used until they time out.  =

> 	When an ITR has only an old mapping but detects bits set in the =

> 	loc-status-bits that correspond to locators beyond the list it has =

> 	cached, it simply ignores them.  =

> =

> I would drop the last sentence, about lexicographic order, as well. The =
above
> text looks sufficient to me.

Please note that in the Map-Reply "The locator-set MUST be sorted
in order of ascending IP address where an IPv4 locator address is
considered numerically 'less than' an IPv6 locator address." (from
section 6.1.5).

Thus the text you proposed above is still insufficient, as it does
not cover the case where a new locator need to be inserted in the
*middle* of the list.

Yakov.

> =

> Luigi
> =

> =

> On 22, Mar, 2011, at 13:53 , Yakov Rekhter wrote:
> =

> > Joel,
> > =

> >> Yakov,
> >>     There is extensive text on the various RLOC maintenance mechanism=
s, =

> >> including an entire section on how the ITR cleans up its cache.  Are =
you =

> >> asking for a pointer to the lisp-map-versioning document?
> > =

> > The problem raised in the ticket has to do with the following. Quoting
> > from Section 6.6:
> > =

> >   When a locator record is added to the end of a locator-set, it is
> >   easy to update mappings.  We assume new mappings will maintain the
> >   same locator ordering as the old mapping but just have new locators
> >   appended to the end of the list.  So some ITRs can have a new mappin=
g
> >   while other ITRs have only an old mapping that is used until they
> >   time out.  When an ITR has only an old mapping but detects bits set
> >   in the loc-status-bits that correspond to locators beyond the list i=
t
> >   has cached, it simply ignores them.  However, this can only happen
> >   for locator addresses that are lexicographically greater than the
> >   locator addresses in the existing locator-set.
> > =

> > The above covers the case when a new locator record is appended
> > to the end of the list. The above does *not* cover the case where
> > (due to the algorithm used for ordering) a new locator record
> > has to be inserted in the middle of the list. To cover this
> > new text should be added right after the text I quoted above.
> > =

> > Yakov.
> > =

> >> =

> >> Yours,
> >> Joel
> >> =

> >> On 3/17/2011 12:14 PM, lisp issue tracker wrote:
> >>> #66: Strict RLOC ordering causing problems on mapping changes
> >>> =

> >>> =

> >>> Comment(by yakov@=E2=80=A6):
> >>> =

> >>>  From the response to my comment:
> >>> =

> >>>    Thank you for your contribution to draft-ietf-lisp-06.txt. The dr=
aft
> >>>  authors
> >>>    have reviewed your comments but do not feel that changes to the d=
ocume
n
> > t
> >>>  are
> >>>    warranted at this time. We think that the use of version numbers =
will
> >>>  help
> >>>    this. Its also important to note that LSBs are a hint and a
> >>>  request/reply
> >>>    exchange will confirm from the R-bits of the locators in the loca=
tor-s
e
> > t
> >>>  which
> >>>    are reachable or not.
> >>> =

> >>>  To close the ticket the draft authors should describe how the use o=
f
> >>>  version number will address the issues raised in the ticket. Likewi=
se, t
h
> > e
> >>>  authors should point to the specific text in the draft that makes i=
t cle
a
> > r
> >>>  that "LSBs are a hint" and thus are are not sufficient to determine
> >>>  locator's reachability - a request/reply exchange will be required.
> >>> =

> =

> =


From trac+lisp@trac.tools.ietf.org  Sat Mar 26 02:03:36 2011
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Subject: Re: [lisp] #114: EID-to-RLOC mapping - transients
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#114: EID-to-RLOC mapping - transients


Comment(by luigi@â€¦):

 Reply sent by Vince Fuller,

  * In looking at the recent email exchange with Yakov over item #114, I
 don't see where this issue applies to draft-ietf-lisp-alt since it doesn't
 say anything about consistent ETR configuration. The suggested text
 changes would appear to the definition of "EID-to-RLOC Database" in
 section 3 of draft-ietf-lisp, that currently reads as follows:
     * EID-to-RLOC Database:   The EID-to-RLOC database is a global
 distributed database that contains all known EID-prefix to RLOC  mappings.
 Each potential ETR typically contains a small piece of the database: the
 EID-to-RLOC mappings for the EID prefixes "behind" the router.  These map
 to one of the router's own, globally-visible, IP addresses.  The same
 database mapping entries MUST be configured on all ETRs for a given site.
 That is, the  EID-prefixes for the site and locator-set for each EID-
 prefix MUST be the same on all ETRs so they consistently send Map-Reply
 messages with the same database mapping contents.

  Seems like the simplest fix for this is simply to delete the last part of
 the last sentence: "so they consistently send Map-Reply messages with the
 same database mapping contents". Mandating consistent configuration should
 result in sending consistent EID-to-RLOC mappings in Map-Reply messages.
 The extra text invites unnecessary (IMHO) discussion of transient cases.

-- 
------------------------------+---------------------------------------------
Reporter:  yakov@â€¦            |       Owner:     
    Type:  technical          |      Status:  new
Priority:  major              |   Component:  alt
Severity:  -                  |    Keywords:     
------------------------------+---------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/114#comment:3>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

From terry.manderson@icann.org  Sun Mar 27 05:45:10 2011
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From: Terry Manderson <terry.manderson@icann.org>
To: "lisp@ietf.org" <lisp@ietf.org>
Date: Sun, 27 Mar 2011 05:46:43 -0700
Thread-Topic: Wednesday session and presentation slides
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Hi Folks,

The agenda for Wednesday is posted here:

http://tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/agenda

If I have missed something (ie a presentation slot) you have asked for, and
I failed to respond please send me an email ASAP.

For all presenters please email me your preso (pdf preferred) slides by 3pm
Tuesday (Prague time ;)

Cheers
Terry


From yakov@juniper.net  Mon Mar 28 10:48:25 2011
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Date: Mon, 28 Mar 2011 10:48:48 -0700
From: Yakov Rekhter <yakov@juniper.net>
Cc: lisp@ietf.org
Subject: Re: [lisp] #114: EID-to-RLOC mapping - transients
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Hi,

> #114: EID-to-RLOC mapping - transients
> =

> =

> Comment(by luigi@=E2=80=A6):
> =

>  Reply sent by Vince Fuller,
> =

>   * In looking at the recent email exchange with Yakov over item #114, I
>  don't see where this issue applies to draft-ietf-lisp-alt since it does=
n't
>  say anything about consistent ETR configuration. The suggested text
>  changes would appear to the definition of "EID-to-RLOC Database" in
>  section 3 of draft-ietf-lisp, that currently reads as follows:
>      * EID-to-RLOC Database:   The EID-to-RLOC database is a global
>  distributed database that contains all known EID-prefix to RLOC  mappin=
gs.
>  Each potential ETR typically contains a small piece of the database: th=
e
>  EID-to-RLOC mappings for the EID prefixes "behind" the router.  These m=
ap
>  to one of the router's own, globally-visible, IP addresses.  The same
>  database mapping entries MUST be configured on all ETRs for a given sit=
e.
>  That is, the  EID-prefixes for the site and locator-set for each EID-
>  prefix MUST be the same on all ETRs so they consistently send Map-Reply
>  messages with the same database mapping contents.
> =

>   Seems like the simplest fix for this is simply to delete the last part=
 of
>  the last sentence: "so they consistently send Map-Reply messages with t=
he
>  same database mapping contents". Mandating consistent configuration sho=
uld
>  result in sending consistent EID-to-RLOC mappings in Map-Reply messages=
.
>  The extra text invites unnecessary (IMHO) discussion of transient cases=
.

Deleting the last part of the last sentence is not enough. You also
need to point out that the "MUST" applies only to steady state, and
also document that during transients Map-Replies may not be consistent.

With this in mind please replace the last sentence with the following:

    In a steady state the EID-prefixes for the site and the locator-set
    for each EID-prefix MUST be the same on all ETRs. Procedures to
    enforce and/or verify this are outside the scope of this document.

    Note that there may be transient conditions when the EID-prefix =

    for the site and locator-set for each EID-prefix MAY not be the =

    same on all ETRs. As a result, for the duration of these transient =

    conditions not all the ETRs would be able to send Map-Reply messages =

    with the same database mapping contents.

Furthermore, if the authors think that sending inconsistent Map-Reply
during transients has no negative implications, then add the following at
the end of the text I suggested above:

    This has no negative implications. =


And if the authors think that sending inconsistent Map-Reply during
transients does have negative implications, then the authors should list
them following the text I suggested above.

Yakov.

From dino@cisco.com  Tue Mar 29 04:39:55 2011
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Subject: Re: [lisp] #114: EID-to-RLOC mapping - transients
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> Deleting the last part of the last sentence is not enough. You also
> need to point out that the "MUST" applies only to steady state, and
> also document that during transients Map-Replies may not be  
> consistent.
>
> With this in mind please replace the last sentence with the following:
>
>    In a steady state the EID-prefixes for the site and the locator-set
>    for each EID-prefix MUST be the same on all ETRs. Procedures to
>    enforce and/or verify this are outside the scope of this document.

We will add this.

>    Note that there may be transient conditions when the EID-prefix
>    for the site and locator-set for each EID-prefix MAY not be the
>    same on all ETRs.

We will add this first sentence but change "MAY not" to "may not"  
since it is not a rule in this specification that the implementation  
has an option of making the locator-set inconsistent. The locator-set  
is only inconsistent between the time it takes a network administrator  
to make it the same. If there is a configuration error and the  
inconsistent state is for a longer period of time, then the text below  
will cover that.

> As a result, for the duration of these transient
>    conditions not all the ETRs would be able to send Map-Reply  
> messages
>    with the same database mapping contents.

We did not include this sentence above, because it is not true. The  
ETRs can still send Map-Replies with their idea of the locator-set.  
And an depending where an ITR's Map-Request is sent, will determine  
which locator-set the ITR caches. If the locators are disconnected  
from the network, RLOC-probing will tell you this and ITRs will not  
encapsulate to them.

If there is locator-set policy on the map-server, then maybe one  
locator-set or the other won't be accepted by the map-server.

And if proxy-replying is sent in the map-register, then it is the map- 
server's idea of the locator-set that is sent consistently in all Map- 
Replies.

So we will say there are no negative implications.

> Furthermore, if the authors think that sending inconsistent Map-Reply
> during transients has no negative implications, then add the  
> following at
> the end of the text I suggested above:
>
>    This has no negative implications.
>
> And if the authors think that sending inconsistent Map-Reply during
> transients does have negative implications, then the authors should  
> list
> them following the text I suggested above.
>
> Yakov.

Here is the new proposed text:

    EID-to-RLOC Database:   The EID-to-RLOC database is a global
       distributed database that contains all known EID-prefix to RLOC
       mappings.  Each potential ETR typically contains a small piece of
       the database: the EID-to-RLOC mappings for the EID prefixes
       "behind" the router.  These map to one of the router's own,
       globally-visible, IP addresses.  The same database mapping  
entries
       MUST be configured on all ETRs for a given site.  In a steady
       state the EID-prefixes for the site and the locator-set for each
       EID-prefix MUST be the same on all ETRs.  Procedures to enforce
       and/or verify this are outside the scope of this document.  Note
       that there may be transient conditions when the EID-prefix for  
the
       site and locator-set for each EID-prefix may not be the same on
       all ETRs. This has no negative implications.

Thanks,
Dino


From dino@cisco.com  Tue Mar 29 04:56:57 2011
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Subject: [lisp] Minor updates to drat-ietf-lisp-11.txt
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See enclosed. The chairs have requested -11 is to be posted today to  
leave enough time for working group members to review before we meet  
tomorrow. We will wait 4 hours giving Yakov a chance to Ack/Nak the  
changes we made to reflect his comments.

B.1.  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-11.txt

    o  Posted April 2011.

    o  Change IANA URL.  The URL we had pointed to a general protocol
       numbers page.

    o  Added the "s" bit to the Map-Request to allow SMR-invoked Map-
       Requests to be sent to a MN ETR via the map-server.

    o  Generalize text for the defintion of Reencapsuatling tunnels.

    o  Add pargraph suggested by Joel to explain how implementation
       experimentation will be used to determine the proper cache
       management techniques.

    o  Add Yakov provided text for the definition of "EID-to-RLOC
       "Database".

    o  Add reference in Section 8, Deployment Scenarios, to the
       draft-jakab-lisp-deploy-02.txt draft.

    o  Clarify sentence about no hardware changes needed to support LISP
       encapsulation.

    o  Add paragraph about what is the procedure when a locator is
       inserted in the middle of a locator-set.

    o  Add a definition for Locator-Status-Bits so we can emphasize they
       are used as a hint for router up/down status and not path
       reachability.

    o  Change "BGP RIB" to "RIB" per Clarence's comment.

    o  Fixed complaints by IDnits.

Thanks,
Dino


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<!-- saved from url=(0029)http://tools.ietf.org/rfcdiff -->
<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"><title>wdiff draft-ietf-lisp-10.txt draft-ietf-lisp-11.txt</title></head><body>
<pre>
Network Working Group                                       D. Farinacci
Internet-Draft                                                 V. Fuller
Intended status: Experimental                                   D. Meyer
Expires: September <strike><font color="red">5,</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">30,</font></strong> 2011                                     D. Lewis
                                                           cisco Systems
                                                          March <strike><font color="red">4,</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">29,</font></strong> 2011

                 Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP)
                           <strike><font color="red">draft-ietf-lisp-10</font></strike>
                           <strong><font color="green">draft-ietf-lisp-11</font></strong>

Abstract

   This draft describes a network-based protocol that enables separation
   of IP addresses into two new numbering spaces: Endpoint Identifiers
   (EIDs) and Routing Locators (RLOCs).  No changes are required to
   either host protocol stacks or to the "core" of the Internet
   infrastructure.  LISP can be incrementally deployed, without a "flag
   day", and offers traffic engineering, multi-homing, and mobility
   benefits even to early adopters, when there are relatively few LISP-
   capable sites.

   Design and development of LISP was largely motivated by the problem
   statement produced by the October, 2006 IAB Routing and Addressing
   Workshop.

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted to IETF in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups.  Note that
   other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-
   Drafts.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
   http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt.

   The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
   http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.

   This Internet-Draft will expire on September <strike><font color="red">5,</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">30,</font></strong> 2011.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2011 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Requirements Notation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   2.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
   3.  Definition of Terms  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
   4.  Basic Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
     4.1.  Packet Flow Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
   5.  LISP Encapsulation Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
     5.1.  LISP IPv4-in-IPv4 Header Format  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
     5.2.  LISP IPv6-in-IPv6 Header Format  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
     5.3.  Tunnel Header Field Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
     5.4.  Dealing with Large Encapsulated Packets  . . . . . . . . . 22
       5.4.1.  A Stateless Solution to MTU Handling . . . . . . . . . 23
       5.4.2.  A Stateful Solution to MTU Handling  . . . . . . . . . 24
     5.5.  Using Virtualization and Segmentation with LISP  . . . . . 24
   6.  EID-to-RLOC Mapping  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
     6.1.  LISP IPv4 and IPv6 Control Plane Packet Formats  . . . . . 26
       6.1.1.  LISP Packet Type Allocations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
       6.1.2.  Map-Request Message Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
       6.1.3.  EID-to-RLOC UDP Map-Request Message  . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">30</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">31</font></strong>
       6.1.4.  Map-Reply Message Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
       6.1.5.  EID-to-RLOC UDP Map-Reply Message  . . . . . . . . . . 36
       6.1.6.  Map-Register Message Format  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
       6.1.7.  Map-Notify Message Format  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
       6.1.8.  Encapsulated Control Message Format  . . . . . . . . . 41
     6.2.  Routing Locator Selection  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
     6.3.  Routing Locator Reachability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
       6.3.1.  Echo Nonce Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
       6.3.2.  RLOC Probing Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
     6.4.  EID Reachability within a LISP Site  . . . . . . . . . . . 49
     6.5.  Routing Locator Hashing  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
     6.6.  Changing the Contents of EID-to-RLOC Mappings  . . . . . . 50
       6.6.1.  Clock Sweep  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
       6.6.2.  Solicit-Map-Request (SMR)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
       6.6.3.  Database Map Versioning  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
   7.  Router Performance Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
   8.  Deployment Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
     8.1.  First-hop/Last-hop Tunnel Routers  . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
     8.2.  Border/Edge Tunnel Routers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
     8.3.  ISP Provider-Edge (PE) Tunnel Routers  . . . . . . . . . . 58
     8.4.  LISP Functionality with Conventional NATs  . . . . . . . . 58
   9.  Traceroute Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
     9.1.  IPv6 Traceroute  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
     9.2.  IPv4 Traceroute  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
     9.3.  Traceroute using Mixed Locators  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
   10. Mobility Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
     10.1. Site Mobility  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
     10.2. Slow Endpoint Mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
     10.3. Fast Endpoint Mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
     10.4. Fast Network Mobility  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
     10.5. LISP Mobile Node Mobility  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
   11. Multicast Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
   12. Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
   13. Network Management Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
   14. IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
     14.1. LISP Address Type Codes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
     14.2. LISP UDP Port Numbers  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
   15. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
     15.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
     15.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
   Appendix A.  Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
   Appendix B.  Document Change Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
     B.1.  Changes to <strike><font color="red">draft-ietf-lisp-10.txt</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">draft-ietf-lisp-11.txt</font></strong>  . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
     B.2.  Changes to <strike><font color="red">draft-ietf-lisp-09.txt</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">draft-ietf-lisp-10.txt</font></strong>  . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
     B.3.  Changes to <strike><font color="red">draft-ietf-lisp-08.txt</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">draft-ietf-lisp-09.txt</font></strong>  . . . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">75</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">76</font></strong>
     B.4.  Changes to <strike><font color="red">draft-ietf-lisp-07.txt</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">draft-ietf-lisp-08.txt</font></strong>  . . . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">77</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">76</font></strong>
     B.5.  Changes to <strike><font color="red">draft-ietf-lisp-06.txt</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">draft-ietf-lisp-07.txt</font></strong>  . . . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">79</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">78</font></strong>
     B.6.  Changes to <strike><font color="red">draft-ietf-lisp-05.txt</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">draft-ietf-lisp-06.txt</font></strong>  . . . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">80</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">79</font></strong>
     B.7.  Changes to <strike><font color="red">draft-ietf-lisp-04.txt</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">draft-ietf-lisp-05.txt</font></strong>  . . . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">80</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">81</font></strong>
     B.8.  Changes to <strike><font color="red">draft-ietf-lisp-03.txt</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">draft-ietf-lisp-04.txt</font></strong>  . . . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">82</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">81</font></strong>
     B.9.  Changes to <strike><font color="red">draft-ietf-lisp-02.txt</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">draft-ietf-lisp-03.txt</font></strong>  . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
     B.10. Changes to <strike><font color="red">draft-ietf-lisp-01.txt</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">draft-ietf-lisp-02.txt</font></strong>  . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
     B.11. Changes to <strong><font color="green">draft-ietf-lisp-01.txt  . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
     B.12. Changes to</font></strong> draft-ietf-lisp-00.txt  . . . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">83</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">84</font></strong>
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <strike><font color="red">84</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">85</font></strong>

1.  Requirements Notation

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

2.  Introduction

   This document describes the Locator/Identifier Separation Protocol
   (LISP), which provides a set of functions for routers to exchange
   information used to map from non-routeable Endpoint Identifiers
   (EIDs) to routeable Routing Locators (RLOCs).  It also defines a
   mechanism for these LISP routers to encapsulate IP packets addressed
   with EIDs for transmission across an Internet that uses RLOCs for
   routing and forwarding.

   Creation of LISP was initially motivated by discussions during the
   IAB-sponsored Routing and Addressing Workshop held in Amsterdam in
   October, 2006 (see [RFC4984]).  A key conclusion of the workshop was
   that the Internet routing and addressing system was not scaling well
   in the face of the explosive growth of new sites; one reason for this
   poor scaling is the increasing number of multi-homed and other sites
   that cannot be addressed as part of topologically- or provider-based
   aggregated prefixes.  Additional work that more completely described
   the problem statement may be found in [RADIR].

   A basic observation, made many years ago in early networking research
   such as that documented in [CHIAPPA] and [RFC4984], is that using a
   single address field for both identifying a device and for
   determining where it is topologically located in the network requires
   optimization along two conflicting axes: for routing to be efficient,
   the address must be assigned topologically; for collections of
   devices to be easily and effectively managed, without the need for
   renumbering in response to topological change (such as that caused by
   adding or removing attachment points to the network or by mobility
   events), the address must explicitly not be tied to the topology.

   The approach that LISP takes to solving the routing scalability
   problem is to replace IP addresses with two new types of numbers:
   Routing Locators (RLOCs), which are topologically assigned to network
   attachment points (and are therefore amenable to aggregation) and
   used for routing and forwarding of packets through the network; and
   Endpoint Identifiers (EIDs), which are assigned independently from
   the network topology, are used for numbering devices, and are
   aggregated along administrative boundaries.  LISP then defines
   functions for mapping between the two numbering spaces and for
   encapsulating traffic originated by devices using non-routeable EIDs
   for transport across a network infrastructure that routes and
   forwards using RLOCs.  Both RLOCs and EIDs are syntactically-
   identical to IP addresses; it is the semantics of how they are used
   that differs.

   This document describes the protocol that implements these functions.
   The database which stores the mappings between EIDs and RLOCs is
   explicitly a separate "module" to facilitate experimentation with a
   variety of approaches.  One database design that is being developed
   and prototyped as part of the LISP working group work is [ALT].
   Others that have been described but not implemented include [CONS],
   [EMACS], [RPMD], [NERD].  Finally, [LISP-MS], documents a general-
   purpose service interface for accessing a mapping database; this
   interface is intended to make the mapping database modular so that
   different approaches can be tried without the need to modify
   installed xTRs.

3.  Definition of Terms

   Provider Independent (PI) Addresses:   PI addresses are an address
      block assigned from a pool where blocks are not associated with
      any particular location in the network (e.g. from a particular
      service provider), and is therefore not topologically aggregatable
      in the routing system.

   Provider Assigned (PA) Addresses:   PA addresses are an a address
      block assigned to a site by each service provider to which a site
      connects.  Typically, each block is sub-block of a service
      provider Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) [RFC4632] block and
      is aggregated into the larger block before being advertised into
      the global Internet.  Traditionally, IP multihoming has been
      implemented by each multi-homed site acquiring its own, globally-
      visible prefix.  LISP uses only topologically-assigned and
      aggregatable address blocks for RLOCs, eliminating this
      demonstrably non-scalable practice.

   Routing Locator (RLOC):   A RLOC is an IPv4 or IPv6 address of an
      egress tunnel router (ETR).  A RLOC is the output of a EID-to-RLOC
      mapping lookup.  An EID maps to one or more RLOCs.  Typically,
      RLOCs are numbered from topologically-aggregatable blocks that are
      assigned to a site at each point to which it attaches to the
      global Internet; where the topology is defined by the connectivity
      of provider networks, RLOCs can be thought of as PA addresses.
      Multiple RLOCs can be assigned to the same ETR device or to
      multiple ETR devices at a site.

   Endpoint ID (EID):   An EID is a 32-bit (for IPv4) or 128-bit (for
      IPv6) value used in the source and destination address fields of
      the first (most inner) LISP header of a packet.  The host obtains
      a destination EID the same way it obtains an destination address
      today, for example through a Domain Name System (DNS) [RFC1034]
      lookup or Session Invitation Protocol (SIP) [RFC3261] exchange.
      The source EID is obtained via existing mechanisms used to set a
      host's "local" IP address.  An EID is allocated to a host from an
      EID-prefix block associated with the site where the host is
      located.  An EID can be used by a host to refer to other hosts.
      EIDs MUST NOT be used as LISP RLOCs.  Note that EID blocks may be
      assigned in a hierarchical manner, independent of the network
      topology, to facilitate scaling of the mapping database.  In
      addition, an EID block assigned to a site may have site-local
      structure (subnetting) for routing within the site; this structure
      is not visible to the global routing system.  When used in
      discussions with other Locator/ID separation proposals, a LISP EID
      will be called a "LEID".  Throughout this document, any references
      to "EID" refers to an LEID.

   EID-prefix:   An EID-prefix is a power-of-two block of EIDs which are
      allocated to a site by an address allocation authority.  EID-
      prefixes are associated with a set of RLOC addresses which make up
      a "database mapping".  EID-prefix allocations can be broken up
      into smaller blocks when an RLOC set is to be associated with the
      smaller EID-prefix.  A globally routed address block (whether PI
      or PA) is not an EID-prefix.  However, a globally routed address
      block may be removed from global routing and reused as an EID-
      prefix.  A site that receives an explicitly allocated EID-prefix
      may not use that EID-prefix as a globally routed prefix assigned
      to RLOCs.

   End-system:   An end-system is an IPv4 or IPv6 device that originates
      packets with a single IPv4 or IPv6 header.  The end-system
      supplies an EID value for the destination address field of the IP
      header when communicating globally (i.e. outside of its routing
      domain).  An end-system can be a host computer, a switch or router
      device, or any network appliance.

   Ingress Tunnel Router (ITR):   An ITR is a router which accepts an IP
      packet with a single IP header (more precisely, an IP packet that
      does not contain a LISP header).  The router treats this "inner"
      IP destination address as an EID and performs an EID-to-RLOC
      mapping lookup.  The router then prepends an "outer" IP header
      with one of its globally-routable RLOCs in the source address
      field and the result of the mapping lookup in the destination
      address field.  Note that this destination RLOC may be an
      intermediate, proxy device that has better knowledge of the EID-
      to-RLOC mapping closer to the destination EID.  In general, an ITR
      receives IP packets from site end-systems on one side and sends
      LISP-encapsulated IP packets toward the Internet on the other
      side.

      Specifically, when a service provider prepends a LISP header for
      Traffic Engineering purposes, the router that does this is also
      regarded as an ITR.  The outer RLOC the ISP ITR uses can be based
      on the outer destination address (the originating ITR's supplied
      RLOC) or the inner destination address (the originating hosts
      supplied EID).

   TE-ITR:   A TE-ITR is an ITR that is deployed in a service provider
      network that prepends an additional LISP header for Traffic
      Engineering purposes.

   Egress Tunnel Router (ETR):   An ETR is a router that accepts an IP
      packet where the destination address in the "outer" IP header is
      one of its own RLOCs.  The router strips the "outer" header and
      forwards the packet based on the next IP header found.  In
      general, an ETR receives LISP-encapsulated IP packets from the
      Internet on one side and sends decapsulated IP packets to site
      end-systems on the other side.  ETR functionality does not have to
      be limited to a router device.  A server host can be the endpoint
      of a LISP tunnel as well.

   TE-ETR:   A TE-ETR is an ETR that is deployed in a service provider
      network that strips an outer LISP header for Traffic Engineering
      purposes.

   xTR:   A xTR is a reference to an ITR or ETR when direction of data
      flow is not part of the context description. xTR refers to the
      router that is the tunnel endpoint.  Used synonymously with the
      term "Tunnel Router".  For example, "An xTR can be located at the
      Customer Edge (CE) router", meaning both ITR and ETR functionality
      is at the CE router.

   EID-to-RLOC Cache:   The EID-to-RLOC cache is a short-lived, on-
      demand table in an ITR that stores, tracks, and is responsible for
      timing-out and otherwise validating EID-to-RLOC mappings.  This
      cache is distinct from the full "database" of EID-to-RLOC
      mappings, it is dynamic, local to the ITR(s), and relatively small
      while the database is distributed, relatively static, and much
      more global in scope.

   EID-to-RLOC Database:   The EID-to-RLOC database is a global
      distributed database that contains all known EID-prefix to RLOC
      mappings.  Each potential ETR typically contains a small piece of
      the database: the EID-to-RLOC mappings for the EID prefixes
      "behind" the router.  These map to one of the router's own,
      globally-visible, IP addresses.  The same database mapping entries
      MUST be configured on all ETRs for a given site.  <strike><font color="red">That is,</font></strike>  <strong><font color="green">In a steady
      state</font></strong> the EID-prefixes for the site and <strong><font color="green">the</font></strong> locator-set for each
      EID-prefix MUST be the same on all <strike><font color="red">ETRs so they consistently send Map-Reply
      messages with</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">ETRs.  Procedures to enforce
      and/or verify this are outside the scope of this document.  Note
      that there may be transient conditions when the EID-prefix for the
      site and locator-set for each EID-prefix may not be</font></strong> the same <strike><font color="red">database mapping contents.</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">on
      all ETRs. This has no negative implications.</font></strong>

   Recursive Tunneling:   Recursive tunneling occurs when a packet has
      more than one LISP IP header.  Additional layers of tunneling may
      be employed to implement traffic engineering or other re-routing
      as needed.  When this is done, an additional "outer" LISP header
      is added and the original RLOCs are preserved in the "inner"
      header.  Any references to tunnels in this specification refers to
      dynamic encapsulating tunnels and never are they statically
      configured.

   Reencapsulating Tunnels:   Reencapsulating tunneling occurs when <strike><font color="red">a
      packet has no more than one LISP IP header (two IP headers total)
      and when it needs to be diverted to new RLOC,</font></strike> an
      ETR <strike><font color="red">can
      decapsulate the packet (remove the LISP header) and prepends</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">removes</font></strong> a <strike><font color="red">new
      tunnel</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">LISP</font></strong> header, <strike><font color="red">with new RLOC, on</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">then acts as an ITR</font></strong> to <strike><font color="red">the packet.</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">prepend another
      LISP header.</font></strong>  Doing this allows a packet to be re-routed by the
      re-encapsulating router without adding the overhead of additional
      tunnel headers.  Any references to tunnels in this specification
      refers to dynamic encapsulating tunnels and never are they
      statically configured.

   LISP Header:   a term used in this document to refer to the outer
      IPv4 or IPv6 header, a UDP header, and a LISP-specific 8-byte
      header that follows the UDP header, an ITR prepends or an ETR
      strips.

   Address Family Identifier (AFI):   a term used to describe an address
      encoding in a packet.  An address family currently pertains to an
      IPv4 or IPv6 address.  See [AFI] and [RFC1700] for details.  An
      AFI value of 0 used in this specification indicates an unspecified
      encoded address where the length of the address is 0 bytes
      following the 16-bit AFI value of 0.

   Negative Mapping Entry:   A negative mapping entry, also known as a
      negative cache entry, is an EID-to-RLOC entry where an EID-prefix
      is advertised or stored with no RLOCs.  That is, the locator-set
      for the EID-to-RLOC entry is empty or has an encoded locator count
      of 0.  This type of entry could be used to describe a prefix from
      a non-LISP site, which is explicitly not in the mapping database.
      There are a set of well defined actions that are encoded in a
      Negative Map-Reply.

   Data Probe:   A data-probe is a LISP-encapsulated data packet where
      the inner header destination address equals the outer header
      destination address used to trigger a Map-Reply by a decapsulating
      ETR.  In addition, the original packet is decapsulated and
      delivered to the destination host.  A Data Probe is used in some
      of the mapping database designs to "probe" or request a Map-Reply
      from an ETR; in other cases, Map-Requests are used.  See each
      mapping database design for details.

   Proxy ITR (PITR):   A PITR is also known as a PTR is defined and
      described in [INTERWORK], a PITR acts like an ITR but does so on
      behalf of non-LISP sites which send packets to destinations at
      LISP sites.

   Proxy ETR (PETR):   A PETR is defined and described in [INTERWORK], a
      PETR acts like an ETR but does so on behalf of LISP sites which
      send packets to destinations at non-LISP sites.

   Route-returnability:  is an assumption that the underlying routing
      system will deliver packets to the destination.  When combined
      with a nonce that is provided by a sender and returned by a
      receiver limits off-path data insertion.

   LISP site:  is a set of routers in an edge network that are under a
      single technical administration.  LISP routers which reside in the
      edge network are the demarcation points to separate the edge
      network from the core network.

   Client-side:  a term used in this document to indicate a connection
      initiation attempt by an EID.  The ITR(s) at the LISP site are the
      first to get involved in obtaining database map cache entries by
      sending Map-Request messages.

   Server-side:  a term used in this document to indicate a connection
      initiation attempt is being accepted for a destination EID.  The
      ETR(s) at the destination LISP site are the first to send Map-
      Replies to the source site initiating the connection.  The ETR(s)
      at this destination site can obtain mappings by gleaning
      information from Map-Requests, Data-Probes, or encapsulated
      packets.

   <strong><font color="green">Locator-Status-Bits (LSBs):  Locator status bits are present in the
      LISP header.  They are used by ITRs to inform ETRs about the up/
      down status of all ITRs at the local site.  These bits are used as
      a hint to convey up/down router status and not path reachability
      status.  The LSBs can be verified by use of one of the Locator
      Reachability Algoriths described in Section 6.3.</font></strong>

4.  Basic Overview

   One key concept of LISP is that end-systems (hosts) operate the same
   way they do today.  The IP addresses that hosts use for tracking
   sockets, connections, and for sending and receiving packets do not
   change.  In LISP terminology, these IP addresses are called Endpoint
   Identifiers (EIDs).

   Routers continue to forward packets based on IP destination
   addresses.  When a packet is LISP encapsulated, these addresses are
   referred to as Routing Locators (RLOCs).  Most routers along a path
   between two hosts will not change; they continue to perform routing/
   forwarding lookups on the destination addresses.  For routers between
   the source host and the ITR as well as routers from the ETR to the
   destination host, the destination address is an EID.  For the routers
   between the ITR and the ETR, the destination address is an RLOC.

   Another key LISP concept is the "Tunnel Router".  A tunnel router
   prepends LISP headers on host-originated packets and strip them prior
   to final delivery to their destination.  The IP addresses in this
   "outer header" are RLOCs.  During end-to-end packet exchange between
   two Internet hosts, an ITR prepends a new LISP header to each packet
   and an egress tunnel router strips the new header.  The ITR performs
   EID-to-RLOC lookups to determine the routing path to the ETR, which
   has the RLOC as one of its IP addresses.

   Some basic rules governing LISP are:

   o  End-systems (hosts) only send to addresses which are EIDs.  They
      don't know addresses are EIDs versus RLOCs but assume packets get
      to LISP routers, which in turn, deliver packets to the destination
      the end-system has specified.

   o  EIDs are always IP addresses assigned to hosts.

   o  LISP routers mostly deal with Routing Locator addresses.  See
      details later in Section 4.1 to clarify what is meant by "mostly".

   o  RLOCs are always IP addresses assigned to routers; preferably,
      topologically-oriented addresses from provider CIDR blocks.

   o  When a router originates packets it may use as a source address
      either an EID or RLOC.  When acting as a host (e.g. when
      terminating a transport session such as SSH, TELNET, or SNMP), it
      may use an EID that is explicitly assigned for that purpose.  An
      EID that identifies the router as a host MUST NOT be used as an
      RLOC; an EID is only routable within the scope of a site.  A
      typical BGP configuration might demonstrate this "hybrid" EID/RLOC
      usage where a router could use its "host-like" EID to terminate
      iBGP sessions to other routers in a site while at the same time
      using RLOCs to terminate eBGP sessions to routers outside the
      site.

   o  EIDs are not expected to be usable for global end-to-end
      communication in the absence of an EID-to-RLOC mapping operation.
      They are expected to be used locally for intra-site communication.

   o  EID prefixes are likely to be hierarchically assigned in a manner
      which is optimized for administrative convenience and to
      facilitate scaling of the EID-to-RLOC mapping database.  The
      hierarchy is based on a address allocation hierarchy which is
      independent of the network topology.

   o  EIDs may also be structured (subnetted) in a manner suitable for
      local routing within an autonomous system.

   An additional LISP header may be prepended to packets by a TE-ITR
   when re-routing of the path for a packet is desired.  An obvious
   instance of this would be an ISP router that needs to perform traffic
   engineering for packets flowing through its network.  In such a
   situation, termed Recursive Tunneling, an ISP transit acts as an
   additional ingress tunnel router and the RLOC it uses for the new
   prepended header would be either a TE-ETR within the ISP (along
   intra-ISP traffic engineered path) or a TE-ETR within another ISP (an
   inter-ISP traffic engineered path, where an agreement to build such a
   path exists).

   In order to avoid excessive packet overhead as well as possible
   encapsulation loops, this document mandates that a maximum of two
   LISP headers can be prepended to a packet.  It is believed two
   headers is sufficient, where the first prepended header is used at a
   site for Location/Identity separation and second prepended header is
   used inside a service provider for Traffic Engineering purposes.

   Tunnel Routers can be placed fairly flexibly in a multi-AS topology.
   For example, the ITR for a particular end-to-end packet exchange
   might be the first-hop or default router within a site for the source
   host.  Similarly, the egress tunnel router might be the last-hop
   router directly-connected to the destination host.  Another example,
   perhaps for a VPN service out-sourced to an ISP by a site, the ITR
   could be the site's border router at the service provider attachment
   point.  Mixing and matching of site-operated, ISP-operated, and other
   tunnel routers is allowed for maximum flexibility.  See Section 8 for
   more details.

4.1.  Packet Flow Sequence

   This section provides an example of the unicast packet flow with the
   following conditions:

   o  Source host "host1.abc.com" is sending a packet to
      "host2.xyz.com", exactly what host1 would do if the site was not
      using LISP.

   o  Each site is multi-homed, so each tunnel router has an address
      (RLOC) assigned from the service provider address block for each
      provider to which that particular tunnel router is attached.

   o  The ITR(s) and ETR(s) are directly connected to the source and
      destination, respectively, but the source and destination can be
      located anywhere in LISP site.

   o  Map-Requests can be sent on the underlying routing system topology
      or over an alternative topology [ALT].

   o  Map-Replies are sent on the underlying routing system topology.

   Client host1.abc.com wants to communicate with server host2.xyz.com:

   1.  host1.abc.com wants to open a TCP connection to host2.xyz.com.
       It does a DNS lookup on host2.xyz.com.  An A/AAAA record is
       returned.  This address is the destination EID.  The locally-
       assigned address of host1.abc.com is used as the source EID.  An
       IPv4 or IPv6 packet is built and forwarded through the LISP site
       as a normal IP packet until it reaches a LISP ITR.

   2.  The LISP ITR must be able to map the EID destination to an RLOC
       of one of the ETRs at the destination site.  The specific method
       used to do this is not described in this example.  See [ALT] or
       [CONS] for possible solutions.

   3.  The ITR will send a LISP Map-Request.  Map-Requests SHOULD be
       rate-limited.

   4.  When an alternate mapping system is not in use, the Map-Request
       packet is routed through the underlying routing system.
       Otherwise, the Map-Request packet is routed on an alternate
       logical topology.  In either case, when the Map-Request arrives
       at one of the ETRs at the destination site, it will process the
       packet as a control message.

   5.  The ETR looks at the destination EID of the Map-Request and
       matches it against the prefixes in the ETR's configured EID-to-
       RLOC mapping database.  This is the list of EID-prefixes the ETR
       is supporting for the site it resides in.  If there is no match,
       the Map-Request is dropped.  Otherwise, a LISP Map-Reply is
       returned to the ITR.

   6.  The ITR receives the Map-Reply message, parses the message (to
       check for format validity) and stores the mapping information
       from the packet.  This information is stored in the ITR's EID-to-
       RLOC mapping cache.  Note that the map cache is an on-demand
       cache.  An ITR will manage its map cache in such a way that
       optimizes for its resource constraints.

   7.  Subsequent packets from host1.abc.com to host2.xyz.com will have
       a LISP header prepended by the ITR using the appropriate RLOC as
       the LISP header destination address learned from the ETR.  Note
       the packet may be sent to a different ETR than the one which
       returned the Map-Reply due to the source site's hashing policy or
       the destination site's locator-set policy.

   8.  The ETR receives these packets directly (since the destination
       address is one of its assigned IP addresses), strips the LISP
       header and forwards the packets to the attached destination host.

   In order to eliminate the need for a mapping lookup in the reverse
   direction, an ETR MAY create a cache entry that maps the source EID
   (inner header source IP address) to the source RLOC (outer header
   source IP address) in a received LISP packet.  Such a cache entry is
   termed a "gleaned" mapping and only contains a single RLOC for the
   EID in question.  More complete information about additional RLOCs
   SHOULD be verified by sending a LISP Map-Request for that EID.  Both
   ITR and the ETR may also influence the decision the other makes in
   selecting an RLOC.  See Section 6 for more details.

5.  LISP Encapsulation Details

   Since additional tunnel headers are prepended, the packet becomes
   larger and can exceed the MTU of any link traversed from the ITR to
   the ETR.  It is recommended in IPv4 that packets do not get
   fragmented as they are encapsulated by the ITR.  Instead, the packet
   is dropped and an ICMP Too Big message is returned to the source.

   This specification recommends that implementations support for one of
   the proposed fragmentation and reassembly schemes.  These two
   existing schemes are detailed in Section 5.4.

5.1.  LISP IPv4-in-IPv4 Header Format

        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |Version|  IHL  |Type of Service|          Total Length         |
    /  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |   |         Identification        |Flags|      Fragment Offset    |
   |   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   OH  |  Time to Live | Protocol = 17 |         Header Checksum       |
   |   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |   |                    Source Routing Locator                     |
    \  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     \ |                 Destination Routing Locator                   |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |       Source Port = xxxx      |       Dest Port = 4341        |
   UDP +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     \ |           UDP Length          |        UDP Checksum           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   L   |N|L|E|V|I|flags|            Nonce/Map-Version                  |
   I \ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   S / |                 Instance ID/Locator Status Bits               |
   P   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |Version|  IHL  |Type of Service|          Total Length         |
    /  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |   |         Identification        |Flags|      Fragment Offset    |
   |   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   IH  |  Time to Live |    Protocol   |         Header Checksum       |
   |   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |   |                           Source EID                          |
    \  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     \ |                         Destination EID                       |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

5.2.  LISP IPv6-in-IPv6 Header Format

        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |Version| Traffic Class |           Flow Label                  |
    /  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   |   |         Payload Length        | Next Header=17|   Hop Limit   |
   v   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                                                               |
   O   +                                                               +
   u   |                                                               |
   t   +                     Source Routing Locator                    +
   e   |                                                               |
   r   +                                                               +
       |                                                               |
   H   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   d   |                                                               |
   r   +                                                               +
       |                                                               |
   ^   +                  Destination Routing Locator                  +
   |   |                                                               |
    \  +                                                               +
     \ |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |       Source Port = xxxx      |       Dest Port = 4341        |
   UDP +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     \ |           UDP Length          |        UDP Checksum           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   L   |N|L|E|V|I|flags|            Nonce/Map-Version                  |
   I \ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   S / |                 Instance ID/Locator Status Bits               |
   P   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |Version| Traffic Class |           Flow Label                  |
    /  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   /   |         Payload Length        |  Next Header  |   Hop Limit   |
   v   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                                                               |
   I   +                                                               +
   n   |                                                               |
   n   +                          Source EID                           +
   e   |                                                               |
   r   +                                                               +
       |                                                               |
   H   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   d   |                                                               |
   r   +                                                               +
       |                                                               |
   ^   +                        Destination EID                        +
   \   |                                                               |
    \  +                                                               +
     \ |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

5.3.  Tunnel Header Field Descriptions

   Inner Header:  The inner header is the header on the datagram
      received from the originating host.  The source and destination IP
      addresses are EIDs.

   Outer Header:  The outer header is a new header prepended by an ITR.
      The address fields contain RLOCs obtained from the ingress
      router's EID-to-RLOC cache.  The IP protocol number is "UDP (17)"
      from [RFC0768].  The DF bit of the Flags field is set to 0 when
      the method in Section 5.4.1 is used and set to 1 when the method
      in Section 5.4.2 is used.

   UDP Header:  The UDP header contains a ITR selected source port when
      encapsulating a packet.  See Section 6.5 for details on the hash
      algorithm used to select a source port based on the 5-tuple of the
      inner header.  The destination port MUST be set to the well-known
      IANA assigned port value 4341.

   UDP Checksum:  The UDP checksum field SHOULD be transmitted as zero
      by an ITR for either IPv4 [RFC0768] or IPv6 encapsulation
      [UDP-TUNNELS].  When a packet with a zero UDP checksum is received
      by an ETR, the ETR MUST accept the packet for decapsulation.  When
      an ITR transmits a non-zero value for the UDP checksum, it MUST
      send a correctly computed value in this field.  When an ETR
      receives a packet with a non-zero UDP checksum, it MAY choose to
      verify the checksum value.  If it chooses to perform such
      verification, and the verification fails, the packet MUST be
      silently dropped.  If the ETR chooses not to perform the
      verification, or performs the verification successfully, the
      packet MUST be accepted for decapsulation.  The handling of UDP
      checksums for all tunneling protocols, including LISP, is under
      active discussion within the IETF.  When that discussion
      concludes, any necessary changes will be made to align LISP with
      the outcome of the broader discussion.

   UDP Length:  The UDP length field is for an IPv4 encapsulated packet,
      the inner header Total Length plus the UDP and LISP header lengths
      are used.  For an IPv6 encapsulated packet, the inner header
      Payload Length plus the size of the IPv6 header (40 bytes) plus
      the size of the UDP and LISP headers are used.  The UDP header
      length is 8 bytes.

   N: The N bit is the nonce-present bit.  When this bit is set to 1,
      the low-order 24-bits of the first 32-bits of the LISP header
      contains a Nonce.  See Section 6.3.1 for details.  Both N and V
      bits MUST NOT be set in the same packet.  If they are, a
      decapsulating ETR MUST treat the "Nonce/Map-Version" field as
      having a Nonce value present.

   L: The L bit is the Locator-Status-Bits field enabled bit.  When this
      bit is set to 1, the Locator-Status-Bits in the second 32-bits of
      the LISP header are in use.

     x 1 x x 0 x x x
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |N|L|E|V|I|flags|            Nonce/Map-Version                  |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |                      Locator Status Bits                      |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   E: The E bit is the echo-nonce-request bit.  When this bit is set to
      1, the N bit MUST be 1.  This bit SHOULD be ignored and has no
      meaning when the N bit is set to 0.  See Section 6.3.1 for
      details.

   V: The V bit is the Map-Version present bit.  When this bit is set to
      1, the N bit MUST be 0.  Refer to Section 6.6.3 for more details.
      This bit indicates that the first 4 bytes of the LISP header is
      encoded as:

     0 x 0 1 x x x x
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |N|L|E|V|I|flags|  Source Map-Version   |   Dest Map-Version    |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |                 Instance ID/Locator Status Bits               |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   I: The I bit is the Instance ID bit.  See Section 5.5 for more
      details.  When this bit is set to 1, the Locator Status Bits field
      is reduced to 8-bits and the high-order 24-bits are used as an
      Instance ID.  If the L-bit is set to 0, then the low-order 8 bits
      are transmitted as zero and ignored on receipt.  The format of the
      last 4 bytes of the LISP header would look like:

     x x x x 1 x x x
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |N|L|E|V|I|flags|            Nonce/Map-Version                  |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |                 Instance ID                   |     LSBs      |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   flags:  The flags field is a 3-bit field is reserved for future flag
      use.  It is set to 0 on transmit and ignored on receipt.

   LISP Nonce:  The LISP nonce field is a 24-bit value that is randomly
      generated by an ITR when the N-bit is set to 1.  The nonce is also
      used when the E-bit is set to request the nonce value to be echoed
      by the other side when packets are returned.  When the E-bit is
      clear but the N-bit is set, a remote ITR is either echoing a
      previously requested echo-nonce or providing a random nonce.  See
      Section 6.3.1 for more details.

   LISP Locator Status Bits:  The locator status bits field in the LISP
      header is set by an ITR to indicate to an ETR the up/down status
      of the Locators in the source site.  Each RLOC in a Map-Reply is
      assigned an ordinal value from 0 to n-1 (when there are n RLOCs in
      a mapping entry).  The Locator Status Bits are numbered from 0 to
      n-1 from the least significant bit of field.  The field is 32-bits
      when the I-bit is set to 0 and is 8 bits when the I-bit is set to
      1.  When a Locator Status Bit is set to 1, the ITR is indicating
      to the ETR the RLOC associated with the bit ordinal has up status.
      See Section 6.3 for details on how an ITR can determine the status
      of other ITRs at the same site.  When a site has multiple EID-
      prefixes which result in multiple mappings (where each could have
      a different locator-set), the Locator Status Bits setting in an
      encapsulated packet MUST reflect the mapping for the EID-prefix
      that the inner-header source EID address matches.

   When doing ITR/PITR encapsulation:

   o  The outer header Time to Live field (or Hop Limit field, in case
      of IPv6) SHOULD be copied from the inner header Time to Live
      field.

   o  The outer header Type of Service field (or the Traffic Class
      field, in the case of IPv6) SHOULD be copied from the inner header
      Type of Service field (with one caveat, see below).

   When doing ETR/PETR decapsulation:

   o  The inner header Time to Live field (or Hop Limit field, in case
      of IPv6) SHOULD be copied from the outer header Time to Live
      field, when the Time to Live field of the outer header is less
      than the Time to Live of the inner header.  Failing to perform
      this check can cause the Time to Live of the inner header to
      increment across encapsulation/decapsulation cycle.  This check is
      also performed when doing initial encapsulation when a packet
      comes to an ITR or PITR destined for a LISP site.

   o  The inner header Type of Service field (or the Traffic Class
      field, in the case of IPv6) SHOULD be copied from the outer header
      Type of Service field (with one caveat, see below).

   Note if an ETR/PETR is also an ITR/PITR and choose to reencapsulate
   after decapsulating, the net effect of this is that the new outer
   header will carry the same Time to Live as the old outer header.

   Copying the TTL serves two purposes: first, it preserves the distance
   the host intended the packet to travel; second, and more importantly,
   it provides for suppression of looping packets in the event there is
   a loop of concatenated tunnels due to misconfiguration.  See
   Section 9.3 for TTL exception handling for traceroute packets.

   The ECN field occupies bits 6 and 7 of both the IPv4 Type of Service
   field and the IPv6 Traffic Class field [RFC3168].  The ECN field
   requires special treatment in order to avoid discarding indications
   of congestion [RFC3168].  ITR encapsulation MUST copy the 2-bit ECN
   field from the inner header to the outer header.  Re-encapsulation
   MUST copy the 2-bit ECN field from the stripped outer header to the
   new outer header.  If the ECN field contains a congestion indication
   codepoint (the value is '11', the Congestion Experienced (CE)
   codepoint), then ETR decapsulation MUST copy the 2-bit ECN field from
   the stripped outer header to the surviving inner header that is used
   to forward the packet beyond the ETR.  These requirements preserve
   Congestion Experienced (CE) indications when a packet that uses ECN
   traverses a LISP tunnel and becomes marked with a CE indication due
   to congestion between the tunnel endpoints.

5.4.  Dealing with Large Encapsulated Packets

   This section proposes two mechanisms to deal with packets that exceed
   the path MTU between the ITR and ETR.

   It is left to the implementor to decide if the stateless or stateful
   mechanism should be implemented.  Both or neither can be used since
   it is a local decision in the ITR regarding how to deal with MTU
   issues, and sites can interoperate with differing mechanisms.

   Both stateless and stateful mechanisms also apply to Reencapsulating
   and Recursive Tunneling.  So any actions below referring to an ITR
   also apply to an TE-ITR.

5.4.1.  A Stateless Solution to MTU Handling

   An ITR stateless solution to handle MTU issues is described as
   follows:

   1.  Define an architectural constant S for the maximum size of a
       packet, in bytes, an ITR would like to receive from a source
       inside of its site.

   2.  Define L to be the maximum size, in bytes, a packet of size S
       would be after the ITR prepends the LISP header, UDP header, and
       outer network layer header of size H.

   3.  Calculate: S + H = L.

   When an ITR receives a packet from a site-facing interface and adds H
   bytes worth of encapsulation to yield a packet size greater than L
   bytes, it resolves the MTU issue by first splitting the original
   packet into 2 equal-sized fragments.  A LISP header is then prepended
   to each fragment.  The size of the encapsulated fragments is then
   (S/2 + H), which is less than the ITR's estimate of the path MTU
   between the ITR and its correspondent ETR.

   When an ETR receives encapsulated fragments, it treats them as two
   individually encapsulated packets.  It strips the LISP headers then
   forwards each fragment to the destination host of the destination
   site.  The two fragments are reassembled at the destination host into
   the single IP datagram that was originated by the source host.

   This behavior is performed by the ITR when the source host originates
   a packet with the DF field of the IP header is set to 0.  When the DF
   field of the IP header is set to 1, or the packet is an IPv6 packet
   originated by the source host, the ITR will drop the packet when the
   size is greater than L, and sends an ICMP Too Big message to the
   source with a value of S, where S is (L - H).

   When the outer header encapsulation uses an IPv4 header, an
   implementation SHOULD set the DF bit to 1 so ETR fragment reassembly
   can be avoided.  An implementation MAY set the DF bit in such headers
   to 0 if it has good reason to believe there are unresolvable path MTU
   issues between the sending ITR and the receiving ETR.

   This specification recommends that L be defined as 1500.

5.4.2.  A Stateful Solution to MTU Handling

   An ITR stateful solution to handle MTU issues is described as follows
   and was first introduced in [OPENLISP]:

   1.  The ITR will keep state of the effective MTU for each locator per
       mapping cache entry.  The effective MTU is what the core network
       can deliver along the path between ITR and ETR.

   2.  When an IPv6 encapsulated packet or an IPv4 encapsulated packet
       with DF bit set to 1, exceeds what the core network can deliver,
       one of the intermediate routers on the path will send an ICMP Too
       Big message to the ITR.  The ITR will parse the ICMP message to
       determine which locator is affected by the effective MTU change
       and then record the new effective MTU value in the mapping cache
       entry.

   3.  When a packet is received by the ITR from a source inside of the
       site and the size of the packet is greater than the effective MTU
       stored with the mapping cache entry associated with the
       destination EID the packet is for, the ITR will send an ICMP Too
       Big message back to the source.  The packet size advertised by
       the ITR in the ICMP Too Big message is the effective MTU minus
       the LISP encapsulation length.

   Even though this mechanism is stateful, it has advantages over the
   stateless IP fragmentation mechanism, by not involving the
   destination host with reassembly of ITR fragmented packets.

5.5.  Using Virtualization and Segmentation with LISP

   When multiple organizations inside of a LISP site are using private
   addresses [RFC1918] as EID-prefixes, their address spaces MUST remain
   segregated due to possible address duplication.  An Instance ID in
   the address encoding can aid in making the entire AFI based address
   unique.  See IANA Considerations Section 14.1 for details for
   possible address encodings.

   An Instance ID can be carried in a LISP encapsulated packet.  An ITR
   that prepends a LISP header, will copy a 24-bit value, used by the
   LISP router to uniquely identify the address space.  The value is
   copied to the Instance ID field of the LISP header and the I-bit is
   set to 1.

   When an ETR decapsulates a packet, the Instance ID from the LISP
   header is used as a table identifier to locate the forwarding table
   to use for the inner destination EID lookup.

   For example, a 802.1Q VLAN tag or VPN identifier could be used as a
   24-bit Instance ID.

6.  EID-to-RLOC Mapping

6.1.  LISP IPv4 and IPv6 Control Plane Packet Formats

   The following new UDP packet types are used to retrieve EID-to-RLOC
   mappings:

       0                   1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |Version|  IHL  |Type of Service|          Total Length         |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |         Identification        |Flags|      Fragment Offset    |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |  Time to Live | Protocol = 17 |         Header Checksum       |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                    Source Routing Locator                     |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                 Destination Routing Locator                   |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |           Source Port         |         Dest Port             |
   UDP +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     \ |           UDP Length          |        UDP Checksum           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                                                               |
       |                         LISP Message                          |
       |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |Version| Traffic Class |           Flow Label                  |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |         Payload Length        | Next Header=17|   Hop Limit   |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                                                               |
       +                                                               +
       |                                                               |
       +                     Source Routing Locator                    +
       |                                                               |
       +                                                               +
       |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                                                               |
       +                                                               +
       |                                                               |
       +                  Destination Routing Locator                  +
       |                                                               |
       +                                                               +
       |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |           Source Port         |         Dest Port             |
   UDP +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     \ |           UDP Length          |        UDP Checksum           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                                                               |
       |                         LISP Message                          |
       |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   The LISP UDP-based messages are the Map-Request and Map-Reply
   messages.  When a UDP Map-Request is sent, the UDP source port is
   chosen by the sender and the destination UDP port number is set to
   4342.  When a UDP Map-Reply is sent, the source UDP port number is
   set to 4342 and the destination UDP port number is copied from the
   source port of either the Map-Request or the invoking data packet.
   Implementations MUST be prepared to accept packets when either the
   source port or destination UDP port is set to 4342 due to NATs
   changing port number values.

   The UDP Length field will reflect the length of the UDP header and
   the LISP Message payload.

   The UDP Checksum is computed and set to non-zero for Map-Request,
   Map-Reply, Map-Register and ECM control messages.  It MUST be checked
   on receipt and if the checksum fails, the packet MUST be dropped.

   LISP-CONS [CONS] uses TCP to send LISP control messages.  The format
   of control messages includes the UDP header so the checksum and
   length fields can be used to protect and delimit message boundaries.

   This main LISP specification is the authoritative source for message
   format definitions for the Map-Request and Map-Reply messages.

6.1.1.  LISP Packet Type Allocations

   This section will be the authoritative source for allocating LISP
   Type values.  Current allocations are:

       Reserved:                          0    b'0000'
       LISP Map-Request:                  1    b'0001'
       LISP Map-Reply:                    2    b'0010'
       LISP Map-Register:                 3    b'0011'
       LISP Map-Notify:                   4    b'0100'
       LISP Encapsulated Control Message: 8    b'1000'

6.1.2.  Map-Request Message Format

        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |Type=1 <strike><font color="red">|A|M|P|S|p|</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">|A|M|P|S|p|s|</font></strong>    Reserved     |   IRC   | Record Count  |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                         Nonce . . .                           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                         . . . Nonce                           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |         Source-EID-AFI        |   Source EID Address  ...     |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |         ITR-RLOC-AFI 1        |    ITR-RLOC Address 1  ...    |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                              ...                              |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |         ITR-RLOC-AFI n        |    ITR-RLOC Address n  ...    |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |   Reserved    | EID mask-len  |        EID-prefix-AFI         |
   Rec +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     \ |                       EID-prefix  ...                         |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                   Map-Reply Record  ...                       |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                     Mapping Protocol Data                     |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   Packet field descriptions:

   Type:   1 (Map-Request)

   A: This is an authoritative bit, which is set to 0 for UDP-based Map-
      Requests sent by an ITR.

   M: When set, it indicates a Map-Reply Record segment is included in
      the Map-Request.

   P: This is the probe-bit which indicates that a Map-Request SHOULD be
      treated as a locator reachability probe.  The receiver SHOULD
      respond with a Map-Reply with the probe-bit set, indicating the
      Map-Reply is a locator reachability probe reply, with the nonce
      copied from the Map-Request.  See Section 6.3.2 for more details.

   S: This is the SMR bit.  See Section 6.6.2 for details.

   p: This is the PITR bit.  This bit is set to 1 when a PITR sends a
      Map-Request.

   <strong><font color="green">s: This is the SMR-invoked bit.  This bit is set to 1 when an xTR is
      sending a Map-Request in response to a received SMR-based Map-
      Request.</font></strong>

   Reserved:  Set to 0 on transmission and ignored on receipt.

   IRC:  This 5-bit field is the ITR-RLOC Count which encodes the
      additional number of (ITR-RLOC-AFI, ITR-RLOC Address) fields
      present in this message.  At least one (ITR-RLOC-AFI, ITR-RLOC-
      Address) pair must always be encoded.  Multiple ITR-RLOC Address
      fields are used so a Map-Replier can select which destination
      address to use for a Map-Reply.  The IRC value ranges from 0 to
      31, and for a value of 1, there are 2 ITR-RLOC addresses encoded
      and so on up to 31 which encodes a total of 32 ITR-RLOC addresses.

   Record Count:  The number of records in this Map-Request message.  A
      record is comprised of the portion of the packet that is labeled
      'Rec' above and occurs the number of times equal to Record Count.
      For this version of the protocol, a receiver MUST accept and
      process Map-Requests that contain one or more records, but a
      sender MUST only send Map-Requests containing one record.  Support
      for requesting multiple EIDs in a single Map-Request message will
      be specified in a future version of the protocol.

   Nonce:  An 8-byte random value created by the sender of the Map-
      Request.  This nonce will be returned in the Map-Reply.  The
      security of the LISP mapping protocol depends critically on the
      strength of the nonce in the Map-Request message.  The nonce
      SHOULD be generated by a properly seeded pseudo-random (or strong
      random) source.  See [RFC4086] for advice on generating security-
      sensitive random data.

   Source-EID-AFI:  Address family of the "Source EID Address" field.

   Source EID Address:  This is the EID of the source host which
      originated the packet which is invoking this Map-Request.  When
      Map-Requests are used for refreshing a map-cache entry or for
      RLOC-probing, an AFI value 0 is used and this field is of zero
      length.

   ITR-RLOC-AFI:  Address family of the "ITR-RLOC Address" field that
      follows this field.

   ITR-RLOC Address:  Used to give the ETR the option of selecting the
      destination address from any address family for the Map-Reply
      message.  This address MUST be a routable RLOC address of the
      sender of the Map-Request message.

   EID mask-len:  Mask length for EID prefix.

   EID-prefix-AFI:  Address family of EID-prefix according to [RFC5226]

   EID-prefix:  4 bytes if an IPv4 address-family, 16 bytes if an IPv6
      address-family.  When a Map-Request is sent by an ITR because a
      data packet is received for a destination where there is no
      mapping entry, the EID-prefix is set to the destination IP address
      of the data packet.  And the 'EID mask-len' is set to 32 or 128
      for IPv4 or IPv6, respectively.  When an xTR wants to query a site
      about the status of a mapping it already has cached, the EID-
      prefix used in the Map-Request has the same mask-length as the
      EID-prefix returned from the site when it sent a Map-Reply
      message.

   Map-Reply Record:  When the M bit is set, this field is the size of a
      single "Record" in the Map-Reply format.  This Map-Reply record
      contains the EID-to-RLOC mapping entry associated with the Source
      EID.  This allows the ETR which will receive this Map-Request to
      cache the data if it chooses to do so.

   Mapping Protocol Data:  See [CONS] for details.  This field is
      optional and present when the UDP length indicates there is enough
      space in the packet to include it.

6.1.3.  EID-to-RLOC UDP Map-Request Message

   A Map-Request is sent from an ITR when it needs a mapping for an EID,
   wants to test an RLOC for reachability, or wants to refresh a mapping
   before TTL expiration.  For the initial case, the destination IP
   address used for the Map-Request is the destination-EID from the
   packet which had a mapping cache lookup failure.  For the latter 2
   cases, the destination IP address used for the Map-Request is one of
   the RLOC addresses from the locator-set of the map cache entry.  The
   source address is either an IPv4 or IPv6 RLOC address depending if
   the Map-Request is using an IPv4 versus IPv6 header, respectively.
   In all cases, the UDP source port number for the Map-Request message
   is an ITR/PITR selected 16-bit value and the UDP destination port
   number is set to the well-known destination port number 4342.  A
   successful Map-Reply updates the cached set of RLOCs associated with
   the EID prefix range.

   One or more Map-Request (ITR-RLOC-AFI, ITR-RLOC-Address) fields MUST
   be filled in by the ITR.  The number of fields (minus 1) encoded MUST
   be placed in the IRC field.  The ITR MAY include all locally
   configured locators in this list or just provide one locator address
   from each address family it supports.  If the ITR erroneously
   provides no ITR-RLOC addresses, the Map-Replier MUST drop the Map-
   Request.

   Map-Requests can also be LISP encapsulated using UDP destination port
   4342 with a LISP type value set to "Encapsulated Control Message",
   when sent from an ITR to a Map-Resolver.  Likewise, Map-Requests are
   LISP encapsulated the same way from a Map-Server to an ETR.  Details
   on encapsulated Map-Requests and Map-Resolvers can be found in
   [LISP-MS].

   Map-Requests MUST be rate-limited.  It is recommended that a Map-
   Request for the same EID-prefix be sent no more than once per second.

   An ITR that is configured with mapping database information (i.e. it
   is also an ETR) may optionally include those mappings in a Map-
   Request.  When an ETR configured to accept and verify such
   "piggybacked" mapping data receives such a Map-Request and it does
   not have this mapping in the map-cache, it may originate a "verifying
   Map-Request", addressed to the map-requesting ITR.  If the ETR has a
   map-cache entry that matches the "piggybacked" EID and the RLOC is in
   the locator-set for the entry, then it may send the "verifying Map-
   Request" directly to the originating Map-Request source.  If the RLOC
   is not in the locator-set, then the ETR MUST send the "verifying Map-
   Request" to the "piggybacked" EID.  Doing this forces the "verifying
   Map-Request" to go through the mapping database system to reach the
   authoritative source of information about that EID, guarding against
   RLOC-spoofing in in the "piggybacked" mapping data.

6.1.4.  Map-Reply Message Format

        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |Type=2 |P|E|S|          Reserved               | Record Count  |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                         Nonce . . .                           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                         . . . Nonce                           |
   +-&gt; +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |   |                          Record  TTL                          |
   |   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   R   | Locator Count | EID mask-len  | ACT |A|      Reserved         |
   e   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   c   | Rsvd  |  Map-Version Number   |            EID-AFI            |
   o   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   r   |                          EID-prefix                           |
   d   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |  /|    Priority   |    Weight     |  M Priority   |   M Weight    |
   | L +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   | o |        Unused Flags     |L|p|R|           Loc-AFI             |
   | c +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |  \|                             Locator                           |
   +-&gt; +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                     Mapping Protocol Data                     |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   Packet field descriptions:

   Type:   2 (Map-Reply)

   P: This is the probe-bit which indicates that the Map-Reply is in
      response to a locator reachability probe Map-Request.  The nonce
      field MUST contain a copy of the nonce value from the original
      Map-Request.  See Section 6.3.2 for more details.

   E: Indicates that the ETR which sends this Map-Reply message is
      advertising that the site is enabled for the Echo-Nonce locator
      reachability algorithm.  See Section 6.3.1 for more details.

   S: This is the Security bit.  When set to 1 the field following the
      Mapping Protocol Data field will have the following format.  The
      detailed format of the Authentication Data Content field can be
      found in [LISP-SEC] when AD Type is equal to 1.

     0                   1                   2                   3
     0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |    AD Type    |       Authentication Data Content . . .       |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   Reserved:  Set to 0 on transmission and ignored on receipt.

   Record Count:  The number of records in this reply message.  A record
      is comprised of that portion of the packet labeled 'Record' above
      and occurs the number of times equal to Record count.

   Nonce:  A 24-bit value set in a Data-Probe packet or a 64-bit value
      from the Map-Request is echoed in this Nonce field of the Map-
      Reply.

   Record TTL:  The time in minutes the recipient of the Map-Reply will
      store the mapping.  If the TTL is 0, the entry SHOULD be removed
      from the cache immediately.  If the value is 0xffffffff, the
      recipient can decide locally how long to store the mapping.

   Locator Count:  The number of Locator entries.  A locator entry
      comprises what is labeled above as 'Loc'.  The locator count can
      be 0 indicating there are no locators for the EID-prefix.

   EID mask-len:  Mask length for EID prefix.

   ACT:  This 3-bit field describes negative Map-Reply actions.  These
      bits are used only when the 'Locator Count' field is set to 0.
      The action bits are encoded only in Map-Reply messages.  The
      actions defined are used by an ITR or PTR when a destination EID
      matches a negative mapping cache entry.  Unassigned values should
      cause a map-cache entry to be created and, when packets match this
      negative cache entry, they will be dropped.  The current assigned
      values are:

      (0) No-Action:  The map-cache is kept alive and packet
         encapsulation occurs.

      (1) Natively-Forward:  The packet is not encapsulated or dropped
         but natively forwarded.

      (2) Send-Map-Request:  The packet invokes sending a Map-Request.

      (3) Drop:  A packet that matches this map-cache entry is dropped.

   A: The Authoritative bit, when sent by a UDP-based message is always
      set to 1 by an ETR.  See [CONS] for TCP-based Map-Replies.  When a
      Map-Server is proxy Map-Replying [LISP-MS] for a LISP site, the
      Authoritative bit is set to 0.  This indicates to requesting ITRs
      that the Map-Reply was not originated by a LISP node managed at
      the site that owns the EID-prefix.

   Map-Version Number:  When this 12-bit value is non-zero the Map-Reply
      sender is informing the ITR what the version number is for the
      EID-record contained in the Map-Reply.  The ETR can allocate this
      number internally but MUST coordinate this value with other ETRs
      for the site.  When this value is 0, there is no versioning
      information conveyed.  The Map-Version Number can be included in
      Map-Request and Map-Register messages.  See Section 6.6.3 for more
      details.

   EID-AFI:  Address family of EID-prefix according to [RFC5226].

   EID-prefix:  4 bytes if an IPv4 address-family, 16 bytes if an IPv6
      address-family.

   Priority:  each RLOC is assigned a unicast priority.  Lower values
      are more preferable.  When multiple RLOCs have the same priority,
      they may be used in a load-split fashion.  A value of 255 means
      the RLOC MUST NOT be used for unicast forwarding.

   Weight:  when priorities are the same for multiple RLOCs, the weight
      indicates how to balance unicast traffic between them.  Weight is
      encoded as a relative weight of total unicast packets that match
      the mapping entry.  If a non-zero weight value is used for any
      RLOC, then all RLOCs MUST use a non-zero weight value and then the
      sum of all weight values MUST equal 100.  If a zero value is used
      for any RLOC weight, then all weights MUST be zero and the
      receiver of the Map-Reply will decide how to load-split traffic.
      See Section 6.5 for a suggested hash algorithm to distribute load
      across locators with same priority and equal weight values.

   M Priority:  each RLOC is assigned a multicast priority used by an
      ETR in a receiver multicast site to select an ITR in a source
      multicast site for building multicast distribution trees.  A value
      of 255 means the RLOC MUST NOT be used for joining a multicast
      distribution tree.

   M Weight:  when priorities are the same for multiple RLOCs, the
      weight indicates how to balance building multicast distribution
      trees across multiple ITRs.  The weight is encoded as a relative
      weight of total number of trees built to the source site
      identified by the EID-prefix.  If a non-zero weight value is used
      for any RLOC, then all RLOCs MUST use a non-zero weight value and
      then the sum of all weight values MUST equal 100.  If a zero value
      is used for any RLOC weight, then all weights MUST be zero and the
      receiver of the Map-Reply will decide how to distribute multicast
      state across ITRs.

   Unused Flags:  set to 0 when sending and ignored on receipt.

   L: when this bit is set, the locator is flagged as a local locator to
      the ETR that is sending the Map-Reply.  When a Map-Server is doing
      proxy Map-Replying [LISP-MS] for a LISP site, the L bit is set to
      0 for all locators in this locator-set.

   p: when this bit is set, an ETR informs the RLOC-probing ITR that the
      locator address, for which this bit is set, is the one being RLOC-
      probed and may be different from the source address of the Map-
      Reply.  An ITR that RLOC-probes a particular locator, MUST use
      this locator for retrieving the data structure used to store the
      fact that the locator is reachable.  The "p" bit is set for a
      single locator in the same locator set.  If an implementation sets
      more than one "p" bit erroneously, the receiver of the Map-Reply
      MUST select the first locator.  The "p" bit MUST NOT be set for
      locator-set records sent in Map-Request and Map-Register messages.

   R: set when the sender of a Map-Reply has a route to the locator in
      the locator data record.  This receiver may find this useful to
      know when determining if the locator is reachable from the
      receiver.  See also Section 6.4 for another way the R-bit may be
      used.

   Locator:  an IPv4 or IPv6 address (as encoded by the 'Loc-AFI' field)
      assigned to an ETR.  Note that the destination RLOC address MAY be
      an anycast address.  A source RLOC can be an anycast address as
      well.  The source or destination RLOC MUST NOT be the broadcast
      address (255.255.255.255 or any subnet broadcast address known to
      the router), and MUST NOT be a link-local multicast address.  The
      source RLOC MUST NOT be a multicast address.  The destination RLOC
      SHOULD be a multicast address if it is being mapped from a
      multicast destination EID.

   Mapping Protocol Data:  See [CONS] or [ALT] for details.  This field
      is optional and present when the UDP length indicates there is
      enough space in the packet to include it.

6.1.5.  EID-to-RLOC UDP Map-Reply Message

   A Map-Reply returns an EID-prefix with a prefix length that is less
   than or equal to the EID being requested.  The EID being requested is
   either from the destination field of an IP header of a Data-Probe or
   the EID record of a Map-Request.  The RLOCs in the Map-Reply are
   globally-routable IP addresses of all ETRs for the LISP site.  Each
   RLOC conveys status reachability but does not convey path
   reachability from a requesters perspective.  Separate testing of path
   reachability is required, See Section 6.3 for details.

   Note that a Map-Reply may contain different EID-prefix granularity
   (prefix + length) than the Map-Request which triggers it.  This might
   occur if a Map-Request were for a prefix that had been returned by an
   earlier Map-Reply.  In such a case, the requester updates its cache
   with the new prefix information and granularity.  For example, a
   requester with two cached EID-prefixes that are covered by a Map-
   Reply containing one, less-specific prefix, replaces the entry with
   the less-specific EID-prefix.  Note that the reverse, replacement of
   one less-specific prefix with multiple more-specific prefixes, can
   also occur but not by removing the less-specific prefix rather by
   adding the more-specific prefixes which during a lookup will override
   the less-specific prefix.

   When an ETR is configured with overlapping EID-prefixes, a Map-
   Request with an EID that longest matches any EID-prefix MUST be
   returned in a single Map-Reply message.  For instance, if an ETR had
   database mapping entries for EID-prefixes:

     10.0.0.0/8
     10.1.0.0/16
     10.1.1.0/24
     10.1.2.0/24

   A Map-Request for EID 10.1.1.1 would cause a Map-Reply with a record
   count of 1 to be returned with a mapping record EID-prefix of
   10.1.1.0/24.

   A Map-Request for EID 10.1.5.5, would cause a Map-Reply with a record
   count of 3 to be returned with mapping records for EID-prefixes
   10.1.0.0/16, 10.1.1.0/24, and 10.1.2.0/24.

   Note that not all overlapping EID-prefixes need to be returned, only
   the more specifics (note in the second example above 10.0.0.0/8 was
   not returned for requesting EID 10.1.5.5) entries for the matching
   EID-prefix of the requesting EID.  When more than one EID-prefix is
   returned, all SHOULD use the same Time-to-Live value so they can all
   time out at the same time.  When a more specific EID-prefix is
   received later, its Time-to-Live value in the Map-Reply record can be
   stored even when other less specifics exist.  When a less specific
   EID-prefix is received later, its map-cache expiration time SHOULD be
   set to the minimum expiration time of any more specific EID-prefix in
   the map-cache.

   Map-Replies SHOULD be sent for an EID-prefix no more often than once
   per second to the same requesting router.  For scalability, it is
   expected that aggregation of EID addresses into EID-prefixes will
   allow one Map-Reply to satisfy a mapping for the EID addresses in the
   prefix range thereby reducing the number of Map-Request messages.

   Map-Reply records can have an empty locator-set.  A negative Map-
   Reply is a Map-Reply with an empty locator-set.  Negative Map-Replies
   convey special actions by the sender to the ITR or PTR which have
   solicited the Map-Reply.  There are two primary applications for
   Negative Map-Replies.  The first is for a Map-Resolver to instruct an
   ITR or PTR when a destination is for a LISP site versus a non-LISP
   site.  And the other is to source quench Map-Requests which are sent
   for non-allocated EIDs.

   For each Map-Reply record, the list of locators in a locator-set MUST
   appear in the same order for each ETR that originates a Map-Reply
   message.  The locator-set MUST be sorted in order of ascending IP
   address where an IPv4 locator address is considered numerically 'less
   than' an IPv6 locator address.

   When sending a Map-Reply message, the destination address is copied
   from the one of the ITR-RLOC fields from the Map-Request.  The ETR
   can choose a locator address from one of the address families it
   supports.  For Data-Probes, the destination address of the Map-Reply
   is copied from the source address of the Data-Probe message which is
   invoking the reply.  The source address of the Map-Reply is one of
   the local <strike><font color="red">locator</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">IP</font></strong> addresses <strike><font color="red">listed in the locator-set of any mapping
   record in the message and SHOULD be</font></strike> chosen to allow uRPF checks to succeed in the
   upstream service provider.  The destination port of a Map-Reply
   message is copied from the source port of the Map-Request or <strike><font color="red">Data-Probe</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">Data-
   Probe</font></strong> and the source port of the Map-Reply message is set to the
   well-known UDP port 4342.

6.1.5.1.  Traffic Redirection with Coarse EID-Prefixes

   When an ETR is misconfigured or compromised, it could return coarse
   EID-prefixes in Map-Reply messages it sends.  The EID-prefix could
   cover EID-prefixes which are allocated to other sites redirecting
   their traffic to the locators of the compromised site.

   To solve this problem, there are two basic solutions that could be
   used.  The first is to have Map-Servers proxy-map-reply on behalf of
   ETRs so their registered EID-prefixes are the ones returned in Map-
   Replies.  Since the interaction between an ETR and Map-Server is
   secured with shared-keys, it is more difficult for an ETR to
   misbehave.  The second solution is to have ITRs and PTRs cache EID-
   prefixes with mask-lengths that are greater than or equal to a
   configured prefix length.  This limits the damage to a specific width
   of any EID-prefix advertised, but needs to be coordinated with the
   allocation of site prefixes.  These solutions can be used
   independently or at the same time.

   At the time of this writing, other approaches are being considered
   and researched.

6.1.6.  Map-Register Message Format

   The usage details of the Map-Register message can be found in
   specification [LISP-MS].  This section solely defines the message
   format.

   The message is sent in UDP with a destination UDP port of 4342 and a
   randomly selected UDP source port number.

   The Map-Register message format is:

        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |Type=3 |P|            Reserved               |M| Record Count  |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                         Nonce . . .                           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                         . . . Nonce                           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |            Key ID             |  Authentication Data Length   |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       ~                     Authentication Data                       ~
   +-&gt; +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |   |                          Record  TTL                          |
   |   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   R   | Locator Count | EID mask-len  | ACT |A|      Reserved         |
   e   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   c   | Rsvd  |  Map-Version Number   |            EID-AFI            |
   o   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   r   |                          EID-prefix                           |
   d   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |  /|    Priority   |    Weight     |  M Priority   |   M Weight    |
   | L +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   | o |        Unused Flags     |L|p|R|           Loc-AFI             |
   | c +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |  \|                             Locator                           |
   +-&gt; +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   Packet field descriptions:

   Type:   3 (Map-Register)

   P: This is the proxy-map-reply bit, when set to 1 an ETR sends a Map-
      Register message requesting for the Map-Server to proxy Map-Reply.
      The Map-Server will send non-authoritative Map-Replies on behalf
      of the ETR.  Details on this usage will be provided in a future
      version of this draft.

   Reserved:  Set to 0 on transmission and ignored on receipt.

   M: This is the want-map-notify bit, when set to 1 an ETR is
      requesting for a Map-Notify message to be returned in response to
      sending a Map-Register message.  The Map-Notify message sent by a
      Map-Server is used to an acknowledge receipt of a Map-Register
      message.

   Record Count:  The number of records in this Map-Register message.  A
      record is comprised of that portion of the packet labeled 'Record'
      above and occurs the number of times equal to Record count.

   Nonce:  This 8-byte Nonce field is set to 0 in Map-Register messages.

   Key ID:  A configured ID to find the configured Message
      Authentication Code (MAC) algorithm and key value used for the
      authentication function.

   Authentication Data Length:  The length in bytes of the
      Authentication Data field that follows this field.  The length of
      the Authentication Data field is dependent on the Message
      Authentication Code (MAC) algorithm used.  The length field allows
      a device that doesn't know the MAC algorithm to correctly parse
      the packet.

   Authentication Data:  The message digest used from the output of the
      Message Authentication Code (MAC) algorithm.  The entire Map-
      Register payload is authenticated with this field preset to 0.
      After the MAC is computed, it is placed in this field.
      Implementations of this specification MUST include support for
      HMAC-SHA-1-96 [RFC2404] and support for HMAC-SHA-128-256 [RFC4634]
      is recommended.

   The definition of the rest of the Map-Register can be found in the
   Map-Reply section.

6.1.7.  Map-Notify Message Format

   The usage details of the Map-Notify message can be found in
   specification [LISP-MS].  This section solely defines the message
   format.

   The message is sent inside a UDP packet with a source UDP port equal
   to 4342 and a destination port equal to the source port from the Map-
   Register message this Map-Notify message is responding to.

   The Map-Notify message format is:

        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |Type=4 |              Reserved                 | Record Count  |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                         Nonce . . .                           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                         . . . Nonce                           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |            Key ID             |  Authentication Data Length   |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       ~                     Authentication Data                       ~
   +-&gt; +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |   |                          Record  TTL                          |
   |   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   R   | Locator Count | EID mask-len  | ACT |A|      Reserved         |
   e   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   c   | Rsvd  |  Map-Version Number   |            EID-AFI            |
   o   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   r   |                          EID-prefix                           |
   d   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |  /|    Priority   |    Weight     |  M Priority   |   M Weight    |
   | L +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   | o |        Unused Flags     |L|p|R|           Loc-AFI             |
   | c +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |  \|                             Locator                           |
   +-&gt; +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   Packet field descriptions:

   Type:   4 (Map-Notify)

   The Map-Notify message has the same contents as a Map-Register
   message.  See Map-Register section for field descriptions.

6.1.8.  Encapsulated Control Message Format

   An Encapsulated Control Message is used to encapsulate control
   packets sent between xTRs and the mapping database system described
   in [LISP-MS].

        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |                       IPv4 or IPv6 Header                     |
   OH  |                      (uses RLOC addresses)                    |
     \ |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |       Source Port = xxxx      |       Dest Port = 4342        |
   UDP +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     \ |           UDP Length          |        UDP Checksum           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   LH  |Type=8 |S|                  Reserved                           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |                       IPv4 or IPv6 Header                     |
   IH  |                  (uses RLOC or EID addresses)                 |
     \ |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |       Source Port = xxxx      |       Dest Port = yyyy        |
   UDP +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     \ |           UDP Length          |        UDP Checksum           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   LCM |                      LISP Control Message                     |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   Packet header descriptions:

   OH:   The outer IPv4 or IPv6 header which uses RLOC addresses in the
      source and destination header address fields.

   UDP:   The outer UDP header with destination port 4342.  The source
      port is randomly allocated.  The checksum field MUST be non-zero.

   LH:   Type 8 is defined to be a "LISP Encapsulated Control Message"
      and what follows is either an IPv4 or IPv6 header as encoded by
      the first 4 bits after the reserved field.

   S:   This is the Security bit.  When set to 1 the field following the
      Reserved field will have the following format.  The detailed
      format of the Authentication Data Content field can be found in
      [LISP-SEC] when AD Type is equal to 1.

     0                   1                   2                   3
     0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |    AD Type    |       Authentication Data Content . . .       |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   IH:   The inner IPv4 or IPv6 header which can use either RLOC or EID
      addresses in the header address fields.  When a Map-Request is
      encapsulated in this packet format the destination address in this
      header is an EID.

   UDP:   The inner UDP header where the port assignments depends on the
      control packet being encapsulated.  When the control packet is a
      Map-Request or Map-Register, the source port is ITR/PITR selected
      and the destination port is 4342.  When the control packet is a
      Map-Reply, the source port is 4342 and the destination port is
      assigned from the source port of the invoking Map-Request.  Port
      number 4341 MUST NOT be assigned to either port.  The checksum
      field MUST be non-zero.

   LCM:   The format is one of the control message formats described in
      this section.  At this time, only Map-Request messages and PIM
      Join-Prune messages [MLISP] are allowed to be encapsulated.
      Encapsulating other types of LISP control messages are for further
      study.  When Map-Requests are sent for RLOC-probing purposes (i.e
      the probe-bit is set), they MUST NOT be sent inside Encapsulated
      Control Messages.

6.2.  Routing Locator Selection

   Both client-side and server-side may need control over the selection
   of RLOCs for conversations between them.  This control is achieved by
   manipulating the Priority and Weight fields in EID-to-RLOC Map-Reply
   messages.  Alternatively, RLOC information may be gleaned from
   received tunneled packets or EID-to-RLOC Map-Request messages.

   The following enumerates different scenarios for choosing RLOCs and
   the controls that are available:

   o  Server-side returns one RLOC.  Client-side can only use one RLOC.
      Server-side has complete control of the selection.

   o  Server-side returns a list of RLOC where a subset of the list has
      the same best priority.  Client can only use the subset list
      according to the weighting assigned by the server-side.  In this
      case, the server-side controls both the subset list and load-
      splitting across its members.  The client-side can use RLOCs
      outside of the subset list if it determines that the subset list
      is unreachable (unless RLOCs are set to a Priority of 255).  Some
      sharing of control exists: the server-side determines the
      destination RLOC list and load distribution while the client-side
      has the option of using alternatives to this list if RLOCs in the
      list are unreachable.

   o  Server-side sets weight of 0 for the RLOC subset list.  In this
      case, the client-side can choose how the traffic load is spread
      across the subset list.  Control is shared by the server-side
      determining the list and the client determining load distribution.
      Again, the client can use alternative RLOCs if the server-provided
      list of RLOCs are unreachable.

   o  Either side (more likely on the server-side ETR) decides not to
      send a Map-Request.  For example, if the server-side ETR does not
      send Map-Requests, it gleans RLOCs from the client-side ITR,
      giving the client-side ITR responsibility for bidirectional RLOC
      reachability and preferability.  Server-side ETR gleaning of the
      client-side ITR RLOC is done by caching the inner header source
      EID and the outer header source RLOC of received packets.  The
      client-side ITR controls how traffic is returned and can alternate
      using an outer header source RLOC, which then can be added to the
      list the server-side ETR uses to return traffic.  Since no
      Priority or Weights are provided using this method, the server-
      side ETR MUST assume each client-side ITR RLOC uses the same best
      Priority with a Weight of zero.  In addition, since EID-prefix
      encoding cannot be conveyed in data packets, the EID-to-RLOC cache
      on tunnel routers can grow to be very large.

   o  A "gleaned" map-cache entry, one learned from the source RLOC of a
      received encapsulated packet, is only stored and used for a few
      seconds, pending verification.  Verification is performed by
      sending a Map-Request to the source EID (the inner header IP
      source address) of the received encapsulated packet.  A reply to
      this "verifying Map-Request" is used to fully populate the map-
      cache entry for the "gleaned" EID and is stored and used for the
      time indicated from the TTL field of a received Map-Reply.  When a
      verified map-cache entry is stored, data gleaning no longer occurs
      for subsequent packets which have a source EID that matches the
      EID-prefix of the verified entry.

   RLOCs that appear in EID-to-RLOC Map-Reply messages are assumed to be
   reachable when the R-bit for the locator record is set to 1.  Neither
   the information contained in a Map-Reply or that stored in the
   mapping database system provides reachability information for RLOCs.
   Note that reachability is not part of the mapping system and is
   determined using one or more of the Routing Locator Reachability
   Algorithms described in the next section.

6.3.  Routing Locator Reachability

   Several mechanisms for determining RLOC reachability are currently
   defined:

   1.  An ETR may examine the Loc-Status-Bits in the LISP header of an
       encapsulated data packet received from an ITR.  If the ETR is
       also acting as an ITR and has traffic to return to the original
       ITR site, it can use this status information to help select an
       RLOC.

   2.  An ITR may receive an ICMP Network or ICMP Host Unreachable
       message for an RLOC it is using.  This indicates that the RLOC is
       likely down.

   3.  An ITR which participates in the global routing system can
       determine that an RLOC is down if no BGP RIB route exists that
       matches the RLOC IP address.

   4.  An ITR may receive an ICMP Port Unreachable message from a
       destination host.  This occurs if an ITR attempts to use
       interworking [INTERWORK] and LISP-encapsulated data is sent to a
       non-LISP-capable site.

   5.  An ITR may receive a Map-Reply from a ETR in response to a
       previously sent Map-Request.  The RLOC source of the Map-Reply is
       likely up since the ETR was able to send the Map-Reply to the
       ITR.

   6.  When an ETR receives an encapsulated packet from an ITR, the
       source RLOC from the outer header of the packet is likely up.

   7.  An ITR/ETR pair can use the Locator Reachability Algorithms
       described in this section, namely Echo-Noncing or RLOC-Probing.

   When determining Locator up/down reachability by examining the Loc-
   Status-Bits from the LISP encapsulated data packet, an ETR will
   receive up to date status from an encapsulating ITR about
   reachability for all ETRs at the site.  CE-based ITRs at the source
   site can determine reachability relative to each other using the site
   IGP as follows:

   o  Under normal circumstances, each ITR will advertise a default
      route into the site IGP.

   o  If an ITR fails or if the upstream link to its PE fails, its
      default route will either time-out or be withdrawn.

   Each ITR can thus observe the presence or lack of a default route
   originated by the others to determine the Locator Status Bits it sets
   for them.

   RLOCs listed in a Map-Reply are numbered with ordinals 0 to n-1.  The
   Loc-Status-Bits in a LISP encapsulated packet are numbered from 0 to
   n-1 starting with the least significant bit.  For example, if an RLOC
   listed in the 3rd position of the Map-Reply goes down (ordinal value
   2), then all ITRs at the site will clear the 3rd least significant
   bit (xxxx x0xx) of the Loc-Status-Bits field for the packets they
   encapsulate.

   When an ETR decapsulates a packet, it will check for any change in
   the Loc-Status-Bits field.  When a bit goes from 1 to 0, the ETR will
   refrain from encapsulating packets to an RLOC that is indicated as
   down.  It will only resume using that RLOC if the corresponding Loc-
   Status-Bit returns to a value of 1.  Loc-Status-Bits are associated
   with a locator-set per EID-prefix.  Therefore, when a locator becomes
   unreachable, the Loc-Status-Bit that corresponds to that locator's
   position in the list returned by the last Map-Reply will be set to
   zero for that particular EID-prefix.

   When ITRs at the site are not deployed in CE routers, the IGP can
   still be used to determine the reachability of Locators provided they
   are injected into the IGP.  This is typically done when a /32 address
   is configured on a loopback interface.

   When ITRs receive ICMP Network or Host Unreachable messages as a
   method to determine unreachability, they will refrain from using
   Locators which are described in Locator lists of Map-Replies.
   However, using this approach is unreliable because many network
   operators turn off generation of ICMP Unreachable messages.

   If an ITR does receive an ICMP Network or Host Unreachable message,
   it MAY originate its own ICMP Unreachable message destined for the
   host that originated the data packet the ITR encapsulated.

   Also, BGP-enabled ITRs can unilaterally examine the <strike><font color="red">BGP</font></strike> RIB to see if a
   locator address from a locator-set in a mapping entry matches a
   prefix.  If it does not find one and BGP is running in the Default
   Free Zone (DFZ), it can decide to not use the locator even though the
   Loc-Status-Bits indicate the locator is up.  In this case, the path
   from the ITR to the ETR that is assigned the locator is not
   available.  More details are in [LOC-ID-ARCH].

   Optionally, an ITR can send a Map-Request to a Locator and if a Map-
   Reply is returned, reachability of the Locator has been determined.
   Obviously, sending such probes increases the number of control
   messages originated by tunnel routers for active flows, so Locators
   are assumed to be reachable when they are advertised.

   This assumption does create a dependency: Locator unreachability is
   detected by the receipt of ICMP Host Unreachable messages.  When an
   Locator has been determined to be unreachable, it is not used for
   active traffic; this is the same as if it were listed in a Map-Reply
   with priority 255.

   The ITR can test the reachability of the unreachable Locator by
   sending periodic Requests.  Both Requests and Replies MUST be rate-
   limited.  Locator reachability testing is never done with data
   packets since that increases the risk of packet loss for end-to-end
   sessions.

   When an ETR decapsulates a packet, it knows that it is reachable from
   the encapsulating ITR because that is how the packet arrived.  In
   most cases, the ETR can also reach the ITR but cannot assume this to
   be true due to the possibility of path asymmetry.  In the presence of
   unidirectional traffic flow from an ITR to an ETR, the ITR SHOULD NOT
   use the lack of return traffic as an indication that the ETR is
   unreachable.  Instead, it MUST use an alternate mechanisms to
   determine reachability.

6.3.1.  Echo Nonce Algorithm

   When data flows bidirectionally between locators from different
   sites, a data-plane mechanism called "nonce echoing" can be used to
   determine reachability between an ITR and ETR.  When an ITR wants to
   solicit a nonce echo, it sets the N and E bits and places a 24-bit
   nonce in the LISP header of the next encapsulated data packet.

   When this packet is received by the ETR, the encapsulated packet is
   forwarded as normal.  When the ETR next sends a data packet to the
   ITR, it includes the nonce received earlier with the N bit set and E
   bit cleared.  The ITR sees this "echoed nonce" and knows the path to
   and from the ETR is up.

   The ITR will set the E-bit and N-bit for every packet it sends while
   in echo-nonce-request state.  The time the ITR waits to process the
   echoed nonce before it determines the path is unreachable is variable
   and a choice left for the implementation.

   If the ITR is receiving packets from the ETR but does not see the
   nonce echoed while being in echo-nonce-request state, then the path
   to the ETR is unreachable.  This decision may be overridden by other
   locator reachability algorithms.  Once the ITR determines the path to
   the ETR is down it can switch to another locator for that EID-prefix.

   Note that "ITR" and "ETR" are relative terms here.  Both devices MUST
   be implementing both ITR and ETR functionality for the echo nonce
   mechanism to operate.

   The ITR and ETR may both go into echo-nonce-request state at the same
   time.  The number of packets sent or the time during which echo nonce
   requests are sent is an implementation specific setting.  However,
   when an ITR is in echo-nonce-request state, it can echo the ETR's
   nonce in the next set of packets that it encapsulates and then
   subsequently, continue sending echo-nonce-request packets.

   This mechanism does not completely solve the forward path
   reachability problem as traffic may be unidirectional.  That is, the
   ETR receiving traffic at a site may not be the same device as an ITR
   which transmits traffic from that site or the site to site traffic is
   unidirectional so there is no ITR returning traffic.

   The echo-nonce algorithm is bilateral.  That is, if one side sets the
   E-bit and the other side is not enabled for echo-noncing, then the
   echoing of the nonce does not occur and the requesting side may
   regard the locator unreachable erroneously.  An ITR SHOULD only set
   the E-bit in a encapsulated data packet when it knows the ETR is
   enabled for echo-noncing.  This is conveyed by the E-bit in the Map-
   Reply message.

   Note that other locator reachability mechanisms are being researched
   and can be used to compliment or even override the Echo Nonce
   Algorithm.  See next section for an example of control-plane probing.

6.3.2.  RLOC Probing Algorithm

   RLOC Probing is a method that an ITR or PTR can use to determine the
   reachability status of one or more locators that it has cached in a
   map-cache entry.  The probe-bit of the Map-Request and Map-Reply
   messages are used for RLOC Probing.

   RLOC probing is done in the control-plane on a timer basis where an
   ITR or PTR will originate a Map-Request destined to a locator address
   from one of its own locator addresses.  A Map-Request used as an
   RLOC-probe is NOT encapsulated and NOT sent to a Map-Server or on the
   ALT like one would when soliciting mapping data.  The EID record
   encoded in the Map-Request is the EID-prefix of the map-cache entry
   cached by the ITR or PTR.  The ITR may include a mapping data record
   for its own database mapping information which contains the local
   EID-prefixes and RLOCs for its site.

   When an ETR receives a Map-Request message with the probe-bit set, it
   returns a Map-Reply with the probe-bit set.  The source address of
   the Map-Reply is set from the destination address of the Map-Request
   and the destination address of the Map-Reply is set from the source
   address of the Map-Request.  The Map-Reply SHOULD contain mapping
   data for the EID-prefix contained in the Map-Request.  This provides
   the opportunity for the ITR or PTR, which sent the RLOC-probe to get
   mapping updates if there were changes to the ETR's database mapping
   entries.

   There are advantages and disadvantages of RLOC Probing.  The greatest
   benefit of RLOC Probing is that it can handle many failure scenarios
   allowing the ITR to determine when the path to a specific locator is
   reachable or has become unreachable, thus providing a robust
   mechanism for switching to using another locator from the cached
   locator.  RLOC Probing can also provide rough RTT estimates between a
   pair of locators which can be useful for network management purposes
   as well as for selecting low delay paths.  The major disadvantage of
   RLOC Probing is in the number of control messages required and the
   amount of bandwidth used to obtain those benefits, especially if the
   requirement for failure detection times are very small.

   Continued research and testing will attempt to characterize the
   tradeoffs of failure detection times versus message overhead.

6.4.  EID Reachability within a LISP Site

   A site may be multihomed using two or more ETRs.  The hosts and
   infrastructure within a site will be addressed using one or more EID
   prefixes that are mapped to the RLOCs of the relevant ETRs in the
   mapping system.  One possible failure mode is for an ETR to lose
   reachability to one or more of the EID prefixes within its own site.
   When this occurs when the ETR sends Map-Replies, it can clear the
   R-bit associated with its own locator.  And when the ETR is also an
   ITR, it can clear its locator-status-bit in the encapsulation data
   header.

6.5.  Routing Locator Hashing

   When an ETR provides an EID-to-RLOC mapping in a Map-Reply message to
   a requesting ITR, the locator-set for the EID-prefix may contain
   different priority values for each locator address.  When more than
   one best priority locator exists, the ITR can decide how to load
   share traffic against the corresponding locators.

   The following hash algorithm may be used by an ITR to select a
   locator for a packet destined to an EID for the EID-to-RLOC mapping:

   1.  Either a source and destination address hash can be used or the
       traditional 5-tuple hash which includes the source and
       destination addresses, source and destination TCP, UDP, or SCTP
       port numbers and the IP protocol number field or IPv6 next-
       protocol fields of a packet a host originates from within a LISP
       site.  When a packet is not a TCP, UDP, or SCTP packet, the
       source and destination addresses only from the header are used to
       compute the hash.

   2.  Take the hash value and divide it by the number of locators
       stored in the locator-set for the EID-to-RLOC mapping.

   3.  The remainder will be yield a value of 0 to "number of locators
       minus 1".  Use the remainder to select the locator in the
       locator-set.

   Note that when a packet is LISP encapsulated, the source port number
   in the outer UDP header needs to be set.  Selecting a hashed value
   allows core routers which are attached to Link Aggregation Groups
   (LAGs) to load-split the encapsulated packets across member links of
   such LAGs.  Otherwise, core routers would see a single flow, since
   packets have a source address of the ITR, for packets which are
   originated by different EIDs at the source site.  A suggested setting
   for the source port number computed by an ITR is a 5-tuple hash
   function on the inner header, as described above.

   Many core router implementations use a 5-tuple hash to decide how to
   balance packet load across members of a LAG.  The 5-tuple hash
   includes the source and destination addresses of the packet and the
   source and destination ports when the protocol number in the packet
   is TCP or UDP.  For this reason, UDP encoding is used for LISP
   encapsulation.

6.6.  Changing the Contents of EID-to-RLOC Mappings

   Since the LISP architecture uses a caching scheme to retrieve and
   store EID-to-RLOC mappings, the only way an ITR can get a more up-to-
   date mapping is to re-request the mapping.  However, the ITRs do not
   know when the mappings change and the ETRs do not keep track of which
   ITRs requested its mappings.  For scalability reasons, we want to
   maintain this approach but need to provide a way for ETRs change
   their mappings and inform the sites that are currently communicating
   with the ETR site using such mappings.

   When a locator record is added to the end of a locator-set, it is
   easy to update mappings.  We assume new mappings will maintain the
   same locator ordering as the old mapping but just have new locators
   appended to the end of the list.  So some ITRs can have a new mapping
   while other ITRs have only an old mapping that is used until they
   time out.  When an ITR has only an old mapping but detects bits set
   in the loc-status-bits that correspond to locators beyond the list it
   has cached, it simply ignores them.  However, this can only happen
   for locator addresses that are lexicographically greater than the
   locator addresses in the existing locator-set.

   When a locator record is <strike><font color="red">removed from a locator-set, ITRs</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">inserted in the middle of a locator-set, to
   maintain lexiographic order, the SMR procedure in Section 6.6.2 is
   used to inform ITRs and PTRs of the new locator-status-bit mappings.

   When a locator record is removed from a locator-set, ITRs</font></strong> that have
   the mapping cached will not use the removed locator because the xTRs
   will set the loc-status-bit to 0.  So even if the locator is in the
   list, it will not be used.  For new mapping requests, the xTRs can
   set the locator AFI to 0 (indicating an unspecified address), as well
   as setting the corresponding loc-status-bit to 0.  This forces ITRs
   with old or new mappings to avoid using the removed locator.

   If many changes occur to a mapping over a long period of time, one
   will find empty record slots in the middle of the locator-set and new
   records appended to the locator-set.  At some point, it would be
   useful to compact the locator-set so the loc-status-bit settings can
   be efficiently packed.

   We propose here three approaches for locator-set compaction, one
   operational and two protocol mechanisms.  The operational approach
   uses a clock sweep method.  The protocol approaches use the concept
   of Solicit-Map-Requests and Map-Versioning.

6.6.1.  Clock Sweep

   The clock sweep approach uses planning in advance and the use of
   count-down TTLs to time out mappings that have already been cached.
   The default setting for an EID-to-RLOC mapping TTL is 24 hours.  So
   there is a 24 hour window to time out old mappings.  The following
   clock sweep procedure is used:

   1.  24 hours before a mapping change is to take effect, a network
       administrator configures the ETRs at a site to start the clock
       sweep window.

   2.  During the clock sweep window, ETRs continue to send Map-Reply
       messages with the current (unchanged) mapping records.  The TTL
       for these mappings is set to 1 hour.

   3.  24 hours later, all previous cache entries will have timed out,
       and any active cache entries will time out within 1 hour.  During
       this 1 hour window the ETRs continue to send Map-Reply messages
       with the current (unchanged) mapping records with the TTL set to
       1 minute.

   4.  At the end of the 1 hour window, the ETRs will send Map-Reply
       messages with the new (changed) mapping records.  So any active
       caches can get the new mapping contents right away if not cached,
       or in 1 minute if they had the mapping cached.  The new mappings
       are cached with a time to live equal to the TTL in the Map-Reply.

6.6.2.  Solicit-Map-Request (SMR)

   Soliciting a Map-Request is a selective way for ETRs, at the site
   where mappings change, to control the rate they receive requests for
   Map-Reply messages.  SMRs are also used to tell remote ITRs to update
   the mappings they have cached.

   Since the ETRs don't keep track of remote ITRs that have cached their
   mappings, they do not know which ITRs need to have their mappings
   updated.  As a result, an ETR will solicit Map-Requests (called an
   SMR message) from those sites to which it has been sending
   encapsulated data to for the last minute.  In particular, an ETR will
   send an SMR an ITR to which it has recently sent encapsulated data.

   An SMR message is simply a bit set in a Map-Request message.  An ITR
   or PTR will send a Map-Request when they receive an SMR message.
   Both the SMR sender and the Map-Request responder MUST rate-limited
   these messages.  Rate-limiting can be implemented as a global rate-
   limiter or one rate-limiter per SMR destination.

   The following procedure shows how a SMR exchange occurs when a site
   is doing locator-set compaction for an EID-to-RLOC mapping:

   1.  When the database mappings in an ETR change, the ETRs at the site
       begin to send Map-Requests with the SMR bit set for each locator
       in each map-cache entry the ETR caches.

   2.  A remote ITR which receives the SMR message will schedule sending
       a Map-Request message to the source locator address of the SMR
       message or to the mapping database system.  A newly allocated
       random nonce is selected and the EID-prefix used is the one
       copied from the SMR message.  If the source locator is the only
       locator in the cached locator-set, the remote ITR SHOULD send a
       Map-Request to the database mapping system just in case the
       single locator has changed and may no longer be reachable to
       accept the Map-Request.

   3.  The remote ITR MUST rate-limit the Map-Request until it gets a
       Map-Reply while continuing to use the cached mapping.  When Map
       Versioning is used, described in Section 6.6.3, an SMR sender can
       detect if an ITR is using the most up to date database mapping.

   4.  The ETRs at the site with the changed mapping will reply to the
       Map-Request with a Map-Reply message that has a nonce from the
       SMR-invoked Map-Request.  The Map-Reply messages SHOULD be rate
       limited.  This is important to avoid Map-Reply implosion.

   5.  The ETRs, at the site with the changed mapping, record the fact
       that the site that sent the Map-Request has received the new
       mapping data in the mapping cache entry for the remote site so
       the loc-status-bits are reflective of the new mapping for packets
       going to the remote site.  The ETR then stops sending SMR
       messages.

   For security reasons an ITR MUST NOT process unsolicited Map-Replies.
   To avoid map-cache entry corruption by a third-party, a sender of an
   SMR-based Map-Request MUST be verified.  If an ITR receives an SMR-
   based Map-Request and the source is not in the locator-set for the
   stored map-cache entry, then the responding Map-Request MUST be sent
   with an EID destination to the mapping database system.  Since the
   mapping database system is more secure to reach an authoritative ETR,
   it will deliver the Map-Request to the authoritative source of the
   mapping data.

   When an ITR receives an SMR-based Map-Request for which it does not
   have a cached mapping for the EID in the SMR message, it MAY not send
   a SMR-invoked Map-Request.  This scenario can occur when an ETR sends
   SMR messages to all locators in the locator-set it has stored in its
   map-cache but the remote ITRs that receive the SMR may not be sending
   packets to the site.  There is no point in updating the ITRs until
   they need to send, in which case, they will send Map-Requests to
   obtain a map-cache entry.

6.6.3.  Database Map Versioning

   When there is unidirectional packet flow between an ITR and ETR, and
   the EID-to-RLOC mappings change on the ETR, it needs to inform the
   ITR so encapsulation can stop to a removed locator and start to a new
   locator in the locator-set.

   An ETR, when it sends Map-Reply messages, conveys its own Map-Version
   number.  This is known as the Destination Map-Version Number.  ITRs
   include the Destination Map-Version Number in packets they
   encapsulate to the site.  When an ETR decapsulates a packet and
   detects the Destination Map-Version Number is less than the current
   version for its mapping, the SMR procedure described in Section 6.6.2
   occurs.

   An ITR, when it encapsulates packets to ETRs, can convey its own Map-
   Version number.  This is known as the Source Map-Version Number.
   When an ETR decapsulates a packet and detects the Source Map-Version
   Number is greater than the last Map-Version Number sent in a Map-
   Reply from the ITR's site, the ETR will send a Map-Request to one of
   the ETRs for the source site.

   A Map-Version Number is used as a sequence number per EID-prefix.  So
   values that are greater, are considered to be more recent.  A value
   of 0 for the Source Map-Version Number or the Destination Map-Version
   Number conveys no versioning information and an ITR does no
   comparison with previously received Map-Version Numbers.

   A Map-Version Number can be included in Map-Register messages as
   well.  This is a good way for the Map-Server can assure that all ETRs
   for a site registering to it will be Map-Version number synchronized.

   See [VERSIONING] for a more detailed analysis and description of
   Database Map Versioning.

7.  Router Performance Considerations

   LISP is designed to be very hardware-based forwarding friendly.  A
   few implementation techniques can be used to incrementally implement
   LISP:

   o  When a tunnel encapsulated packet is received by an ETR, the outer
      destination address may not be the address of the router.  This
      makes it challenging for the control plane to get packets from the
      hardware.  This may be mitigated by creating special FIB entries
      for the EID-prefixes of EIDs served by the ETR (those for which
      the router provides an RLOC translation).  These FIB entries are
      marked with a flag indicating that control plane processing should
      be performed.  The forwarding logic of testing for particular IP
      protocol number value is not necessary.  <strike><font color="red">No</font></strike>  <strong><font color="green">There are a few proven
      cases where no</font></strong> changes to <strike><font color="red">existing,</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">existing</font></strong> deployed hardware <strike><font color="red">should be</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">were</font></strong> needed
      to support <strike><font color="red">this.</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">the LISP data-plane.</font></strong>

   o  On an ITR, prepending a new IP header consists of adding more
      bytes to a MAC rewrite string and prepending the string as part of
      the outgoing encapsulation procedure.  Routers that support GRE
      tunneling [RFC2784] or 6to4 tunneling [RFC3056] may already
      support this action.

   o  A packet's source address or interface the packet was received on
      can be used to select a VRF (Virtual Routing/Forwarding).  The
      VRF's routing table can be used to find EID-to-RLOC mappings.

8.  Deployment Scenarios

   This section will explore how and where ITRs and ETRs can be deployed
   and will discuss the pros and cons of each deployment scenario.  <strong><font color="green">For
   a more detailed deployment recommendation, refer to [LISP-DEPLOY].</font></strong>

   There are two basic deployment trade-offs to consider: centralized
   versus distributed caches and flat, recursive, or re-encapsulating
   tunneling.  When deciding on centralized versus distributed caching,
   the following issues should be considered:

   o  Are the tunnel routers spread out so that the caches are spread
      across all the memories of each router?

   o  Should management "touch points" be minimized by choosing few
      tunnel routers, just enough for redundancy?

   o  In general, using more ITRs doesn't increase management load,
      since caches are built and stored dynamically.  On the other hand,
      more ETRs does require more management since EID-prefix-to-RLOC
      mappings need to be explicitly configured.

   When deciding on flat, recursive, or re-encapsulation tunneling, the
   following issues should be considered:

   o  Flat tunneling implements a single tunnel between source site and
      destination site.  This generally offers better paths between
      sources and destinations with a single tunnel path.

   o  Recursive tunneling is when tunneled traffic is again further
      encapsulated in another tunnel, either to implement VPNs or to
      perform Traffic Engineering.  When doing VPN-based tunneling, the
      site has some control since the site is prepending a new tunnel
      header.  In the case of TE-based tunneling, the site may have
      control if it is prepending a new tunnel header, but if the site's
      ISP is doing the TE, then the site has no control.  Recursive
      tunneling generally will result in suboptimal paths but at the
      benefit of steering traffic to resource available parts of the
      network.

   o  The technique of re-encapsulation ensures that packets only
      require one tunnel header.  So if a packet needs to be rerouted,
      it is first decapsulated by the ETR and then re-encapsulated with
      a new tunnel header using a new RLOC.

   The next sub-sections will survey where tunnel routers can reside in
   the network.

8.1.  First-hop/Last-hop Tunnel Routers

   By locating tunnel routers close to hosts, the EID-prefix set is at
   the granularity of an IP subnet.  So at the expense of more EID-
   prefix-to-RLOC sets for the site, the caches in each tunnel router
   can remain relatively small.  But caches always depend on the number
   of non-aggregated EID destination flows active through these tunnel
   routers.

   With more tunnel routers doing encapsulation, the increase in control
   traffic grows as well: since the EID-granularity is greater, more
   Map-Requests and Map-Replies are traveling between more routers.

   The advantage of placing the caches and databases at these stub
   routers is that the products deployed in this part of the network
   have better price-memory ratios then their core router counterparts.
   Memory is typically less expensive in these devices and fewer routes
   are stored (only IGP routes).  These devices tend to have excess
   capacity, both for forwarding and routing state.

   LISP functionality can also be deployed in edge switches.  These
   devices generally have layer-2 ports facing hosts and layer-3 ports
   facing the Internet.  Spare capacity is also often available in these
   devices as well.

8.2.  Border/Edge Tunnel Routers

   Using customer-edge (CE) routers for tunnel endpoints allows the EID
   space associated with a site to be reachable via a small set of RLOCs
   assigned to the CE routers for that site.  This is the default
   behavior envisioned in the rest of this specification.

   This offers the opposite benefit of the first-hop/last-hop tunnel
   router scenario: the number of mapping entries and network management
   touch points are reduced, allowing better scaling.

   One disadvantage is that less of the network's resources are used to
   reach host endpoints thereby centralizing the point-of-failure domain
   and creating network choke points at the CE router.

   Note that more than one CE router at a site can be configured with
   the same IP address.  In this case an RLOC is an anycast address.
   This allows resilience between the CE routers.  That is, if a CE
   router fails, traffic is automatically routed to the other routers
   using the same anycast address.  However, this comes with the
   disadvantage where the site cannot control the entrance point when
   the anycast route is advertised out from all border routers.  Another
   disadvantage of using anycast locators is the limited advertisement
   scope of /32 (or /128 for IPv6) routes.

8.3.  ISP Provider-Edge (PE) Tunnel Routers

   Use of ISP PE routers as tunnel endpoint routers is not the typical
   deployment scenario envisioned in the specification.  This section
   attempts to capture some of reasoning behind this preference of
   implementing LISP on CE routers.

   Use of ISP PE routers as tunnel endpoint routers gives an ISP, rather
   than a site, control over the location of the egress tunnel
   endpoints.  That is, the ISP can decide if the tunnel endpoints are
   in the destination site (in either CE routers or last-hop routers
   within a site) or at other PE edges.  The advantage of this case is
   that two tunnel headers can be avoided.  By having the PE be the
   first router on the path to encapsulate, it can choose a TE path
   first, and the ETR can decapsulate and re-encapsulate for a tunnel to
   the destination end site.

   An obvious disadvantage is that the end site has no control over
   where its packets flow or the RLOCs used.  Other disadvantages
   include the difficulty in synchronizing path liveness updates between
   CE and PE routers.

   As mentioned in earlier sections a combination of these scenarios is
   possible at the expense of extra packet header overhead, if both site
   and provider want control, then recursive or re-encapsulating tunnels
   are used.

8.4.  LISP Functionality with Conventional NATs

   LISP routers can be deployed behind Network Address Translator (NAT)
   devices to provide the same set of packet services hosts have today
   when they are addressed out of private address space.

   It is important to note that a locator address in any LISP control
   message MUST be a globally routable address and therefore SHOULD NOT
   contain [RFC1918] addresses.  If a LISP router is configured with
   private addresses, they MUST be used only in the outer IP header so
   the NAT device can translate properly.  Otherwise, EID addresses MUST
   be translated before encapsulation is performed.  Both NAT
   translation and LISP encapsulation functions could be co-located in
   the same device.

   More details on LISP address translation can be found in [INTERWORK].

9.  Traceroute Considerations

   When a source host in a LISP site initiates a traceroute to a
   destination host in another LISP site, it is highly desirable for it
   to see the entire path.  Since packets are encapsulated from ITR to
   ETR, the hop across the tunnel could be viewed as a single hop.
   However, LISP traceroute will provide the entire path so the user can
   see 3 distinct segments of the path from a source LISP host to a
   destination LISP host:

      Segment 1 (in source LISP site based on EIDs):

          source-host ---&gt; first-hop ... next-hop ---&gt; ITR

      Segment 2 (in the core network based on RLOCs):

          ITR ---&gt; next-hop ... next-hop ---&gt; ETR

      Segment 3 (in the destination LISP site based on EIDs):

          ETR ---&gt; next-hop ... last-hop ---&gt; destination-host

   For segment 1 of the path, ICMP Time Exceeded messages are returned
   in the normal matter as they are today.  The ITR performs a TTL
   decrement and test for 0 before encapsulating.  So the ITR hop is
   seen by the traceroute source has an EID address (the address of
   site-facing interface).

   For segment 2 of the path, ICMP Time Exceeded messages are returned
   to the ITR because the TTL decrement to 0 is done on the outer
   header, so the destination of the ICMP messages are to the ITR RLOC
   address, the source RLOC address of the encapsulated traceroute
   packet.  The ITR looks inside of the ICMP payload to inspect the
   traceroute source so it can return the ICMP message to the address of
   the traceroute client as well as retaining the core router IP address
   in the ICMP message.  This is so the traceroute client can display
   the core router address (the RLOC address) in the traceroute output.
   The ETR returns its RLOC address and responds to the TTL decrement to
   0 like the previous core routers did.

   For segment 3, the next-hop router downstream from the ETR will be
   decrementing the TTL for the packet that was encapsulated, sent into
   the core, decapsulated by the ETR, and forwarded because it isn't the
   final destination.  If the TTL is decremented to 0, any router on the
   path to the destination of the traceroute, including the next-hop
   router or destination, will send an ICMP Time Exceeded message to the
   source EID of the traceroute client.  The ICMP message will be
   encapsulated by the local ITR and sent back to the ETR in the
   originated traceroute source site, where the packet will be delivered
   to the host.

9.1.  IPv6 Traceroute

   IPv6 traceroute follows the procedure described above since the
   entire traceroute data packet is included in ICMP Time Exceeded
   message payload.  Therefore, only the ITR needs to pay special
   attention for forwarding ICMP messages back to the traceroute source.

9.2.  IPv4 Traceroute

   For IPv4 traceroute, we cannot follow the above procedure since IPv4
   ICMP Time Exceeded messages only include the invoking IP header and 8
   bytes that follow the IP header.  Therefore, when a core router sends
   an IPv4 Time Exceeded message to an ITR, all the ITR has in the ICMP
   payload is the encapsulated header it prepended followed by a UDP
   header.  The original invoking IP header, and therefore the identity
   of the traceroute source is lost.

   The solution we propose to solve this problem is to cache traceroute
   IPv4 headers in the ITR and to match them up with corresponding IPv4
   Time Exceeded messages received from core routers and the ETR.  The
   ITR will use a circular buffer for caching the IPv4 and UDP headers
   of traceroute packets.  It will select a 16-bit number as a key to
   find them later when the IPv4 Time Exceeded messages are received.
   When an ITR encapsulates an IPv4 traceroute packet, it will use the
   16-bit number as the UDP source port in the encapsulating header.
   When the ICMP Time Exceeded message is returned to the ITR, the UDP
   header of the encapsulating header is present in the ICMP payload
   thereby allowing the ITR to find the cached headers for the
   traceroute source.  The ITR puts the cached headers in the payload
   and sends the ICMP Time Exceeded message to the traceroute source
   retaining the source address of the original ICMP Time Exceeded
   message (a core router or the ETR of the site of the traceroute
   destination).

   The signature of a traceroute packet comes in two forms.  The first
   form is encoded as a UDP message where the destination port is
   inspected for a range of values.  The second form is encoded as an
   ICMP message where the IP identification field is inspected for a
   well-known value.

9.3.  Traceroute using Mixed Locators

   When either an IPv4 traceroute or IPv6 traceroute is originated and
   the ITR encapsulates it in the other address family header, you
   cannot get all 3 segments of the traceroute.  Segment 2 of the
   traceroute can not be conveyed to the traceroute source since it is
   expecting addresses from intermediate hops in the same address format
   for the type of traceroute it originated.  Therefore, in this case,
   segment 2 will make the tunnel look like one hop.  All the ITR has to
   do to make this work is to not copy the inner TTL to the outer,
   encapsulating header's TTL when a traceroute packet is encapsulated
   using an RLOC from a different address family.  This will cause no
   TTL decrement to 0 to occur in core routers between the ITR and ETR.

10.  Mobility Considerations

   There are several kinds of mobility of which only some might be of
   concern to LISP.  Essentially they are as follows.

10.1.  Site Mobility

   A site wishes to change its attachment points to the Internet, and
   its LISP Tunnel Routers will have new RLOCs when it changes upstream
   providers.  Changes in EID-RLOC mappings for sites are expected to be
   handled by configuration, outside of the LISP protocol.

10.2.  Slow Endpoint Mobility

   An individual endpoint wishes to move, but is not concerned about
   maintaining session continuity.  Renumbering is involved.  LISP can
   help with the issues surrounding renumbering [RFC4192] [LISA96] by
   decoupling the address space used by a site from the address spaces
   used by its ISPs.  [RFC4984]

10.3.  Fast Endpoint Mobility

   Fast endpoint mobility occurs when an endpoint moves relatively
   rapidly, changing its IP layer network attachment point.  Maintenance
   of session continuity is a goal.  This is where the Mobile IPv4
   [RFC3344bis] and Mobile IPv6 [RFC3775] [RFC4866] mechanisms are used,
   and primarily where interactions with LISP need to be explored.

   The problem is that as an endpoint moves, it may require changes to
   the mapping between its EID and a set of RLOCs for its new network
   location.  When this is added to the overhead of mobile IP binding
   updates, some packets might be delayed or dropped.

   In IPv4 mobility, when an endpoint is away from home, packets to it
   are encapsulated and forwarded via a home agent which resides in the
   home area the endpoint's address belongs to.  The home agent will
   encapsulate and forward packets either directly to the endpoint or to
   a foreign agent which resides where the endpoint has moved to.
   Packets from the endpoint may be sent directly to the correspondent
   node, may be sent via the foreign agent, or may be reverse-tunneled
   back to the home agent for delivery to the mobile node.  As the
   mobile node's EID or available RLOC changes, LISP EID-to-RLOC
   mappings are required for communication between the mobile node and
   the home agent, whether via foreign agent or not.  As a mobile
   endpoint changes networks, up to three LISP mapping changes may be
   required:

   o  The mobile node moves from an old location to a new visited
      network location and notifies its home agent that it has done so.
      The Mobile IPv4 control packets the mobile node sends pass through
      one of the new visited network's ITRs, which needs a EID-RLOC
      mapping for the home agent.

   o  The home agent might not have the EID-RLOC mappings for the mobile
      node's "care-of" address or its foreign agent in the new visited
      network, in which case it will need to acquire them.

   o  When packets are sent directly to the correspondent node, it may
      be that no traffic has been sent from the new visited network to
      the correspondent node's network, and the new visited network's
      ITR will need to obtain an EID-RLOC mapping for the correspondent
      node's site.

   In addition, if the IPv4 endpoint is sending packets from the new
   visited network using its original EID, then LISP will need to
   perform a route-returnability check on the new EID-RLOC mapping for
   that EID.

   In IPv6 mobility, packets can flow directly between the mobile node
   and the correspondent node in either direction.  The mobile node uses
   its "care-of" address (EID).  In this case, the route-returnability
   check would not be needed but one more LISP mapping lookup may be
   required instead:

   o  As above, three mapping changes may be needed for the mobile node
      to communicate with its home agent and to send packets to the
      correspondent node.

   o  In addition, another mapping will be needed in the correspondent
      node's ITR, in order for the correspondent node to send packets to
      the mobile node's "care-of" address (EID) at the new network
      location.

   When both endpoints are mobile the number of potential mapping
   lookups increases accordingly.

   As a mobile node moves there are not only mobility state changes in
   the mobile node, correspondent node, and home agent, but also state
   changes in the ITRs and ETRs for at least some EID-prefixes.

   The goal is to support rapid adaptation, with little delay or packet
   loss for the entire system.  Also IP mobility can be modified to
   require fewer mapping changes.  In order to increase overall system
   performance, there may be a need to reduce the optimization of one
   area in order to place fewer demands on another.

   In LISP, one possibility is to "glean" information.  When a packet
   arrives, the ETR could examine the EID-RLOC mapping and use that
   mapping for all outgoing traffic to that EID.  It can do this after
   performing a route-returnability check, to ensure that the new
   network location does have a internal route to that endpoint.
   However, this does not cover the case where an ITR (the node assigned
   the RLOC) at the mobile-node location has been compromised.

   Mobile IP packet exchange is designed for an environment in which all
   routing information is disseminated before packets can be forwarded.
   In order to allow the Internet to grow to support expected future
   use, we are moving to an environment where some information may have
   to be obtained after packets are in flight.  Modifications to IP
   mobility should be considered in order to optimize the behavior of
   the overall system.  Anything which decreases the number of new EID-
   RLOC mappings needed when a node moves, or maintains the validity of
   an EID-RLOC mapping for a longer time, is useful.

10.4.  Fast Network Mobility

   In addition to endpoints, a network can be mobile, possibly changing
   xTRs.  A "network" can be as small as a single router and as large as
   a whole site.  This is different from site mobility in that it is
   fast and possibly short-lived, but different from endpoint mobility
   in that a whole prefix is changing RLOCs.  However, the mechanisms
   are the same and there is no new overhead in LISP.  A map request for
   any endpoint will return a binding for the entire mobile prefix.

   If mobile networks become a more common occurrence, it may be useful
   to revisit the design of the mapping service and allow for dynamic
   updates of the database.

   The issue of interactions between mobility and LISP needs to be
   explored further.  Specific improvements to the entire system will
   depend on the details of mapping mechanisms.  Mapping mechanisms
   should be evaluated on how well they support session continuity for
   mobile nodes.

10.5.  LISP Mobile Node Mobility

   A mobile device can use the LISP infrastructure to achieve mobility
   by implementing the LISP encapsulation and decapsulation functions
   and acting as a simple ITR/ETR.  By doing this, such a "LISP mobile
   node" can use topologically-independent EID IP addresses that are not
   advertised into and do not impose a cost on the global routing
   system.  These EIDs are maintained at the edges of the mapping system
   (in LISP Map-Servers and Map-Resolvers) and are provided on demand to
   only the correspondents of the LISP mobile node.

   Refer to the LISP Mobility Architecture specification [LISP-MN] for
   more details.

11.  Multicast Considerations

   A multicast group address, as defined in the original Internet
   architecture is an identifier of a grouping of topologically
   independent receiver host locations.  The address encoding itself
   does not determine the location of the receiver(s).  The multicast
   routing protocol, and the network-based state the protocol creates,
   determines where the receivers are located.

   In the context of LISP, a multicast group address is both an EID and
   a Routing Locator.  Therefore, no specific semantic or action needs
   to be taken for a destination address, as it would appear in an IP
   header.  Therefore, a group address that appears in an inner IP
   header built by a source host will be used as the destination EID.
   The outer IP header (the destination Routing Locator address),
   prepended by a LISP router, will use the same group address as the
   destination Routing Locator.

   Having said that, only the source EID and source Routing Locator
   needs to be dealt with.  Therefore, an ITR merely needs to put its
   own IP address in the source Routing Locator field when prepending
   the outer IP header.  This source Routing Locator address, like any
   other Routing Locator address MUST be globally routable.

   Therefore, an EID-to-RLOC mapping does not need to be performed by an
   ITR when a received data packet is a multicast data packet or when
   processing a source-specific Join (either by IGMPv3 or PIM).  But the
   source Routing Locator is decided by the multicast routing protocol
   in a receiver site.  That is, an EID to Routing Locator translation
   is done at control-time.

   Another approach is to have the ITR not encapsulate a multicast
   packet and allow the host built packet to flow into the core even if
   the source address is allocated out of the EID namespace.  If the
   RPF-Vector TLV [RFC5496] is used by PIM in the core, then core
   routers can RPF to the ITR (the Locator address which is injected
   into core routing) rather than the host source address (the EID
   address which is not injected into core routing).

   To avoid any EID-based multicast state in the network core, the first
   approach is chosen for LISP-Multicast.  Details for LISP-Multicast
   and Interworking with non-LISP sites is described in specification
   [MLISP].

12.  Security Considerations

   It is believed that most of the security mechanisms will be part of
   the mapping database service when using control plane procedures for
   obtaining EID-to-RLOC mappings.  For data plane triggered mappings,
   as described in this specification, protection is provided against
   ETR spoofing by using Return- Routability mechanisms evidenced by the
   use of a 24-bit Nonce field in the LISP encapsulation header and a
   64-bit Nonce field in the LISP control message.  The nonce, coupled
   with the ITR accepting only solicited Map-Replies goes a long way
   toward providing decent authentication.

   LISP does not rely on a PKI infrastructure or a more heavy weight
   authentication system.  These systems challenge the scalability of
   LISP which was a primary design goal.

   DoS attack prevention will depend on implementations rate-limiting
   Map-Requests and Map-Replies to the control plane as well as rate-
   limiting the number of data-triggered Map-Replies.

   To deal with map-cache exhaustion attempts in an ITR/PTR, the
   implementation should consider putting a maximum cap on the number of
   entries stored with a reserve list for special or frequently accessed
   sites.  This should be a configuration policy control set by the
   network administrator who manages ITRs and PTRs.

   <strong><font color="green">Given that the ITR/PTR maintains a cache of EID-to-RLOC mappings,
   cache sizing and maintenance is an issue to be kept in mind during
   implementation.  It is a good idea to have instrumentation in place
   to detect thrashing of the cache.  Implementation experimentation
   will be used to determine which cache management strategies work
   best.</font></strong>

13.  Network Management Considerations

   Considerations for Network Management tools exist so the LISP
   protocol suite can be operationally managed.  The mechanisms can be
   found in [LISP-MIB] and [LISP-LIG].

14.  IANA Considerations

   This section provides guidance to the Internet Assigned Numbers
   Authority (IANA) regarding registration of values related to the LISP
   specification, in accordance with BCP 26 and RFC 5226 [RFC5226].

   There are two name spaces in LISP that require registration:

   o  LISP IANA registry allocations should not be made for purposes
      unrelated to LISP routing or transport protocols.

   o  The following policies are used here with the meanings defined in
      BCP 26: "Specification Required", "IETF Consensus", "Experimental
      Use", "First Come First Served".

14.1.  LISP Address Type Codes

   Instance ID type codes have a range from 0 to 15, of which 0 and 1
   have been allocated [LCAF].  New Type Codes MUST be allocated
   starting at 2.  Type Codes 2 - 10 are to be assigned by IETF Review.
   Type Codes 11 - 15 are available on a First Come First Served policy.

   The following codes have been allocated:

   Type 0:  Null Body Type

   Type 1:  AFI List Type

   See [LCAF] for details for other possible unapproved address
   encodings.  The unapproved LCAF encodings are an area for further
   study and experimentation.

14.2.  LISP UDP Port Numbers

   The IANA registry has allocated UDP port numbers 4341 and 4342 for
   LISP data-plane and control-plane operation, respectively.

15.  References

15.1.  Normative References

   [RFC0768]  Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768,
              August 1980.

   [RFC1034]  Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - concepts and facilities",
              STD 13, RFC 1034, November 1987.

   [RFC1700]  Reynolds, J. and J. Postel, "Assigned Numbers", RFC 1700,
              October 1994.

   [RFC1918]  Rekhter, Y., Moskowitz, R., Karrenberg, D., Groot, G., and
              E. Lear, "Address Allocation for Private Internets",
              BCP 5, RFC 1918, February 1996.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC2404]  Madson, C. and R. Glenn, "The Use of HMAC-SHA-1-96 within
              ESP and AH", RFC 2404, November 1998.

   [RFC2784]  Farinacci, D., Li, T., Hanks, S., Meyer, D., and P.
              Traina, "Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)", RFC 2784,
              March 2000.

   [RFC3056]  Carpenter, B. and K. Moore, "Connection of IPv6 Domains
              via IPv4 Clouds", RFC 3056, February 2001.

   [RFC3168]  Ramakrishnan, K., Floyd, S., and D. Black, "The Addition
              of Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) to IP",
              RFC 3168, September 2001.

   [RFC3261]  Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston,
              A., Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and E.
              Schooler, "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261,
              June 2002.

   [RFC3775]  Johnson, D., Perkins, C., and J. Arkko, "Mobility Support
              in IPv6", RFC 3775, June 2004.

   [RFC4086]  Eastlake, D., Schiller, J., and S. Crocker, "Randomness
              Requirements for Security", BCP 106, RFC 4086, June 2005.

   [RFC4632]  Fuller, V. and T. Li, "Classless Inter-domain Routing
              (CIDR): The Internet Address Assignment and Aggregation
              Plan", BCP 122, RFC 4632, August 2006.

   [RFC4634]  Eastlake, D. and T. Hansen, "US Secure Hash Algorithms
              (SHA and HMAC-SHA)", RFC 4634, July 2006.

   [RFC4866]  Arkko, J., Vogt, C., and W. Haddad, "Enhanced Route
              Optimization for Mobile IPv6", RFC 4866, May 2007.

   [RFC4984]  Meyer, D., Zhang, L., and K. Fall, "Report from the IAB
              Workshop on Routing and Addressing", RFC 4984,
              September 2007.

   [RFC5226]  Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an
              IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 5226,
              May 2008.

   [RFC5496]  Wijnands, IJ., Boers, A., and E. Rosen, "The Reverse Path
              Forwarding (RPF) Vector TLV", RFC 5496, March 2009.

   [UDP-TUNNELS]
              Eubanks, M. and P. Chimento, "UDP Checksums for Tunneled
              Packets"", draft-eubanks-chimento-6man-00.txt (work in
              progress), February 2009.

15.2.  Informative References

   [AFI]      IANA, "Address Family Indicators (AFIs)", ADDRESS FAMILY
              NUMBERS <strike><font color="red">http://www.iana.org/numbers.html,</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">http://www.iana.org/.../address-family-numbers,</font></strong>
              Febuary 2007.

   [ALT]      Farinacci, D., Fuller, V., Meyer, D., and D. Lewis, "LISP
              Alternative Topology (LISP-ALT)",
              draft-ietf-lisp-alt-06.txt (work in progress), March 2011.

   [CHIAPPA]  Chiappa, J., "Endpoints and Endpoint names: A Proposed
              Enhancement to the Internet Architecture", Internet-
              Draft http://www.chiappa.net/~jnc/tech/endpoints.txt,
              1999.

   [CONS]     Farinacci, D., Fuller, V., and D. Meyer, "LISP-CONS: A
              Content distribution Overlay Network  Service for LISP",
              draft-meyer-lisp-cons-03.txt (work in progress),
              November 2007.

   [EMACS]    Brim, S., Farinacci, D., Meyer, D., and J. Curran, "EID
              Mappings Multicast Across Cooperating Systems for LISP",
              draft-curran-lisp-emacs-00.txt (work in progress),
              November 2007.

   [INTERWORK]
              Lewis, D., Meyer, D., Farinacci, D., and V. Fuller,
              "Interworking LISP with IPv4 and IPv6",
              draft-ietf-lisp-interworking-02.txt (work in progress),
              March 2011.

   [LCAF]     Farinacci, D., Meyer, D., and J. Snijders, "LISP Canonical
              Address Format", draft-farinacci-lisp-lcaf-04.txt (work in
              progress), October 2010.

   [LISA96]   Lear, E., Katinsky, J., Coffin, J., and D. Tharp,
              "Renumbering: Threat or Menace?", Usenix , September 1996.

   <strong><font color="green">[LISP-DEPLOY]
              Jakab, L., Coras, F., Domingo-Pascual, J., and D. Lewis,
              "LISP Network Element Deployment Considerations",
              draft-jakab-lisp-deployment-02.txt (work in progress),
              February 2011.</font></strong>

   [LISP-LIG]
              Farinacci, D. and D. Meyer, "LISP Internet Groper (LIG)",
              draft-ietf-lisp-lig-01.txt (work in progress),
              October 2010.

   [LISP-MAIN]
              Farinacci, D., Fuller, V., Meyer, D., and D. Lewis,
              "Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP)",
              draft-farinacci-lisp-12.txt (work in progress),
              March 2009.

   [LISP-MIB]
              Schudel, G., Jain, A., and V. Moreno, "LISP MIB",
              draft-ietf-lisp-mib-01.txt (work in progress), March 2011.

   [LISP-MN]  Farinacci, D., Fuller, V., Lewis, D., and D. Meyer, "LISP
              Mobility Architecture", draft-meyer-lisp-mn-04.txt (work
              in progress), October 2010.

   [LISP-MS]  Farinacci, D. and V. Fuller, "LISP Map Server",
              draft-ietf-lisp-ms-07.txt (work in progress), March 2011.

   [LISP-SEC]
              Maino, F., Ermagon, V., Cabellos, A., Sausez, D., and O.
              Bonaventure, "LISP-Security (LISP-SEC)",
              draft-maino-lisp-sec-00.txt (work in progress),
              February 2011.

   [LOC-ID-ARCH]
              Meyer, D. and D. Lewis, "Architectural Implications of
              Locator/ID  Separation",
              draft-meyer-loc-id-implications-01.txt (work in progress),
              Januaryr 2009.

   [MLISP]    Farinacci, D., Meyer, D., Zwiebel, J., and S. Venaas,
              "LISP for Multicast Environments",
              draft-ietf-lisp-multicast-04.txt (work in progress),
              October 2010.

   [NERD]     Lear, E., "NERD: A Not-so-novel EID to RLOC Database",
              draft-lear-lisp-nerd-08.txt (work in progress),
              March 2010.

   [OPENLISP]
              Iannone, L. and O. Bonaventure, "OpenLISP Implementation
              Report", draft-iannone-openlisp-implementation-01.txt
              (work in progress), July 2008.

   [RADIR]    Narten, T., "Routing and Addressing Problem Statement",
              draft-narten-radir-problem-statement-00.txt (work in
              progress), July 2007.

   [RFC3344bis]
              Perkins, C., "IP Mobility Support for IPv4, revised",
              draft-ietf-mip4-rfc3344bis-05 (work in progress),
              July 2007.

   [RFC4192]  Baker, F., Lear, E., and R. Droms, "Procedures for
              Renumbering an IPv6 Network without a Flag Day", RFC 4192,
              September 2005.

   [RPMD]     Handley, M., Huici, F., and A. Greenhalgh, "RPMD: Protocol
              for Routing Protocol Meta-data  Dissemination",
              draft-handley-p2ppush-unpublished-2007726.txt (work in
              progress), July 2007.

   [VERSIONING]
              Iannone, L., Saucez, D., and O. Bonaventure, "LISP Mapping
              Versioning", draft-ietf-lisp-map-versioning-01.txt (work
              in progress), March 2011.

Appendix A.  Acknowledgments

   An initial thank you goes to Dave Oran for planting the seeds for the
   initial ideas for LISP.  His consultation continues to provide value
   to the LISP authors.

   A special and appreciative thank you goes to Noel Chiappa for
   providing architectural impetus over the past decades on separation
   of location and identity, as well as detailed review of the LISP
   architecture and documents, coupled with enthusiasm for making LISP a
   practical and incremental transition for the Internet.

   The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge many people who have
   contributed discussion and ideas to the making of this proposal.
   They include Scott Brim, Andrew Partan, John Zwiebel, Jason Schiller,
   Lixia Zhang, Dorian Kim, Peter Schoenmaker, Vijay Gill, Geoff Huston,
   David Conrad, Mark Handley, Ron Bonica, Ted Seely, Mark Townsley,
   Chris Morrow, Brian Weis, Dave McGrew, Peter Lothberg, Dave Thaler,
   Eliot Lear, Shane Amante, Ved Kafle, Olivier Bonaventure, Luigi
   Iannone, Robin Whittle, Brian Carpenter, Joel Halpern, Terry
   Manderson, Roger Jorgensen, Ran Atkinson, Stig Venaas, Iljitsch van
   Beijnum, Roland Bless, Dana Blair, Bill Lynch, Marc Woolward, Damien
   Saucez, Damian Lezama, Attilla De Groot, Parantap Lahiri, David
   Black, Roque Gagliano, Isidor Kouvelas, Jesper Skriver, Fred Templin,
   Margaret Wasserman, Sam Hartman, Michael Hofling, Pedro Marques, Jari
   Arkko, Gregg Schudel, Srinivas Subramanian, Amit Jain, Xu Xiaohu,
   Dhirendra Trivedi, Yakov Rekhter, John Scudder, John Drake, Dimitri
   Papadimitriou, Ross Callon, Selina Heimlich, Job Snijders, Vina
   Ermagan, Albert Cabellos, Fabio Maino, Victor Moreno, <strike><font color="red">and</font></strike> Chris
   <strike><font color="red">White.</font></strike> <strong><font color="green">White,
   and Clarence Filsfils.</font></strong>

   This work originated in the Routing Research Group (RRG) of the IRTF.
   The individual submission [LISP-MAIN] was converted into this IETF
   LISP working group draft.

Appendix B.  Document Change Log

B.1.  Changes to <strong><font color="green">draft-ietf-lisp-11.txt

   o  Posted April 2011.

   o  Change IANA URL.  The URL we had pointed to a general protocol
      numbers page.

   o  Added the "s" bit to the Map-Request to allow SMR-invoked Map-
      Requests to be sent to a MN ETR via the map-server.

   o  Generalize text for the defintion of Reencapsuatling tunnels.

   o  Add pargraph suggested by Joel to explain how implementation
      experimentation will be used to determine the proper cache
      management techniques.

   o  Add Yakov provided text for the definition of "EID-to-RLOC
      "Database".

   o  Add reference in Section 8, Deployment Scenarios, to the
      draft-jakab-lisp-deploy-02.txt draft.

   o  Clarify sentence about no hardware changes needed to support LISP
      encapsulation.

   o  Add paragraph about what is the procedure when a locator is
      inserted in the middle of a locator-set.

   o  Add a definition for Locator-Status-Bits so we can emphasize they
      are used as a hint for router up/down status and not path
      reachability.

   o  Change "BGP RIB" to "RIB" per Clarence's comment.

   o  Fixed complaints by IDnits.

B.2.  Changes to</font></strong> draft-ietf-lisp-10.txt

   o  Posted March 2011.

   o  Add p-bit to Map-Request so there is documentary reasons to know
      when a PITR has sent a Map-Request to an ETR.

   o  Add Map-Notify message which is used to acknowledge a Map-Register
      message sent to a Map-Server.

   o  Add M-bit to the Map-Register message so an ETR that wants an
      acknowledgment for the Map-Register can request one.

   o  Add S-bit to the ECM and Map-Reply messages to describe security
      data that can be present in each message.  Then refer to
      [LISP-SEC] for expansive details.

   o  Add Network Management Considerations section and point to the MIB
      and LIG drafts.

   o  Remove the word "simple" per Yakov's comments.

<strike><font color="red">B.2.</font></strike>

<strong><font color="green">B.3.</font></strong>  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-09.txt

   o  Posted October 2010.

   o  Add to IANA Consideration section about the use of LCAF Type
      values that accepted and maintained by the IANA registry and not
      the LCAF specification.

   o  Indicate that implementations should be able to receive LISP
      control messages when either UDP port is 4342, so they can be
      robust in the face of intervening NAT boxes.

   o  Add paragraph to SMR section to indicate that an ITR does not need
      to respond to an SMR-based Map-Request when it has no map-cache
      entry for the SMR source's EID-prefix.

<strike><font color="red">B.3.</font></strike>

<strong><font color="green">B.4.</font></strong>  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-08.txt

   o  Posted August 2010.

   o  In section 6.1.6, remove statement about setting TTL to 0 in Map-
      Register messages.

   o  Clarify language in section 6.1.5 about Map-Replying to Data-
      Probes or Map-Requests.

   o  Indicate that outer TTL should only be copied to inner TTL when it
      is less than inner TTL.

   o  Indicate a source-EID for RLOC-probes are encoded with an AFI
      value of 0.

   o  Indicate that SMRs can have a global or per SMR destination rate-
      limiter.

   o  Add clarifications to the SMR procedures.

   o  Add definitions for "client-side" and 'server-side" terms used in
      this specification.

   o  Clear up language in section 6.4, last paragraph.

   o  Change ACT of value 0 to "no-action".  This is so we can RLOC-
      probe a PETR and have it return a Map-Reply with a locator-set of
      size 0.  The way it is spec'ed the map-cache entry has action
      "dropped".  Drop-action is set to 3.

   o  Add statement about normalizing locator weights.

   o  Clarify R-bit definition in the Map-Reply locator record.

   o  Add section on EID Reachability within a LISP site.

   o  Clarify another disadvantage of using anycast locators.

   o  Reworded Abstract.

   o  Change section 2.0 Introduction to remove obsolete information
      such as the LISP variant definitions.

   o  Change section 5 title from "Tunneling Details" to "LISP
      Encapsulation Details".

   o  Changes to section 5 to include results of network deployment
      experience with MTU.  Recommend that implementations use either
      the stateful or stateless handling.

   o  Make clarification wordsmithing to Section 7 and 8.

   o  Identify that if there is one locator in the locator-set of a map-
      cache entry, that an SMR from that locator should be responded to
      by sending the the SMR-invoked Map-Request to the database mapping
      system rather than to the RLOC itself (which may be unreachable).

   o  When describing Unicast and Multicast Weights indicate the the
      values are relative weights rather than percentages.  So it
      doesn't imply the sum of all locator weights in the locator-set
      need to be 100.

   o  Do some wordsmithing on copying TTL and TOS fields.

   o  Numerous wordsmithing changes from Dave Meyer.  He fine toothed
      combed the spec.

   o  Removed Section 14 "Prototype Plans and Status".  We felt this
      type of section is no longer appropriate for a protocol
      specification.

   o  Add clarification text for the IRC description per Damien's
      commentary.

   o  Remove text on copying nonce from SMR to SMR-invoked Map- Request
      per Vina's comment about a possible DoS vector.

   o  Clarify (S/2 + H) in the stateless MTU section.

   o  Add text to reflect Damien's comment about the description of the
      "ITR-RLOC Address" field in the Map-Request. that the list of RLOC
      addresses are local addresses of the Map-Requester.

<strike><font color="red">B.4.</font></strike>

<strong><font color="green">B.5.</font></strong>  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-07.txt

   o  Posted April 2010.

   o  Added I-bit to data header so LSB field can also be used as an
      Instance ID field.  When this occurs, the LSB field is reduced to
      8-bits (from 32-bits).

   o  Added V-bit to the data header so the 24-bit nonce field can also
      be used for source and destination version numbers.

   o  Added Map-Version 12-bit value to the EID-record to be used in all
      of Map-Request, Map-Reply, and Map-Register messages.

   o  Added multiple ITR-RLOC fields to the Map-Request packet so an ETR
      can decide what address to select for the destination of a Map-
      Reply.

   o  Added L-bit (Local RLOC bit) and p-bit (Probe-Reply RLOC bit) to
      the Locator-Set record of an EID-record for a Map-Reply message.
      The L-bit indicates which RLOCs in the locator-set are local to
      the sender of the message.  The P-bit indicates which RLOC is the
      source of a RLOC-probe Reply (Map-Reply) message.

   o  Add reference to the LISP Canonical Address Format [LCAF] draft.

   o  Made editorial and clarification changes based on comments from
      Dhirendra Trivedi.

   o  Added wordsmithing comments from Joel Halpern on DF=1 setting.

   o  Add John Zwiebel clarification to Echo Nonce Algorithm section
      6.3.1.

   o  Add John Zwiebel comment about expanding on proxy-map-reply bit
      for Map-Register messages.

   o  Add NAT section per Ron Bonica comments.

   o  Fix IDnits issues per Ron Bonica.

   o  Added section on Virtualization and Segmentation to explain the
      use if the Instance ID field in the data header.

   o  There are too many P-bits, keep their scope to the packet format
      description and refer to them by name every where else in the
      spec.

   o  Scanned all occurrences of "should", "should not", "must" and
      "must not" and uppercased them.

   o  John Zwiebel offered text for section 4.1 to modernize the
      example.  Thanks Z!

   o  Make it more clear in the definition of "EID-to-RLOC Database"
      that all ETRs need to have the same database mapping.  This
      reflects a comment from John Scudder.

   o  Add a definition "Route-returnability" to the Definition of Terms
      section.

   o  In section 9.2, add text to describe what the signature of
      traceroute packets can look like.

   o  Removed references to Data Probe for introductory example.  Data-
      probes are still part of the LISP design but not encouraged.

   o  Added the definition for "LISP site" to the Definition of Terms"
      section.

<strike><font color="red">B.5.</font></strike>

<strong><font color="green">B.6.</font></strong>  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-06.txt

   Editorial based changes:

   o  Posted December 2009.

   o  Fix typo for flags in LISP data header.  Changed from "4" to "5".

   o  Add text to indicate that Map-Register messages must contain a
      computed UDP checksum.

   o  Add definitions for PITR and PETR.

   o  Indicate an AFI value of 0 is an unspecified address.

   o  Indicate that the TTL field of a Map-Register is not used and set
      to 0 by the sender.  This change makes this spec consistent with
      [LISP-MS].

   o  Change "... yield a packet size of L bytes" to "... yield a packet
      size greater than L bytes".

   o  Clarify section 6.1.5 on what addresses and ports are used in Map-
      Reply messages.

   o  Clarify that LSBs that go beyond the number of locators do not to
      be SMRed when the locator addresses are greater lexicographically
      than the locator in the existing locator-set.

   o  Add Gregg, Srini, and Amit to acknowledgment section.

   o  Clarify in the definition of a LISP header what is following the
      UDP header.

   o  Clarify "verifying Map-Request" text in section 6.1.3.

   o  Add Xu Xiaohu to the acknowledgment section for introducing the
      problem of overlapping EID-prefixes among multiple sites in an RRG
      email message.

   Design based changes:

   o  Use stronger language to have the outer IPv4 header set DF=1 so we
      can avoid fragment reassembly in an ETR or PETR.  This will also
      make IPv4 and IPv6 encapsulation have consistent behavior.

   o  Map-Requests should not be sent in ECM with the Probe bit is set.
      These type of Map-Requests are used as RLOC-probes and are sent
      directly to locator addresses in the underlying network.

   o  Add text in section 6.1.5 about returning all EID-prefixes in a
      Map-Reply sent by an ETR when there are overlapping EID-prefixes
      configure.

   o  Add text in a new subsection of section 6.1.5 about dealing with
      Map-Replies with coarse EID-prefixes.

<strike><font color="red">B.6.</font></strike>

<strong><font color="green">B.7.</font></strong>  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-05.txt

   o  Posted September 2009.

   o  Added this Document Change Log appendix.

   o  Added section indicating that encapsulated Map-Requests must use
      destination UDP port 4342.

   o  Don't use AH in Map-Registers.  Put key-id, auth-length, and auth-
      data in Map-Register payload.

   o  Added Jari to acknowledgment section.

   o  State the source-EID is set to 0 when using Map-Requests to
      refresh or RLOC-probe.

   o  Make more clear what source-RLOC should be for a Map-Request.

   o  The LISP-CONS authors thought that the Type definitions for CONS
      should be removed from this specification.

   o  Removed nonce from Map-Register message, it wasn't used so no need
      for it.

   o  Clarify what to do for unspecified Action bits for negative Map-
      Replies.  Since No Action is a drop, make value 0 Drop.

<strike><font color="red">B.7.</font></strike>

<strong><font color="green">B.8.</font></strong>  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-04.txt

   o  Posted September 2009.

   o  How do deal with record count greater than 1 for a Map-Request.
      Damien and Joel comment.  Joel suggests: 1) Specify that senders
      compliant with the current document will always set the count to
      1, and note that the count is included for future extensibility.
      2) Specify what a receiver compliant with the draft should do if
      it receives a request with a count greater than 1.  Presumably, it
      should send some error back?

   o  Add Fred Templin in acknowledgment section.

   o  Add Margaret and Sam to the acknowledgment section for their great
      comments.

   o  Say more about LAGs in the UDP section per Sam Hartman's comment.

   o  Sam wants to use MAY instead of SHOULD for ignoring checksums on
      ETR.  From the mailing list: "You'd need to word it as an ITR MAY
      send a zero checksum, an ETR MUST accept a 0 checksum and MAY
      ignore the checksum completely.  And of course we'd need to
      confirm that can actually be implemented.  In particular, hardware
      that verifies UDP checksums on receive needs to be checked to make
      sure it permits 0 checksums."

   o  Margaret wants a reference to
      http://www.ietf.org/id/draft-eubanks-chimento-6man-00.txt.

   o  Fix description in Map-Request section.  Where we describe Map-
      Reply Record, change "R-bit" to "M-bit".

   o  Add the mobility bit to Map-Replies.  So PTRs don't probe so often
      for MNs but often enough to get mapping updates.

   o  Indicate SHA1 can be used as well for Map-Registers.

   o  More Fred comments on MTU handling.

   o  Isidor comment about spec'ing better periodic Map-Registers.  Will
      be fixed in draft-ietf-lisp-ms-02.txt.

   o  Margaret's comment on gleaning: "The current specification does
      not make it clear how long gleaned map entries should be retained
      in the cache, nor does it make it clear how/ when they will be
      validated.  The LISP spec should, at the very least, include a
      (short) default lifetime for gleaned entries, require that they be
      validated within a short period of time, and state that a new
      gleaned entry should never overwrite an entry that was obtained
      from the mapping system.  The security implications of storing
      "gleaned" entries should also be explored in detail."

   o  Add section on RLOC-probing per working group feedback.

   o  Change "loc-reach-bits" to "loc-status-bits" per comment from
      Noel.

   o  Remove SMR-bit from data-plane.  Dino prefers to have it in the
      control plane only.

   o  Change LISP header to allow a "Research Bit" so the Nonce and LSB
      fields can be turned off and used for another future purpose.  For
      Luigi et al versioning convergence.

   o  Add a N-bit to the data header suggested by Noel.  Then the nonce
      field could be used when N is not 1.

   o  Clarify that when E-bit is 0, the nonce field can be an echoed
      nonce or a random nonce.  Comment from Jesper.

   o  Indicate when doing data-gleaning that a verifying Map-Request is
      sent to the source-EID of the gleaned data packet so we can avoid
      map-cache corruption by a 3rd party.  Comment from Pedro.

   o  Indicate that a verifying Map-Request, for accepting mapping data,
      should be sent over the ALT (or to the EID).

   o  Reference IPsec RFC 4302.  Comment from Sam and Brian Weis.

   o  Put E-bit in Map-Reply to tell ITRs that the ETR supports echo-
      noncing.  Comment by Pedro and Dino.

   o  Jesper made a comment to loosen the language about requiring the
      copy of inner TTL to outer TTL since the text to get mixed-AF
      traceroute to work would violate the "MUST" clause.  Changed from
      MUST to SHOULD in section 5.3.

<strike><font color="red">B.8.</font></strike>

<strong><font color="green">B.9.</font></strong>  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-03.txt

   o  Posted July 2009.

   o  Removed loc-reach-bits longword from control packets per Damien
      comment.

   o  Clarifications in MTU text from Roque.

   o  Added text to indicate that the locator-set be sorted by locator
      address from Isidor.

   o  Clarification text from John Zwiebel in Echo-Nonce section.

<strike><font color="red">B.9.</font></strike>

<strong><font color="green">B.10.</font></strong>  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-02.txt

   o  Posted July 2009.

   o  Encapsulation packet format change to add E-bit and make loc-
      reach-bits 32-bits in length.

   o  Added Echo-Nonce Algorithm section.

   o  Clarification how ECN bits are copied.

   o  Moved S-bit in Map-Request.

   o  Added P-bit in Map-Request and Map-Reply messages to anticipate
      RLOC-Probe Algorithm.

   o  Added to Mobility section to reference [LISP-MN].

<strike><font color="red">B.10.</font></strike>

<strong><font color="green">B.11.</font></strong>  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-01.txt

   o  Posted 2 days after draft-ietf-lisp-00.txt in May 2009.

   o  Defined LEID to be a "LISP EID".

   o  Indicate encapsulation use IPv4 DF=0.

   o  Added negative Map-Reply messages with drop, native-forward, and
      send-map-request actions.

   o  Added Proxy-Map-Reply bit to Map-Register.

<strike><font color="red">B.11.</font></strike>

<strong><font color="green">B.12.</font></strong>  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-00.txt

   o  Posted May 2009.

   o  Rename of draft-farinacci-lisp-12.txt.

   o  Acknowledgment to RRG.

Authors' Addresses

   Dino Farinacci
   cisco Systems
   Tasman Drive
   San Jose, CA  95134
   USA

   Email: dino@cisco.com

   Vince Fuller
   cisco Systems
   Tasman Drive
   San Jose, CA  95134
   USA

   Email: vaf@cisco.com

   Dave Meyer
   cisco Systems
   170 Tasman Drive
   San Jose, CA
   USA

   Email: dmm@cisco.com

   Darrel Lewis
   cisco Systems
   170 Tasman Drive
   San Jose, CA
   USA

   Email: darlewis@cisco.com
</pre>

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Network Working Group                                       D. Farinacci
Internet-Draft                                                 V. Fuller
Intended status: Experimental                                   D. Meyer
Expires: September 30, 2011                                     D. Lewis
                                                           cisco Systems
                                                          March 29, 2011


                 Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP)
                           draft-ietf-lisp-11

Abstract

   This draft describes a network-based protocol that enables separation
   of IP addresses into two new numbering spaces: Endpoint Identifiers
   (EIDs) and Routing Locators (RLOCs).  No changes are required to
   either host protocol stacks or to the "core" of the Internet
   infrastructure.  LISP can be incrementally deployed, without a "flag
   day", and offers traffic engineering, multi-homing, and mobility
   benefits even to early adopters, when there are relatively few LISP-
   capable sites.

   Design and development of LISP was largely motivated by the problem
   statement produced by the October, 2006 IAB Routing and Addressing
   Workshop.

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted to IETF in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups.  Note that
   other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-
   Drafts.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
   http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt.

   The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
   http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.

   This Internet-Draft will expire on September 30, 2011.



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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2011 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the BSD License.


Table of Contents

   1.  Requirements Notation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   2.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
   3.  Definition of Terms  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
   4.  Basic Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
     4.1.  Packet Flow Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
   5.  LISP Encapsulation Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
     5.1.  LISP IPv4-in-IPv4 Header Format  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
     5.2.  LISP IPv6-in-IPv6 Header Format  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
     5.3.  Tunnel Header Field Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
     5.4.  Dealing with Large Encapsulated Packets  . . . . . . . . . 22
       5.4.1.  A Stateless Solution to MTU Handling . . . . . . . . . 23
       5.4.2.  A Stateful Solution to MTU Handling  . . . . . . . . . 24
     5.5.  Using Virtualization and Segmentation with LISP  . . . . . 24
   6.  EID-to-RLOC Mapping  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
     6.1.  LISP IPv4 and IPv6 Control Plane Packet Formats  . . . . . 26
       6.1.1.  LISP Packet Type Allocations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
       6.1.2.  Map-Request Message Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
       6.1.3.  EID-to-RLOC UDP Map-Request Message  . . . . . . . . . 31
       6.1.4.  Map-Reply Message Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
       6.1.5.  EID-to-RLOC UDP Map-Reply Message  . . . . . . . . . . 36
       6.1.6.  Map-Register Message Format  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
       6.1.7.  Map-Notify Message Format  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
       6.1.8.  Encapsulated Control Message Format  . . . . . . . . . 41
     6.2.  Routing Locator Selection  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
     6.3.  Routing Locator Reachability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
       6.3.1.  Echo Nonce Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
       6.3.2.  RLOC Probing Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
     6.4.  EID Reachability within a LISP Site  . . . . . . . . . . . 49
     6.5.  Routing Locator Hashing  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
     6.6.  Changing the Contents of EID-to-RLOC Mappings  . . . . . . 50



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       6.6.1.  Clock Sweep  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
       6.6.2.  Solicit-Map-Request (SMR)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
       6.6.3.  Database Map Versioning  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
   7.  Router Performance Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
   8.  Deployment Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
     8.1.  First-hop/Last-hop Tunnel Routers  . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
     8.2.  Border/Edge Tunnel Routers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
     8.3.  ISP Provider-Edge (PE) Tunnel Routers  . . . . . . . . . . 58
     8.4.  LISP Functionality with Conventional NATs  . . . . . . . . 58
   9.  Traceroute Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
     9.1.  IPv6 Traceroute  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
     9.2.  IPv4 Traceroute  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
     9.3.  Traceroute using Mixed Locators  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
   10. Mobility Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
     10.1. Site Mobility  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
     10.2. Slow Endpoint Mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
     10.3. Fast Endpoint Mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
     10.4. Fast Network Mobility  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
     10.5. LISP Mobile Node Mobility  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
   11. Multicast Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
   12. Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
   13. Network Management Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
   14. IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
     14.1. LISP Address Type Codes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
     14.2. LISP UDP Port Numbers  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
   15. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
     15.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
     15.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
   Appendix A.  Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
   Appendix B.  Document Change Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
     B.1.  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-11.txt  . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
     B.2.  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-10.txt  . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
     B.3.  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-09.txt  . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
     B.4.  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-08.txt  . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
     B.5.  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-07.txt  . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
     B.6.  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-06.txt  . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
     B.7.  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-05.txt  . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
     B.8.  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-04.txt  . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
     B.9.  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-03.txt  . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
     B.10. Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-02.txt  . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
     B.11. Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-01.txt  . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
     B.12. Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-00.txt  . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85








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1.  Requirements Notation

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].














































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2.  Introduction

   This document describes the Locator/Identifier Separation Protocol
   (LISP), which provides a set of functions for routers to exchange
   information used to map from non-routeable Endpoint Identifiers
   (EIDs) to routeable Routing Locators (RLOCs).  It also defines a
   mechanism for these LISP routers to encapsulate IP packets addressed
   with EIDs for transmission across an Internet that uses RLOCs for
   routing and forwarding.

   Creation of LISP was initially motivated by discussions during the
   IAB-sponsored Routing and Addressing Workshop held in Amsterdam in
   October, 2006 (see [RFC4984]).  A key conclusion of the workshop was
   that the Internet routing and addressing system was not scaling well
   in the face of the explosive growth of new sites; one reason for this
   poor scaling is the increasing number of multi-homed and other sites
   that cannot be addressed as part of topologically- or provider-based
   aggregated prefixes.  Additional work that more completely described
   the problem statement may be found in [RADIR].

   A basic observation, made many years ago in early networking research
   such as that documented in [CHIAPPA] and [RFC4984], is that using a
   single address field for both identifying a device and for
   determining where it is topologically located in the network requires
   optimization along two conflicting axes: for routing to be efficient,
   the address must be assigned topologically; for collections of
   devices to be easily and effectively managed, without the need for
   renumbering in response to topological change (such as that caused by
   adding or removing attachment points to the network or by mobility
   events), the address must explicitly not be tied to the topology.

   The approach that LISP takes to solving the routing scalability
   problem is to replace IP addresses with two new types of numbers:
   Routing Locators (RLOCs), which are topologically assigned to network
   attachment points (and are therefore amenable to aggregation) and
   used for routing and forwarding of packets through the network; and
   Endpoint Identifiers (EIDs), which are assigned independently from
   the network topology, are used for numbering devices, and are
   aggregated along administrative boundaries.  LISP then defines
   functions for mapping between the two numbering spaces and for
   encapsulating traffic originated by devices using non-routeable EIDs
   for transport across a network infrastructure that routes and
   forwards using RLOCs.  Both RLOCs and EIDs are syntactically-
   identical to IP addresses; it is the semantics of how they are used
   that differs.

   This document describes the protocol that implements these functions.
   The database which stores the mappings between EIDs and RLOCs is



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   explicitly a separate "module" to facilitate experimentation with a
   variety of approaches.  One database design that is being developed
   and prototyped as part of the LISP working group work is [ALT].
   Others that have been described but not implemented include [CONS],
   [EMACS], [RPMD], [NERD].  Finally, [LISP-MS], documents a general-
   purpose service interface for accessing a mapping database; this
   interface is intended to make the mapping database modular so that
   different approaches can be tried without the need to modify
   installed xTRs.










































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3.  Definition of Terms

   Provider Independent (PI) Addresses:   PI addresses are an address
      block assigned from a pool where blocks are not associated with
      any particular location in the network (e.g. from a particular
      service provider), and is therefore not topologically aggregatable
      in the routing system.

   Provider Assigned (PA) Addresses:   PA addresses are an a address
      block assigned to a site by each service provider to which a site
      connects.  Typically, each block is sub-block of a service
      provider Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) [RFC4632] block and
      is aggregated into the larger block before being advertised into
      the global Internet.  Traditionally, IP multihoming has been
      implemented by each multi-homed site acquiring its own, globally-
      visible prefix.  LISP uses only topologically-assigned and
      aggregatable address blocks for RLOCs, eliminating this
      demonstrably non-scalable practice.

   Routing Locator (RLOC):   A RLOC is an IPv4 or IPv6 address of an
      egress tunnel router (ETR).  A RLOC is the output of a EID-to-RLOC
      mapping lookup.  An EID maps to one or more RLOCs.  Typically,
      RLOCs are numbered from topologically-aggregatable blocks that are
      assigned to a site at each point to which it attaches to the
      global Internet; where the topology is defined by the connectivity
      of provider networks, RLOCs can be thought of as PA addresses.
      Multiple RLOCs can be assigned to the same ETR device or to
      multiple ETR devices at a site.

   Endpoint ID (EID):   An EID is a 32-bit (for IPv4) or 128-bit (for
      IPv6) value used in the source and destination address fields of
      the first (most inner) LISP header of a packet.  The host obtains
      a destination EID the same way it obtains an destination address
      today, for example through a Domain Name System (DNS) [RFC1034]
      lookup or Session Invitation Protocol (SIP) [RFC3261] exchange.
      The source EID is obtained via existing mechanisms used to set a
      host's "local" IP address.  An EID is allocated to a host from an
      EID-prefix block associated with the site where the host is
      located.  An EID can be used by a host to refer to other hosts.
      EIDs MUST NOT be used as LISP RLOCs.  Note that EID blocks may be
      assigned in a hierarchical manner, independent of the network
      topology, to facilitate scaling of the mapping database.  In
      addition, an EID block assigned to a site may have site-local
      structure (subnetting) for routing within the site; this structure
      is not visible to the global routing system.  When used in
      discussions with other Locator/ID separation proposals, a LISP EID
      will be called a "LEID".  Throughout this document, any references
      to "EID" refers to an LEID.



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   EID-prefix:   An EID-prefix is a power-of-two block of EIDs which are
      allocated to a site by an address allocation authority.  EID-
      prefixes are associated with a set of RLOC addresses which make up
      a "database mapping".  EID-prefix allocations can be broken up
      into smaller blocks when an RLOC set is to be associated with the
      smaller EID-prefix.  A globally routed address block (whether PI
      or PA) is not an EID-prefix.  However, a globally routed address
      block may be removed from global routing and reused as an EID-
      prefix.  A site that receives an explicitly allocated EID-prefix
      may not use that EID-prefix as a globally routed prefix assigned
      to RLOCs.

   End-system:   An end-system is an IPv4 or IPv6 device that originates
      packets with a single IPv4 or IPv6 header.  The end-system
      supplies an EID value for the destination address field of the IP
      header when communicating globally (i.e. outside of its routing
      domain).  An end-system can be a host computer, a switch or router
      device, or any network appliance.

   Ingress Tunnel Router (ITR):   An ITR is a router which accepts an IP
      packet with a single IP header (more precisely, an IP packet that
      does not contain a LISP header).  The router treats this "inner"
      IP destination address as an EID and performs an EID-to-RLOC
      mapping lookup.  The router then prepends an "outer" IP header
      with one of its globally-routable RLOCs in the source address
      field and the result of the mapping lookup in the destination
      address field.  Note that this destination RLOC may be an
      intermediate, proxy device that has better knowledge of the EID-
      to-RLOC mapping closer to the destination EID.  In general, an ITR
      receives IP packets from site end-systems on one side and sends
      LISP-encapsulated IP packets toward the Internet on the other
      side.

      Specifically, when a service provider prepends a LISP header for
      Traffic Engineering purposes, the router that does this is also
      regarded as an ITR.  The outer RLOC the ISP ITR uses can be based
      on the outer destination address (the originating ITR's supplied
      RLOC) or the inner destination address (the originating hosts
      supplied EID).

   TE-ITR:   A TE-ITR is an ITR that is deployed in a service provider
      network that prepends an additional LISP header for Traffic
      Engineering purposes.

   Egress Tunnel Router (ETR):   An ETR is a router that accepts an IP
      packet where the destination address in the "outer" IP header is
      one of its own RLOCs.  The router strips the "outer" header and
      forwards the packet based on the next IP header found.  In



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      general, an ETR receives LISP-encapsulated IP packets from the
      Internet on one side and sends decapsulated IP packets to site
      end-systems on the other side.  ETR functionality does not have to
      be limited to a router device.  A server host can be the endpoint
      of a LISP tunnel as well.

   TE-ETR:   A TE-ETR is an ETR that is deployed in a service provider
      network that strips an outer LISP header for Traffic Engineering
      purposes.

   xTR:   A xTR is a reference to an ITR or ETR when direction of data
      flow is not part of the context description. xTR refers to the
      router that is the tunnel endpoint.  Used synonymously with the
      term "Tunnel Router".  For example, "An xTR can be located at the
      Customer Edge (CE) router", meaning both ITR and ETR functionality
      is at the CE router.

   EID-to-RLOC Cache:   The EID-to-RLOC cache is a short-lived, on-
      demand table in an ITR that stores, tracks, and is responsible for
      timing-out and otherwise validating EID-to-RLOC mappings.  This
      cache is distinct from the full "database" of EID-to-RLOC
      mappings, it is dynamic, local to the ITR(s), and relatively small
      while the database is distributed, relatively static, and much
      more global in scope.

   EID-to-RLOC Database:   The EID-to-RLOC database is a global
      distributed database that contains all known EID-prefix to RLOC
      mappings.  Each potential ETR typically contains a small piece of
      the database: the EID-to-RLOC mappings for the EID prefixes
      "behind" the router.  These map to one of the router's own,
      globally-visible, IP addresses.  The same database mapping entries
      MUST be configured on all ETRs for a given site.  In a steady
      state the EID-prefixes for the site and the locator-set for each
      EID-prefix MUST be the same on all ETRs.  Procedures to enforce
      and/or verify this are outside the scope of this document.  Note
      that there may be transient conditions when the EID-prefix for the
      site and locator-set for each EID-prefix may not be the same on
      all ETRs. This has no negative implications.

   Recursive Tunneling:   Recursive tunneling occurs when a packet has
      more than one LISP IP header.  Additional layers of tunneling may
      be employed to implement traffic engineering or other re-routing
      as needed.  When this is done, an additional "outer" LISP header
      is added and the original RLOCs are preserved in the "inner"
      header.  Any references to tunnels in this specification refers to
      dynamic encapsulating tunnels and never are they statically
      configured.




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   Reencapsulating Tunnels:   Reencapsulating tunneling occurs when an
      ETR removes a LISP header, then acts as an ITR to prepend another
      LISP header.  Doing this allows a packet to be re-routed by the
      re-encapsulating router without adding the overhead of additional
      tunnel headers.  Any references to tunnels in this specification
      refers to dynamic encapsulating tunnels and never are they
      statically configured.

   LISP Header:   a term used in this document to refer to the outer
      IPv4 or IPv6 header, a UDP header, and a LISP-specific 8-byte
      header that follows the UDP header, an ITR prepends or an ETR
      strips.

   Address Family Identifier (AFI):   a term used to describe an address
      encoding in a packet.  An address family currently pertains to an
      IPv4 or IPv6 address.  See [AFI] and [RFC1700] for details.  An
      AFI value of 0 used in this specification indicates an unspecified
      encoded address where the length of the address is 0 bytes
      following the 16-bit AFI value of 0.

   Negative Mapping Entry:   A negative mapping entry, also known as a
      negative cache entry, is an EID-to-RLOC entry where an EID-prefix
      is advertised or stored with no RLOCs.  That is, the locator-set
      for the EID-to-RLOC entry is empty or has an encoded locator count
      of 0.  This type of entry could be used to describe a prefix from
      a non-LISP site, which is explicitly not in the mapping database.
      There are a set of well defined actions that are encoded in a
      Negative Map-Reply.

   Data Probe:   A data-probe is a LISP-encapsulated data packet where
      the inner header destination address equals the outer header
      destination address used to trigger a Map-Reply by a decapsulating
      ETR.  In addition, the original packet is decapsulated and
      delivered to the destination host.  A Data Probe is used in some
      of the mapping database designs to "probe" or request a Map-Reply
      from an ETR; in other cases, Map-Requests are used.  See each
      mapping database design for details.

   Proxy ITR (PITR):   A PITR is also known as a PTR is defined and
      described in [INTERWORK], a PITR acts like an ITR but does so on
      behalf of non-LISP sites which send packets to destinations at
      LISP sites.

   Proxy ETR (PETR):   A PETR is defined and described in [INTERWORK], a
      PETR acts like an ETR but does so on behalf of LISP sites which
      send packets to destinations at non-LISP sites.





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   Route-returnability:  is an assumption that the underlying routing
      system will deliver packets to the destination.  When combined
      with a nonce that is provided by a sender and returned by a
      receiver limits off-path data insertion.

   LISP site:  is a set of routers in an edge network that are under a
      single technical administration.  LISP routers which reside in the
      edge network are the demarcation points to separate the edge
      network from the core network.

   Client-side:  a term used in this document to indicate a connection
      initiation attempt by an EID.  The ITR(s) at the LISP site are the
      first to get involved in obtaining database map cache entries by
      sending Map-Request messages.

   Server-side:  a term used in this document to indicate a connection
      initiation attempt is being accepted for a destination EID.  The
      ETR(s) at the destination LISP site are the first to send Map-
      Replies to the source site initiating the connection.  The ETR(s)
      at this destination site can obtain mappings by gleaning
      information from Map-Requests, Data-Probes, or encapsulated
      packets.

   Locator-Status-Bits (LSBs):  Locator status bits are present in the
      LISP header.  They are used by ITRs to inform ETRs about the up/
      down status of all ITRs at the local site.  These bits are used as
      a hint to convey up/down router status and not path reachability
      status.  The LSBs can be verified by use of one of the Locator
      Reachability Algoriths described in Section 6.3.






















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4.  Basic Overview

   One key concept of LISP is that end-systems (hosts) operate the same
   way they do today.  The IP addresses that hosts use for tracking
   sockets, connections, and for sending and receiving packets do not
   change.  In LISP terminology, these IP addresses are called Endpoint
   Identifiers (EIDs).

   Routers continue to forward packets based on IP destination
   addresses.  When a packet is LISP encapsulated, these addresses are
   referred to as Routing Locators (RLOCs).  Most routers along a path
   between two hosts will not change; they continue to perform routing/
   forwarding lookups on the destination addresses.  For routers between
   the source host and the ITR as well as routers from the ETR to the
   destination host, the destination address is an EID.  For the routers
   between the ITR and the ETR, the destination address is an RLOC.

   Another key LISP concept is the "Tunnel Router".  A tunnel router
   prepends LISP headers on host-originated packets and strip them prior
   to final delivery to their destination.  The IP addresses in this
   "outer header" are RLOCs.  During end-to-end packet exchange between
   two Internet hosts, an ITR prepends a new LISP header to each packet
   and an egress tunnel router strips the new header.  The ITR performs
   EID-to-RLOC lookups to determine the routing path to the ETR, which
   has the RLOC as one of its IP addresses.

   Some basic rules governing LISP are:

   o  End-systems (hosts) only send to addresses which are EIDs.  They
      don't know addresses are EIDs versus RLOCs but assume packets get
      to LISP routers, which in turn, deliver packets to the destination
      the end-system has specified.

   o  EIDs are always IP addresses assigned to hosts.

   o  LISP routers mostly deal with Routing Locator addresses.  See
      details later in Section 4.1 to clarify what is meant by "mostly".

   o  RLOCs are always IP addresses assigned to routers; preferably,
      topologically-oriented addresses from provider CIDR blocks.

   o  When a router originates packets it may use as a source address
      either an EID or RLOC.  When acting as a host (e.g. when
      terminating a transport session such as SSH, TELNET, or SNMP), it
      may use an EID that is explicitly assigned for that purpose.  An
      EID that identifies the router as a host MUST NOT be used as an
      RLOC; an EID is only routable within the scope of a site.  A
      typical BGP configuration might demonstrate this "hybrid" EID/RLOC



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      usage where a router could use its "host-like" EID to terminate
      iBGP sessions to other routers in a site while at the same time
      using RLOCs to terminate eBGP sessions to routers outside the
      site.

   o  EIDs are not expected to be usable for global end-to-end
      communication in the absence of an EID-to-RLOC mapping operation.
      They are expected to be used locally for intra-site communication.

   o  EID prefixes are likely to be hierarchically assigned in a manner
      which is optimized for administrative convenience and to
      facilitate scaling of the EID-to-RLOC mapping database.  The
      hierarchy is based on a address allocation hierarchy which is
      independent of the network topology.

   o  EIDs may also be structured (subnetted) in a manner suitable for
      local routing within an autonomous system.

   An additional LISP header may be prepended to packets by a TE-ITR
   when re-routing of the path for a packet is desired.  An obvious
   instance of this would be an ISP router that needs to perform traffic
   engineering for packets flowing through its network.  In such a
   situation, termed Recursive Tunneling, an ISP transit acts as an
   additional ingress tunnel router and the RLOC it uses for the new
   prepended header would be either a TE-ETR within the ISP (along
   intra-ISP traffic engineered path) or a TE-ETR within another ISP (an
   inter-ISP traffic engineered path, where an agreement to build such a
   path exists).

   In order to avoid excessive packet overhead as well as possible
   encapsulation loops, this document mandates that a maximum of two
   LISP headers can be prepended to a packet.  It is believed two
   headers is sufficient, where the first prepended header is used at a
   site for Location/Identity separation and second prepended header is
   used inside a service provider for Traffic Engineering purposes.

   Tunnel Routers can be placed fairly flexibly in a multi-AS topology.
   For example, the ITR for a particular end-to-end packet exchange
   might be the first-hop or default router within a site for the source
   host.  Similarly, the egress tunnel router might be the last-hop
   router directly-connected to the destination host.  Another example,
   perhaps for a VPN service out-sourced to an ISP by a site, the ITR
   could be the site's border router at the service provider attachment
   point.  Mixing and matching of site-operated, ISP-operated, and other
   tunnel routers is allowed for maximum flexibility.  See Section 8 for
   more details.





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4.1.  Packet Flow Sequence

   This section provides an example of the unicast packet flow with the
   following conditions:

   o  Source host "host1.abc.com" is sending a packet to
      "host2.xyz.com", exactly what host1 would do if the site was not
      using LISP.

   o  Each site is multi-homed, so each tunnel router has an address
      (RLOC) assigned from the service provider address block for each
      provider to which that particular tunnel router is attached.

   o  The ITR(s) and ETR(s) are directly connected to the source and
      destination, respectively, but the source and destination can be
      located anywhere in LISP site.

   o  Map-Requests can be sent on the underlying routing system topology
      or over an alternative topology [ALT].

   o  Map-Replies are sent on the underlying routing system topology.

   Client host1.abc.com wants to communicate with server host2.xyz.com:

   1.  host1.abc.com wants to open a TCP connection to host2.xyz.com.
       It does a DNS lookup on host2.xyz.com.  An A/AAAA record is
       returned.  This address is the destination EID.  The locally-
       assigned address of host1.abc.com is used as the source EID.  An
       IPv4 or IPv6 packet is built and forwarded through the LISP site
       as a normal IP packet until it reaches a LISP ITR.

   2.  The LISP ITR must be able to map the EID destination to an RLOC
       of one of the ETRs at the destination site.  The specific method
       used to do this is not described in this example.  See [ALT] or
       [CONS] for possible solutions.

   3.  The ITR will send a LISP Map-Request.  Map-Requests SHOULD be
       rate-limited.

   4.  When an alternate mapping system is not in use, the Map-Request
       packet is routed through the underlying routing system.
       Otherwise, the Map-Request packet is routed on an alternate
       logical topology.  In either case, when the Map-Request arrives
       at one of the ETRs at the destination site, it will process the
       packet as a control message.

   5.  The ETR looks at the destination EID of the Map-Request and
       matches it against the prefixes in the ETR's configured EID-to-



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       RLOC mapping database.  This is the list of EID-prefixes the ETR
       is supporting for the site it resides in.  If there is no match,
       the Map-Request is dropped.  Otherwise, a LISP Map-Reply is
       returned to the ITR.

   6.  The ITR receives the Map-Reply message, parses the message (to
       check for format validity) and stores the mapping information
       from the packet.  This information is stored in the ITR's EID-to-
       RLOC mapping cache.  Note that the map cache is an on-demand
       cache.  An ITR will manage its map cache in such a way that
       optimizes for its resource constraints.

   7.  Subsequent packets from host1.abc.com to host2.xyz.com will have
       a LISP header prepended by the ITR using the appropriate RLOC as
       the LISP header destination address learned from the ETR.  Note
       the packet may be sent to a different ETR than the one which
       returned the Map-Reply due to the source site's hashing policy or
       the destination site's locator-set policy.

   8.  The ETR receives these packets directly (since the destination
       address is one of its assigned IP addresses), strips the LISP
       header and forwards the packets to the attached destination host.

   In order to eliminate the need for a mapping lookup in the reverse
   direction, an ETR MAY create a cache entry that maps the source EID
   (inner header source IP address) to the source RLOC (outer header
   source IP address) in a received LISP packet.  Such a cache entry is
   termed a "gleaned" mapping and only contains a single RLOC for the
   EID in question.  More complete information about additional RLOCs
   SHOULD be verified by sending a LISP Map-Request for that EID.  Both
   ITR and the ETR may also influence the decision the other makes in
   selecting an RLOC.  See Section 6 for more details.



















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5.  LISP Encapsulation Details

   Since additional tunnel headers are prepended, the packet becomes
   larger and can exceed the MTU of any link traversed from the ITR to
   the ETR.  It is recommended in IPv4 that packets do not get
   fragmented as they are encapsulated by the ITR.  Instead, the packet
   is dropped and an ICMP Too Big message is returned to the source.

   This specification recommends that implementations support for one of
   the proposed fragmentation and reassembly schemes.  These two
   existing schemes are detailed in Section 5.4.








































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5.1.  LISP IPv4-in-IPv4 Header Format



        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |Version|  IHL  |Type of Service|          Total Length         |
    /  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |   |         Identification        |Flags|      Fragment Offset    |
   |   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   OH  |  Time to Live | Protocol =3D 17 |         Header Checksum       =
|
   |   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |   |                    Source Routing Locator                     |
    \  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     \ |                 Destination Routing Locator                   |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |       Source Port =3D xxxx      |       Dest Port =3D 4341      =
  |
   UDP +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     \ |           UDP Length          |        UDP Checksum           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   L   |N|L|E|V|I|flags|            Nonce/Map-Version                  |
   I \ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   S / |                 Instance ID/Locator Status Bits               |
   P   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |Version|  IHL  |Type of Service|          Total Length         |
    /  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |   |         Identification        |Flags|      Fragment Offset    |
   |   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   IH  |  Time to Live |    Protocol   |         Header Checksum       |
   |   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |   |                           Source EID                          |
    \  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     \ |                         Destination EID                       |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+




5.2.  LISP IPv6-in-IPv6 Header Format



        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |Version| Traffic Class |           Flow Label                  |
    /  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+



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   |   |         Payload Length        | Next Header=3D17|   Hop Limit   =
|
   v   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                                                               |
   O   +                                                               +
   u   |                                                               |
   t   +                     Source Routing Locator                    +
   e   |                                                               |
   r   +                                                               +
       |                                                               |
   H   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   d   |                                                               |
   r   +                                                               +
       |                                                               |
   ^   +                  Destination Routing Locator                  +
   |   |                                                               |
    \  +                                                               +
     \ |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |       Source Port =3D xxxx      |       Dest Port =3D 4341      =
  |
   UDP +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     \ |           UDP Length          |        UDP Checksum           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   L   |N|L|E|V|I|flags|            Nonce/Map-Version                  |
   I \ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   S / |                 Instance ID/Locator Status Bits               |
   P   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |Version| Traffic Class |           Flow Label                  |
    /  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   /   |         Payload Length        |  Next Header  |   Hop Limit   |
   v   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                                                               |
   I   +                                                               +
   n   |                                                               |
   n   +                          Source EID                           +
   e   |                                                               |
   r   +                                                               +
       |                                                               |
   H   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   d   |                                                               |
   r   +                                                               +
       |                                                               |
   ^   +                        Destination EID                        +
   \   |                                                               |
    \  +                                                               +
     \ |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+





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5.3.  Tunnel Header Field Descriptions

   Inner Header:  The inner header is the header on the datagram
      received from the originating host.  The source and destination IP
      addresses are EIDs.

   Outer Header:  The outer header is a new header prepended by an ITR.
      The address fields contain RLOCs obtained from the ingress
      router's EID-to-RLOC cache.  The IP protocol number is "UDP (17)"
      from [RFC0768].  The DF bit of the Flags field is set to 0 when
      the method in Section 5.4.1 is used and set to 1 when the method
      in Section 5.4.2 is used.

   UDP Header:  The UDP header contains a ITR selected source port when
      encapsulating a packet.  See Section 6.5 for details on the hash
      algorithm used to select a source port based on the 5-tuple of the
      inner header.  The destination port MUST be set to the well-known
      IANA assigned port value 4341.

   UDP Checksum:  The UDP checksum field SHOULD be transmitted as zero
      by an ITR for either IPv4 [RFC0768] or IPv6 encapsulation
      [UDP-TUNNELS].  When a packet with a zero UDP checksum is received
      by an ETR, the ETR MUST accept the packet for decapsulation.  When
      an ITR transmits a non-zero value for the UDP checksum, it MUST
      send a correctly computed value in this field.  When an ETR
      receives a packet with a non-zero UDP checksum, it MAY choose to
      verify the checksum value.  If it chooses to perform such
      verification, and the verification fails, the packet MUST be
      silently dropped.  If the ETR chooses not to perform the
      verification, or performs the verification successfully, the
      packet MUST be accepted for decapsulation.  The handling of UDP
      checksums for all tunneling protocols, including LISP, is under
      active discussion within the IETF.  When that discussion
      concludes, any necessary changes will be made to align LISP with
      the outcome of the broader discussion.

   UDP Length:  The UDP length field is for an IPv4 encapsulated packet,
      the inner header Total Length plus the UDP and LISP header lengths
      are used.  For an IPv6 encapsulated packet, the inner header
      Payload Length plus the size of the IPv6 header (40 bytes) plus
      the size of the UDP and LISP headers are used.  The UDP header
      length is 8 bytes.

   N: The N bit is the nonce-present bit.  When this bit is set to 1,
      the low-order 24-bits of the first 32-bits of the LISP header
      contains a Nonce.  See Section 6.3.1 for details.  Both N and V
      bits MUST NOT be set in the same packet.  If they are, a
      decapsulating ETR MUST treat the "Nonce/Map-Version" field as



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      having a Nonce value present.

   L: The L bit is the Locator-Status-Bits field enabled bit.  When this
      bit is set to 1, the Locator-Status-Bits in the second 32-bits of
      the LISP header are in use.


     x 1 x x 0 x x x
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |N|L|E|V|I|flags|            Nonce/Map-Version                  |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |                      Locator Status Bits                      |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   E: The E bit is the echo-nonce-request bit.  When this bit is set to
      1, the N bit MUST be 1.  This bit SHOULD be ignored and has no
      meaning when the N bit is set to 0.  See Section 6.3.1 for
      details.

   V: The V bit is the Map-Version present bit.  When this bit is set to
      1, the N bit MUST be 0.  Refer to Section 6.6.3 for more details.
      This bit indicates that the first 4 bytes of the LISP header is
      encoded as:


     0 x 0 1 x x x x
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |N|L|E|V|I|flags|  Source Map-Version   |   Dest Map-Version    |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |                 Instance ID/Locator Status Bits               |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   I: The I bit is the Instance ID bit.  See Section 5.5 for more
      details.  When this bit is set to 1, the Locator Status Bits field
      is reduced to 8-bits and the high-order 24-bits are used as an
      Instance ID.  If the L-bit is set to 0, then the low-order 8 bits
      are transmitted as zero and ignored on receipt.  The format of the
      last 4 bytes of the LISP header would look like:













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     x x x x 1 x x x
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |N|L|E|V|I|flags|            Nonce/Map-Version                  |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |                 Instance ID                   |     LSBs      |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   flags:  The flags field is a 3-bit field is reserved for future flag
      use.  It is set to 0 on transmit and ignored on receipt.

   LISP Nonce:  The LISP nonce field is a 24-bit value that is randomly
      generated by an ITR when the N-bit is set to 1.  The nonce is also
      used when the E-bit is set to request the nonce value to be echoed
      by the other side when packets are returned.  When the E-bit is
      clear but the N-bit is set, a remote ITR is either echoing a
      previously requested echo-nonce or providing a random nonce.  See
      Section 6.3.1 for more details.

   LISP Locator Status Bits:  The locator status bits field in the LISP
      header is set by an ITR to indicate to an ETR the up/down status
      of the Locators in the source site.  Each RLOC in a Map-Reply is
      assigned an ordinal value from 0 to n-1 (when there are n RLOCs in
      a mapping entry).  The Locator Status Bits are numbered from 0 to
      n-1 from the least significant bit of field.  The field is 32-bits
      when the I-bit is set to 0 and is 8 bits when the I-bit is set to
      1.  When a Locator Status Bit is set to 1, the ITR is indicating
      to the ETR the RLOC associated with the bit ordinal has up status.
      See Section 6.3 for details on how an ITR can determine the status
      of other ITRs at the same site.  When a site has multiple EID-
      prefixes which result in multiple mappings (where each could have
      a different locator-set), the Locator Status Bits setting in an
      encapsulated packet MUST reflect the mapping for the EID-prefix
      that the inner-header source EID address matches.

   When doing ITR/PITR encapsulation:

   o  The outer header Time to Live field (or Hop Limit field, in case
      of IPv6) SHOULD be copied from the inner header Time to Live
      field.

   o  The outer header Type of Service field (or the Traffic Class
      field, in the case of IPv6) SHOULD be copied from the inner header
      Type of Service field (with one caveat, see below).

   When doing ETR/PETR decapsulation:






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   o  The inner header Time to Live field (or Hop Limit field, in case
      of IPv6) SHOULD be copied from the outer header Time to Live
      field, when the Time to Live field of the outer header is less
      than the Time to Live of the inner header.  Failing to perform
      this check can cause the Time to Live of the inner header to
      increment across encapsulation/decapsulation cycle.  This check is
      also performed when doing initial encapsulation when a packet
      comes to an ITR or PITR destined for a LISP site.

   o  The inner header Type of Service field (or the Traffic Class
      field, in the case of IPv6) SHOULD be copied from the outer header
      Type of Service field (with one caveat, see below).

   Note if an ETR/PETR is also an ITR/PITR and choose to reencapsulate
   after decapsulating, the net effect of this is that the new outer
   header will carry the same Time to Live as the old outer header.

   Copying the TTL serves two purposes: first, it preserves the distance
   the host intended the packet to travel; second, and more importantly,
   it provides for suppression of looping packets in the event there is
   a loop of concatenated tunnels due to misconfiguration.  See
   Section 9.3 for TTL exception handling for traceroute packets.

   The ECN field occupies bits 6 and 7 of both the IPv4 Type of Service
   field and the IPv6 Traffic Class field [RFC3168].  The ECN field
   requires special treatment in order to avoid discarding indications
   of congestion [RFC3168].  ITR encapsulation MUST copy the 2-bit ECN
   field from the inner header to the outer header.  Re-encapsulation
   MUST copy the 2-bit ECN field from the stripped outer header to the
   new outer header.  If the ECN field contains a congestion indication
   codepoint (the value is '11', the Congestion Experienced (CE)
   codepoint), then ETR decapsulation MUST copy the 2-bit ECN field from
   the stripped outer header to the surviving inner header that is used
   to forward the packet beyond the ETR.  These requirements preserve
   Congestion Experienced (CE) indications when a packet that uses ECN
   traverses a LISP tunnel and becomes marked with a CE indication due
   to congestion between the tunnel endpoints.

5.4.  Dealing with Large Encapsulated Packets

   This section proposes two mechanisms to deal with packets that exceed
   the path MTU between the ITR and ETR.

   It is left to the implementor to decide if the stateless or stateful
   mechanism should be implemented.  Both or neither can be used since
   it is a local decision in the ITR regarding how to deal with MTU
   issues, and sites can interoperate with differing mechanisms.




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   Both stateless and stateful mechanisms also apply to Reencapsulating
   and Recursive Tunneling.  So any actions below referring to an ITR
   also apply to an TE-ITR.

5.4.1.  A Stateless Solution to MTU Handling

   An ITR stateless solution to handle MTU issues is described as
   follows:

   1.  Define an architectural constant S for the maximum size of a
       packet, in bytes, an ITR would like to receive from a source
       inside of its site.

   2.  Define L to be the maximum size, in bytes, a packet of size S
       would be after the ITR prepends the LISP header, UDP header, and
       outer network layer header of size H.

   3.  Calculate: S + H =3D L.

   When an ITR receives a packet from a site-facing interface and adds H
   bytes worth of encapsulation to yield a packet size greater than L
   bytes, it resolves the MTU issue by first splitting the original
   packet into 2 equal-sized fragments.  A LISP header is then prepended
   to each fragment.  The size of the encapsulated fragments is then
   (S/2 + H), which is less than the ITR's estimate of the path MTU
   between the ITR and its correspondent ETR.

   When an ETR receives encapsulated fragments, it treats them as two
   individually encapsulated packets.  It strips the LISP headers then
   forwards each fragment to the destination host of the destination
   site.  The two fragments are reassembled at the destination host into
   the single IP datagram that was originated by the source host.

   This behavior is performed by the ITR when the source host originates
   a packet with the DF field of the IP header is set to 0.  When the DF
   field of the IP header is set to 1, or the packet is an IPv6 packet
   originated by the source host, the ITR will drop the packet when the
   size is greater than L, and sends an ICMP Too Big message to the
   source with a value of S, where S is (L - H).

   When the outer header encapsulation uses an IPv4 header, an
   implementation SHOULD set the DF bit to 1 so ETR fragment reassembly
   can be avoided.  An implementation MAY set the DF bit in such headers
   to 0 if it has good reason to believe there are unresolvable path MTU
   issues between the sending ITR and the receiving ETR.

   This specification recommends that L be defined as 1500.




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5.4.2.  A Stateful Solution to MTU Handling

   An ITR stateful solution to handle MTU issues is described as follows
   and was first introduced in [OPENLISP]:

   1.  The ITR will keep state of the effective MTU for each locator per
       mapping cache entry.  The effective MTU is what the core network
       can deliver along the path between ITR and ETR.

   2.  When an IPv6 encapsulated packet or an IPv4 encapsulated packet
       with DF bit set to 1, exceeds what the core network can deliver,
       one of the intermediate routers on the path will send an ICMP Too
       Big message to the ITR.  The ITR will parse the ICMP message to
       determine which locator is affected by the effective MTU change
       and then record the new effective MTU value in the mapping cache
       entry.

   3.  When a packet is received by the ITR from a source inside of the
       site and the size of the packet is greater than the effective MTU
       stored with the mapping cache entry associated with the
       destination EID the packet is for, the ITR will send an ICMP Too
       Big message back to the source.  The packet size advertised by
       the ITR in the ICMP Too Big message is the effective MTU minus
       the LISP encapsulation length.

   Even though this mechanism is stateful, it has advantages over the
   stateless IP fragmentation mechanism, by not involving the
   destination host with reassembly of ITR fragmented packets.

5.5.  Using Virtualization and Segmentation with LISP

   When multiple organizations inside of a LISP site are using private
   addresses [RFC1918] as EID-prefixes, their address spaces MUST remain
   segregated due to possible address duplication.  An Instance ID in
   the address encoding can aid in making the entire AFI based address
   unique.  See IANA Considerations Section 14.1 for details for
   possible address encodings.

   An Instance ID can be carried in a LISP encapsulated packet.  An ITR
   that prepends a LISP header, will copy a 24-bit value, used by the
   LISP router to uniquely identify the address space.  The value is
   copied to the Instance ID field of the LISP header and the I-bit is
   set to 1.

   When an ETR decapsulates a packet, the Instance ID from the LISP
   header is used as a table identifier to locate the forwarding table
   to use for the inner destination EID lookup.




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   For example, a 802.1Q VLAN tag or VPN identifier could be used as a
   24-bit Instance ID.

















































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6.  EID-to-RLOC Mapping

6.1.  LISP IPv4 and IPv6 Control Plane Packet Formats

   The following new UDP packet types are used to retrieve EID-to-RLOC
   mappings:


       0                   1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |Version|  IHL  |Type of Service|          Total Length         |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |         Identification        |Flags|      Fragment Offset    |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |  Time to Live | Protocol =3D 17 |         Header Checksum       =
|
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                    Source Routing Locator                     |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                 Destination Routing Locator                   |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |           Source Port         |         Dest Port             |
   UDP +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     \ |           UDP Length          |        UDP Checksum           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                                                               |
       |                         LISP Message                          |
       |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |Version| Traffic Class |           Flow Label                  |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |         Payload Length        | Next Header=3D17|   Hop Limit   =
|
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                                                               |
       +                                                               +
       |                                                               |
       +                     Source Routing Locator                    +
       |                                                               |
       +                                                               +
       |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                                                               |
       +                                                               +



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       |                                                               |
       +                  Destination Routing Locator                  +
       |                                                               |
       +                                                               +
       |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |           Source Port         |         Dest Port             |
   UDP +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     \ |           UDP Length          |        UDP Checksum           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                                                               |
       |                         LISP Message                          |
       |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


   The LISP UDP-based messages are the Map-Request and Map-Reply
   messages.  When a UDP Map-Request is sent, the UDP source port is
   chosen by the sender and the destination UDP port number is set to
   4342.  When a UDP Map-Reply is sent, the source UDP port number is
   set to 4342 and the destination UDP port number is copied from the
   source port of either the Map-Request or the invoking data packet.
   Implementations MUST be prepared to accept packets when either the
   source port or destination UDP port is set to 4342 due to NATs
   changing port number values.

   The UDP Length field will reflect the length of the UDP header and
   the LISP Message payload.

   The UDP Checksum is computed and set to non-zero for Map-Request,
   Map-Reply, Map-Register and ECM control messages.  It MUST be checked
   on receipt and if the checksum fails, the packet MUST be dropped.

   LISP-CONS [CONS] uses TCP to send LISP control messages.  The format
   of control messages includes the UDP header so the checksum and
   length fields can be used to protect and delimit message boundaries.

   This main LISP specification is the authoritative source for message
   format definitions for the Map-Request and Map-Reply messages.












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6.1.1.  LISP Packet Type Allocations

   This section will be the authoritative source for allocating LISP
   Type values.  Current allocations are:


       Reserved:                          0    b'0000'
       LISP Map-Request:                  1    b'0001'
       LISP Map-Reply:                    2    b'0010'
       LISP Map-Register:                 3    b'0011'
       LISP Map-Notify:                   4    b'0100'
       LISP Encapsulated Control Message: 8    b'1000'


6.1.2.  Map-Request Message Format



        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |Type=3D1 |A|M|P|S|p|s|    Reserved     |   IRC   | Record Count  =
|
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                         Nonce . . .                           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                         . . . Nonce                           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |         Source-EID-AFI        |   Source EID Address  ...     |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |         ITR-RLOC-AFI 1        |    ITR-RLOC Address 1  ...    |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                              ...                              |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |         ITR-RLOC-AFI n        |    ITR-RLOC Address n  ...    |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |   Reserved    | EID mask-len  |        EID-prefix-AFI         |
   Rec +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     \ |                       EID-prefix  ...                         |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                   Map-Reply Record  ...                       |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                     Mapping Protocol Data                     |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


   Packet field descriptions:





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   Type:   1 (Map-Request)

   A: This is an authoritative bit, which is set to 0 for UDP-based Map-
      Requests sent by an ITR.

   M: When set, it indicates a Map-Reply Record segment is included in
      the Map-Request.

   P: This is the probe-bit which indicates that a Map-Request SHOULD be
      treated as a locator reachability probe.  The receiver SHOULD
      respond with a Map-Reply with the probe-bit set, indicating the
      Map-Reply is a locator reachability probe reply, with the nonce
      copied from the Map-Request.  See Section 6.3.2 for more details.

   S: This is the SMR bit.  See Section 6.6.2 for details.

   p: This is the PITR bit.  This bit is set to 1 when a PITR sends a
      Map-Request.

   s: This is the SMR-invoked bit.  This bit is set to 1 when an xTR is
      sending a Map-Request in response to a received SMR-based Map-
      Request.

   Reserved:  Set to 0 on transmission and ignored on receipt.

   IRC:  This 5-bit field is the ITR-RLOC Count which encodes the
      additional number of (ITR-RLOC-AFI, ITR-RLOC Address) fields
      present in this message.  At least one (ITR-RLOC-AFI, ITR-RLOC-
      Address) pair must always be encoded.  Multiple ITR-RLOC Address
      fields are used so a Map-Replier can select which destination
      address to use for a Map-Reply.  The IRC value ranges from 0 to
      31, and for a value of 1, there are 2 ITR-RLOC addresses encoded
      and so on up to 31 which encodes a total of 32 ITR-RLOC addresses.

   Record Count:  The number of records in this Map-Request message.  A
      record is comprised of the portion of the packet that is labeled
      'Rec' above and occurs the number of times equal to Record Count.
      For this version of the protocol, a receiver MUST accept and
      process Map-Requests that contain one or more records, but a
      sender MUST only send Map-Requests containing one record.  Support
      for requesting multiple EIDs in a single Map-Request message will
      be specified in a future version of the protocol.

   Nonce:  An 8-byte random value created by the sender of the Map-
      Request.  This nonce will be returned in the Map-Reply.  The
      security of the LISP mapping protocol depends critically on the
      strength of the nonce in the Map-Request message.  The nonce
      SHOULD be generated by a properly seeded pseudo-random (or strong



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      random) source.  See [RFC4086] for advice on generating security-
      sensitive random data.

   Source-EID-AFI:  Address family of the "Source EID Address" field.

   Source EID Address:  This is the EID of the source host which
      originated the packet which is invoking this Map-Request.  When
      Map-Requests are used for refreshing a map-cache entry or for
      RLOC-probing, an AFI value 0 is used and this field is of zero
      length.

   ITR-RLOC-AFI:  Address family of the "ITR-RLOC Address" field that
      follows this field.

   ITR-RLOC Address:  Used to give the ETR the option of selecting the
      destination address from any address family for the Map-Reply
      message.  This address MUST be a routable RLOC address of the
      sender of the Map-Request message.

   EID mask-len:  Mask length for EID prefix.

   EID-prefix-AFI:  Address family of EID-prefix according to [RFC5226]

   EID-prefix:  4 bytes if an IPv4 address-family, 16 bytes if an IPv6
      address-family.  When a Map-Request is sent by an ITR because a
      data packet is received for a destination where there is no
      mapping entry, the EID-prefix is set to the destination IP address
      of the data packet.  And the 'EID mask-len' is set to 32 or 128
      for IPv4 or IPv6, respectively.  When an xTR wants to query a site
      about the status of a mapping it already has cached, the EID-
      prefix used in the Map-Request has the same mask-length as the
      EID-prefix returned from the site when it sent a Map-Reply
      message.

   Map-Reply Record:  When the M bit is set, this field is the size of a
      single "Record" in the Map-Reply format.  This Map-Reply record
      contains the EID-to-RLOC mapping entry associated with the Source
      EID.  This allows the ETR which will receive this Map-Request to
      cache the data if it chooses to do so.

   Mapping Protocol Data:  See [CONS] for details.  This field is
      optional and present when the UDP length indicates there is enough
      space in the packet to include it.








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6.1.3.  EID-to-RLOC UDP Map-Request Message

   A Map-Request is sent from an ITR when it needs a mapping for an EID,
   wants to test an RLOC for reachability, or wants to refresh a mapping
   before TTL expiration.  For the initial case, the destination IP
   address used for the Map-Request is the destination-EID from the
   packet which had a mapping cache lookup failure.  For the latter 2
   cases, the destination IP address used for the Map-Request is one of
   the RLOC addresses from the locator-set of the map cache entry.  The
   source address is either an IPv4 or IPv6 RLOC address depending if
   the Map-Request is using an IPv4 versus IPv6 header, respectively.
   In all cases, the UDP source port number for the Map-Request message
   is an ITR/PITR selected 16-bit value and the UDP destination port
   number is set to the well-known destination port number 4342.  A
   successful Map-Reply updates the cached set of RLOCs associated with
   the EID prefix range.

   One or more Map-Request (ITR-RLOC-AFI, ITR-RLOC-Address) fields MUST
   be filled in by the ITR.  The number of fields (minus 1) encoded MUST
   be placed in the IRC field.  The ITR MAY include all locally
   configured locators in this list or just provide one locator address
   from each address family it supports.  If the ITR erroneously
   provides no ITR-RLOC addresses, the Map-Replier MUST drop the Map-
   Request.

   Map-Requests can also be LISP encapsulated using UDP destination port
   4342 with a LISP type value set to "Encapsulated Control Message",
   when sent from an ITR to a Map-Resolver.  Likewise, Map-Requests are
   LISP encapsulated the same way from a Map-Server to an ETR.  Details
   on encapsulated Map-Requests and Map-Resolvers can be found in
   [LISP-MS].

   Map-Requests MUST be rate-limited.  It is recommended that a Map-
   Request for the same EID-prefix be sent no more than once per second.

   An ITR that is configured with mapping database information (i.e. it
   is also an ETR) may optionally include those mappings in a Map-
   Request.  When an ETR configured to accept and verify such
   "piggybacked" mapping data receives such a Map-Request and it does
   not have this mapping in the map-cache, it may originate a "verifying
   Map-Request", addressed to the map-requesting ITR.  If the ETR has a
   map-cache entry that matches the "piggybacked" EID and the RLOC is in
   the locator-set for the entry, then it may send the "verifying Map-
   Request" directly to the originating Map-Request source.  If the RLOC
   is not in the locator-set, then the ETR MUST send the "verifying Map-
   Request" to the "piggybacked" EID.  Doing this forces the "verifying
   Map-Request" to go through the mapping database system to reach the
   authoritative source of information about that EID, guarding against



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   RLOC-spoofing in in the "piggybacked" mapping data.

6.1.4.  Map-Reply Message Format



        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |Type=3D2 |P|E|S|          Reserved               | Record Count  =
|
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                         Nonce . . .                           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                         . . . Nonce                           |
   +-> +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |   |                          Record  TTL                          |
   |   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   R   | Locator Count | EID mask-len  | ACT |A|      Reserved         |
   e   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   c   | Rsvd  |  Map-Version Number   |            EID-AFI            |
   o   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   r   |                          EID-prefix                           |
   d   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |  /|    Priority   |    Weight     |  M Priority   |   M Weight    |
   | L +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   | o |        Unused Flags     |L|p|R|           Loc-AFI             |
   | c +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |  \|                             Locator                           |
   +-> +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                     Mapping Protocol Data                     |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


   Packet field descriptions:

   Type:   2 (Map-Reply)

   P: This is the probe-bit which indicates that the Map-Reply is in
      response to a locator reachability probe Map-Request.  The nonce
      field MUST contain a copy of the nonce value from the original
      Map-Request.  See Section 6.3.2 for more details.

   E: Indicates that the ETR which sends this Map-Reply message is
      advertising that the site is enabled for the Echo-Nonce locator
      reachability algorithm.  See Section 6.3.1 for more details.






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   S: This is the Security bit.  When set to 1 the field following the
      Mapping Protocol Data field will have the following format.  The
      detailed format of the Authentication Data Content field can be
      found in [LISP-SEC] when AD Type is equal to 1.


     0                   1                   2                   3
     0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |    AD Type    |       Authentication Data Content . . .       |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   Reserved:  Set to 0 on transmission and ignored on receipt.

   Record Count:  The number of records in this reply message.  A record
      is comprised of that portion of the packet labeled 'Record' above
      and occurs the number of times equal to Record count.

   Nonce:  A 24-bit value set in a Data-Probe packet or a 64-bit value
      from the Map-Request is echoed in this Nonce field of the Map-
      Reply.

   Record TTL:  The time in minutes the recipient of the Map-Reply will
      store the mapping.  If the TTL is 0, the entry SHOULD be removed
      from the cache immediately.  If the value is 0xffffffff, the
      recipient can decide locally how long to store the mapping.

   Locator Count:  The number of Locator entries.  A locator entry
      comprises what is labeled above as 'Loc'.  The locator count can
      be 0 indicating there are no locators for the EID-prefix.

   EID mask-len:  Mask length for EID prefix.

   ACT:  This 3-bit field describes negative Map-Reply actions.  These
      bits are used only when the 'Locator Count' field is set to 0.
      The action bits are encoded only in Map-Reply messages.  The
      actions defined are used by an ITR or PTR when a destination EID
      matches a negative mapping cache entry.  Unassigned values should
      cause a map-cache entry to be created and, when packets match this
      negative cache entry, they will be dropped.  The current assigned
      values are:



      (0) No-Action:  The map-cache is kept alive and packet
         encapsulation occurs.





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      (1) Natively-Forward:  The packet is not encapsulated or dropped
         but natively forwarded.

      (2) Send-Map-Request:  The packet invokes sending a Map-Request.

      (3) Drop:  A packet that matches this map-cache entry is dropped.

   A: The Authoritative bit, when sent by a UDP-based message is always
      set to 1 by an ETR.  See [CONS] for TCP-based Map-Replies.  When a
      Map-Server is proxy Map-Replying [LISP-MS] for a LISP site, the
      Authoritative bit is set to 0.  This indicates to requesting ITRs
      that the Map-Reply was not originated by a LISP node managed at
      the site that owns the EID-prefix.

   Map-Version Number:  When this 12-bit value is non-zero the Map-Reply
      sender is informing the ITR what the version number is for the
      EID-record contained in the Map-Reply.  The ETR can allocate this
      number internally but MUST coordinate this value with other ETRs
      for the site.  When this value is 0, there is no versioning
      information conveyed.  The Map-Version Number can be included in
      Map-Request and Map-Register messages.  See Section 6.6.3 for more
      details.

   EID-AFI:  Address family of EID-prefix according to [RFC5226].

   EID-prefix:  4 bytes if an IPv4 address-family, 16 bytes if an IPv6
      address-family.

   Priority:  each RLOC is assigned a unicast priority.  Lower values
      are more preferable.  When multiple RLOCs have the same priority,
      they may be used in a load-split fashion.  A value of 255 means
      the RLOC MUST NOT be used for unicast forwarding.

   Weight:  when priorities are the same for multiple RLOCs, the weight
      indicates how to balance unicast traffic between them.  Weight is
      encoded as a relative weight of total unicast packets that match
      the mapping entry.  If a non-zero weight value is used for any
      RLOC, then all RLOCs MUST use a non-zero weight value and then the
      sum of all weight values MUST equal 100.  If a zero value is used
      for any RLOC weight, then all weights MUST be zero and the
      receiver of the Map-Reply will decide how to load-split traffic.
      See Section 6.5 for a suggested hash algorithm to distribute load
      across locators with same priority and equal weight values.

   M Priority:  each RLOC is assigned a multicast priority used by an
      ETR in a receiver multicast site to select an ITR in a source
      multicast site for building multicast distribution trees.  A value
      of 255 means the RLOC MUST NOT be used for joining a multicast



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      distribution tree.

   M Weight:  when priorities are the same for multiple RLOCs, the
      weight indicates how to balance building multicast distribution
      trees across multiple ITRs.  The weight is encoded as a relative
      weight of total number of trees built to the source site
      identified by the EID-prefix.  If a non-zero weight value is used
      for any RLOC, then all RLOCs MUST use a non-zero weight value and
      then the sum of all weight values MUST equal 100.  If a zero value
      is used for any RLOC weight, then all weights MUST be zero and the
      receiver of the Map-Reply will decide how to distribute multicast
      state across ITRs.

   Unused Flags:  set to 0 when sending and ignored on receipt.

   L: when this bit is set, the locator is flagged as a local locator to
      the ETR that is sending the Map-Reply.  When a Map-Server is doing
      proxy Map-Replying [LISP-MS] for a LISP site, the L bit is set to
      0 for all locators in this locator-set.

   p: when this bit is set, an ETR informs the RLOC-probing ITR that the
      locator address, for which this bit is set, is the one being RLOC-
      probed and may be different from the source address of the Map-
      Reply.  An ITR that RLOC-probes a particular locator, MUST use
      this locator for retrieving the data structure used to store the
      fact that the locator is reachable.  The "p" bit is set for a
      single locator in the same locator set.  If an implementation sets
      more than one "p" bit erroneously, the receiver of the Map-Reply
      MUST select the first locator.  The "p" bit MUST NOT be set for
      locator-set records sent in Map-Request and Map-Register messages.

   R: set when the sender of a Map-Reply has a route to the locator in
      the locator data record.  This receiver may find this useful to
      know when determining if the locator is reachable from the
      receiver.  See also Section 6.4 for another way the R-bit may be
      used.

   Locator:  an IPv4 or IPv6 address (as encoded by the 'Loc-AFI' field)
      assigned to an ETR.  Note that the destination RLOC address MAY be
      an anycast address.  A source RLOC can be an anycast address as
      well.  The source or destination RLOC MUST NOT be the broadcast
      address (255.255.255.255 or any subnet broadcast address known to
      the router), and MUST NOT be a link-local multicast address.  The
      source RLOC MUST NOT be a multicast address.  The destination RLOC
      SHOULD be a multicast address if it is being mapped from a
      multicast destination EID.





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   Mapping Protocol Data:  See [CONS] or [ALT] for details.  This field
      is optional and present when the UDP length indicates there is
      enough space in the packet to include it.

6.1.5.  EID-to-RLOC UDP Map-Reply Message

   A Map-Reply returns an EID-prefix with a prefix length that is less
   than or equal to the EID being requested.  The EID being requested is
   either from the destination field of an IP header of a Data-Probe or
   the EID record of a Map-Request.  The RLOCs in the Map-Reply are
   globally-routable IP addresses of all ETRs for the LISP site.  Each
   RLOC conveys status reachability but does not convey path
   reachability from a requesters perspective.  Separate testing of path
   reachability is required, See Section 6.3 for details.

   Note that a Map-Reply may contain different EID-prefix granularity
   (prefix + length) than the Map-Request which triggers it.  This might
   occur if a Map-Request were for a prefix that had been returned by an
   earlier Map-Reply.  In such a case, the requester updates its cache
   with the new prefix information and granularity.  For example, a
   requester with two cached EID-prefixes that are covered by a Map-
   Reply containing one, less-specific prefix, replaces the entry with
   the less-specific EID-prefix.  Note that the reverse, replacement of
   one less-specific prefix with multiple more-specific prefixes, can
   also occur but not by removing the less-specific prefix rather by
   adding the more-specific prefixes which during a lookup will override
   the less-specific prefix.

   When an ETR is configured with overlapping EID-prefixes, a Map-
   Request with an EID that longest matches any EID-prefix MUST be
   returned in a single Map-Reply message.  For instance, if an ETR had
   database mapping entries for EID-prefixes:

     10.0.0.0/8
     10.1.0.0/16
     10.1.1.0/24
     10.1.2.0/24

   A Map-Request for EID 10.1.1.1 would cause a Map-Reply with a record
   count of 1 to be returned with a mapping record EID-prefix of
   10.1.1.0/24.

   A Map-Request for EID 10.1.5.5, would cause a Map-Reply with a record
   count of 3 to be returned with mapping records for EID-prefixes
   10.1.0.0/16, 10.1.1.0/24, and 10.1.2.0/24.

   Note that not all overlapping EID-prefixes need to be returned, only
   the more specifics (note in the second example above 10.0.0.0/8 was



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   not returned for requesting EID 10.1.5.5) entries for the matching
   EID-prefix of the requesting EID.  When more than one EID-prefix is
   returned, all SHOULD use the same Time-to-Live value so they can all
   time out at the same time.  When a more specific EID-prefix is
   received later, its Time-to-Live value in the Map-Reply record can be
   stored even when other less specifics exist.  When a less specific
   EID-prefix is received later, its map-cache expiration time SHOULD be
   set to the minimum expiration time of any more specific EID-prefix in
   the map-cache.

   Map-Replies SHOULD be sent for an EID-prefix no more often than once
   per second to the same requesting router.  For scalability, it is
   expected that aggregation of EID addresses into EID-prefixes will
   allow one Map-Reply to satisfy a mapping for the EID addresses in the
   prefix range thereby reducing the number of Map-Request messages.

   Map-Reply records can have an empty locator-set.  A negative Map-
   Reply is a Map-Reply with an empty locator-set.  Negative Map-Replies
   convey special actions by the sender to the ITR or PTR which have
   solicited the Map-Reply.  There are two primary applications for
   Negative Map-Replies.  The first is for a Map-Resolver to instruct an
   ITR or PTR when a destination is for a LISP site versus a non-LISP
   site.  And the other is to source quench Map-Requests which are sent
   for non-allocated EIDs.

   For each Map-Reply record, the list of locators in a locator-set MUST
   appear in the same order for each ETR that originates a Map-Reply
   message.  The locator-set MUST be sorted in order of ascending IP
   address where an IPv4 locator address is considered numerically 'less
   than' an IPv6 locator address.

   When sending a Map-Reply message, the destination address is copied
   from the one of the ITR-RLOC fields from the Map-Request.  The ETR
   can choose a locator address from one of the address families it
   supports.  For Data-Probes, the destination address of the Map-Reply
   is copied from the source address of the Data-Probe message which is
   invoking the reply.  The source address of the Map-Reply is one of
   the local IP addresses chosen to allow uRPF checks to succeed in the
   upstream service provider.  The destination port of a Map-Reply
   message is copied from the source port of the Map-Request or Data-
   Probe and the source port of the Map-Reply message is set to the
   well-known UDP port 4342.

6.1.5.1.  Traffic Redirection with Coarse EID-Prefixes

   When an ETR is misconfigured or compromised, it could return coarse
   EID-prefixes in Map-Reply messages it sends.  The EID-prefix could
   cover EID-prefixes which are allocated to other sites redirecting



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   their traffic to the locators of the compromised site.

   To solve this problem, there are two basic solutions that could be
   used.  The first is to have Map-Servers proxy-map-reply on behalf of
   ETRs so their registered EID-prefixes are the ones returned in Map-
   Replies.  Since the interaction between an ETR and Map-Server is
   secured with shared-keys, it is more difficult for an ETR to
   misbehave.  The second solution is to have ITRs and PTRs cache EID-
   prefixes with mask-lengths that are greater than or equal to a
   configured prefix length.  This limits the damage to a specific width
   of any EID-prefix advertised, but needs to be coordinated with the
   allocation of site prefixes.  These solutions can be used
   independently or at the same time.

   At the time of this writing, other approaches are being considered
   and researched.

6.1.6.  Map-Register Message Format

   The usage details of the Map-Register message can be found in
   specification [LISP-MS].  This section solely defines the message
   format.

   The message is sent in UDP with a destination UDP port of 4342 and a
   randomly selected UDP source port number.

   The Map-Register message format is:
























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        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |Type=3D3 |P|            Reserved               |M| Record Count  =
|
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                         Nonce . . .                           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                         . . . Nonce                           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |            Key ID             |  Authentication Data Length   |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       ~                     Authentication Data                       ~
   +-> +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |   |                          Record  TTL                          |
   |   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   R   | Locator Count | EID mask-len  | ACT |A|      Reserved         |
   e   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   c   | Rsvd  |  Map-Version Number   |            EID-AFI            |
   o   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   r   |                          EID-prefix                           |
   d   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |  /|    Priority   |    Weight     |  M Priority   |   M Weight    |
   | L +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   | o |        Unused Flags     |L|p|R|           Loc-AFI             |
   | c +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |  \|                             Locator                           |
   +-> +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


   Packet field descriptions:

   Type:   3 (Map-Register)

   P: This is the proxy-map-reply bit, when set to 1 an ETR sends a Map-
      Register message requesting for the Map-Server to proxy Map-Reply.
      The Map-Server will send non-authoritative Map-Replies on behalf
      of the ETR.  Details on this usage will be provided in a future
      version of this draft.

   Reserved:  Set to 0 on transmission and ignored on receipt.

   M: This is the want-map-notify bit, when set to 1 an ETR is
      requesting for a Map-Notify message to be returned in response to
      sending a Map-Register message.  The Map-Notify message sent by a
      Map-Server is used to an acknowledge receipt of a Map-Register
      message.





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   Record Count:  The number of records in this Map-Register message.  A
      record is comprised of that portion of the packet labeled 'Record'
      above and occurs the number of times equal to Record count.

   Nonce:  This 8-byte Nonce field is set to 0 in Map-Register messages.

   Key ID:  A configured ID to find the configured Message
      Authentication Code (MAC) algorithm and key value used for the
      authentication function.

   Authentication Data Length:  The length in bytes of the
      Authentication Data field that follows this field.  The length of
      the Authentication Data field is dependent on the Message
      Authentication Code (MAC) algorithm used.  The length field allows
      a device that doesn't know the MAC algorithm to correctly parse
      the packet.

   Authentication Data:  The message digest used from the output of the
      Message Authentication Code (MAC) algorithm.  The entire Map-
      Register payload is authenticated with this field preset to 0.
      After the MAC is computed, it is placed in this field.
      Implementations of this specification MUST include support for
      HMAC-SHA-1-96 [RFC2404] and support for HMAC-SHA-128-256 [RFC4634]
      is recommended.

   The definition of the rest of the Map-Register can be found in the
   Map-Reply section.

6.1.7.  Map-Notify Message Format

   The usage details of the Map-Notify message can be found in
   specification [LISP-MS].  This section solely defines the message
   format.

   The message is sent inside a UDP packet with a source UDP port equal
   to 4342 and a destination port equal to the source port from the Map-
   Register message this Map-Notify message is responding to.

   The Map-Notify message format is:












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        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |Type=3D4 |              Reserved                 | Record Count  =
|
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                         Nonce . . .                           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                         . . . Nonce                           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |            Key ID             |  Authentication Data Length   |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       ~                     Authentication Data                       ~
   +-> +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |   |                          Record  TTL                          |
   |   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   R   | Locator Count | EID mask-len  | ACT |A|      Reserved         |
   e   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   c   | Rsvd  |  Map-Version Number   |            EID-AFI            |
   o   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   r   |                          EID-prefix                           |
   d   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |  /|    Priority   |    Weight     |  M Priority   |   M Weight    |
   | L +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   | o |        Unused Flags     |L|p|R|           Loc-AFI             |
   | c +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |  \|                             Locator                           |
   +-> +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


   Packet field descriptions:

   Type:   4 (Map-Notify)

   The Map-Notify message has the same contents as a Map-Register
   message.  See Map-Register section for field descriptions.

6.1.8.  Encapsulated Control Message Format

   An Encapsulated Control Message is used to encapsulate control
   packets sent between xTRs and the mapping database system described
   in [LISP-MS].










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        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |                       IPv4 or IPv6 Header                     |
   OH  |                      (uses RLOC addresses)                    |
     \ |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |       Source Port =3D xxxx      |       Dest Port =3D 4342      =
  |
   UDP +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     \ |           UDP Length          |        UDP Checksum           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   LH  |Type=3D8 |S|                  Reserved                           =
|
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |                       IPv4 or IPv6 Header                     |
   IH  |                  (uses RLOC or EID addresses)                 |
     \ |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |       Source Port =3D xxxx      |       Dest Port =3D yyyy      =
  |
   UDP +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     \ |           UDP Length          |        UDP Checksum           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   LCM |                      LISP Control Message                     |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   Packet header descriptions:

   OH:   The outer IPv4 or IPv6 header which uses RLOC addresses in the
      source and destination header address fields.

   UDP:   The outer UDP header with destination port 4342.  The source
      port is randomly allocated.  The checksum field MUST be non-zero.

   LH:   Type 8 is defined to be a "LISP Encapsulated Control Message"
      and what follows is either an IPv4 or IPv6 header as encoded by
      the first 4 bits after the reserved field.

   S:   This is the Security bit.  When set to 1 the field following the
      Reserved field will have the following format.  The detailed
      format of the Authentication Data Content field can be found in
      [LISP-SEC] when AD Type is equal to 1.











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     0                   1                   2                   3
     0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |    AD Type    |       Authentication Data Content . . .       |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   IH:   The inner IPv4 or IPv6 header which can use either RLOC or EID
      addresses in the header address fields.  When a Map-Request is
      encapsulated in this packet format the destination address in this
      header is an EID.

   UDP:   The inner UDP header where the port assignments depends on the
      control packet being encapsulated.  When the control packet is a
      Map-Request or Map-Register, the source port is ITR/PITR selected
      and the destination port is 4342.  When the control packet is a
      Map-Reply, the source port is 4342 and the destination port is
      assigned from the source port of the invoking Map-Request.  Port
      number 4341 MUST NOT be assigned to either port.  The checksum
      field MUST be non-zero.

   LCM:   The format is one of the control message formats described in
      this section.  At this time, only Map-Request messages and PIM
      Join-Prune messages [MLISP] are allowed to be encapsulated.
      Encapsulating other types of LISP control messages are for further
      study.  When Map-Requests are sent for RLOC-probing purposes (i.e
      the probe-bit is set), they MUST NOT be sent inside Encapsulated
      Control Messages.

6.2.  Routing Locator Selection

   Both client-side and server-side may need control over the selection
   of RLOCs for conversations between them.  This control is achieved by
   manipulating the Priority and Weight fields in EID-to-RLOC Map-Reply
   messages.  Alternatively, RLOC information may be gleaned from
   received tunneled packets or EID-to-RLOC Map-Request messages.

   The following enumerates different scenarios for choosing RLOCs and
   the controls that are available:

   o  Server-side returns one RLOC.  Client-side can only use one RLOC.
      Server-side has complete control of the selection.

   o  Server-side returns a list of RLOC where a subset of the list has
      the same best priority.  Client can only use the subset list
      according to the weighting assigned by the server-side.  In this
      case, the server-side controls both the subset list and load-
      splitting across its members.  The client-side can use RLOCs
      outside of the subset list if it determines that the subset list



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      is unreachable (unless RLOCs are set to a Priority of 255).  Some
      sharing of control exists: the server-side determines the
      destination RLOC list and load distribution while the client-side
      has the option of using alternatives to this list if RLOCs in the
      list are unreachable.

   o  Server-side sets weight of 0 for the RLOC subset list.  In this
      case, the client-side can choose how the traffic load is spread
      across the subset list.  Control is shared by the server-side
      determining the list and the client determining load distribution.
      Again, the client can use alternative RLOCs if the server-provided
      list of RLOCs are unreachable.

   o  Either side (more likely on the server-side ETR) decides not to
      send a Map-Request.  For example, if the server-side ETR does not
      send Map-Requests, it gleans RLOCs from the client-side ITR,
      giving the client-side ITR responsibility for bidirectional RLOC
      reachability and preferability.  Server-side ETR gleaning of the
      client-side ITR RLOC is done by caching the inner header source
      EID and the outer header source RLOC of received packets.  The
      client-side ITR controls how traffic is returned and can alternate
      using an outer header source RLOC, which then can be added to the
      list the server-side ETR uses to return traffic.  Since no
      Priority or Weights are provided using this method, the server-
      side ETR MUST assume each client-side ITR RLOC uses the same best
      Priority with a Weight of zero.  In addition, since EID-prefix
      encoding cannot be conveyed in data packets, the EID-to-RLOC cache
      on tunnel routers can grow to be very large.

   o  A "gleaned" map-cache entry, one learned from the source RLOC of a
      received encapsulated packet, is only stored and used for a few
      seconds, pending verification.  Verification is performed by
      sending a Map-Request to the source EID (the inner header IP
      source address) of the received encapsulated packet.  A reply to
      this "verifying Map-Request" is used to fully populate the map-
      cache entry for the "gleaned" EID and is stored and used for the
      time indicated from the TTL field of a received Map-Reply.  When a
      verified map-cache entry is stored, data gleaning no longer occurs
      for subsequent packets which have a source EID that matches the
      EID-prefix of the verified entry.

   RLOCs that appear in EID-to-RLOC Map-Reply messages are assumed to be
   reachable when the R-bit for the locator record is set to 1.  Neither
   the information contained in a Map-Reply or that stored in the
   mapping database system provides reachability information for RLOCs.
   Note that reachability is not part of the mapping system and is
   determined using one or more of the Routing Locator Reachability
   Algorithms described in the next section.



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6.3.  Routing Locator Reachability

   Several mechanisms for determining RLOC reachability are currently
   defined:

   1.  An ETR may examine the Loc-Status-Bits in the LISP header of an
       encapsulated data packet received from an ITR.  If the ETR is
       also acting as an ITR and has traffic to return to the original
       ITR site, it can use this status information to help select an
       RLOC.

   2.  An ITR may receive an ICMP Network or ICMP Host Unreachable
       message for an RLOC it is using.  This indicates that the RLOC is
       likely down.

   3.  An ITR which participates in the global routing system can
       determine that an RLOC is down if no BGP RIB route exists that
       matches the RLOC IP address.

   4.  An ITR may receive an ICMP Port Unreachable message from a
       destination host.  This occurs if an ITR attempts to use
       interworking [INTERWORK] and LISP-encapsulated data is sent to a
       non-LISP-capable site.

   5.  An ITR may receive a Map-Reply from a ETR in response to a
       previously sent Map-Request.  The RLOC source of the Map-Reply is
       likely up since the ETR was able to send the Map-Reply to the
       ITR.

   6.  When an ETR receives an encapsulated packet from an ITR, the
       source RLOC from the outer header of the packet is likely up.

   7.  An ITR/ETR pair can use the Locator Reachability Algorithms
       described in this section, namely Echo-Noncing or RLOC-Probing.

   When determining Locator up/down reachability by examining the Loc-
   Status-Bits from the LISP encapsulated data packet, an ETR will
   receive up to date status from an encapsulating ITR about
   reachability for all ETRs at the site.  CE-based ITRs at the source
   site can determine reachability relative to each other using the site
   IGP as follows:

   o  Under normal circumstances, each ITR will advertise a default
      route into the site IGP.

   o  If an ITR fails or if the upstream link to its PE fails, its
      default route will either time-out or be withdrawn.




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   Each ITR can thus observe the presence or lack of a default route
   originated by the others to determine the Locator Status Bits it sets
   for them.

   RLOCs listed in a Map-Reply are numbered with ordinals 0 to n-1.  The
   Loc-Status-Bits in a LISP encapsulated packet are numbered from 0 to
   n-1 starting with the least significant bit.  For example, if an RLOC
   listed in the 3rd position of the Map-Reply goes down (ordinal value
   2), then all ITRs at the site will clear the 3rd least significant
   bit (xxxx x0xx) of the Loc-Status-Bits field for the packets they
   encapsulate.

   When an ETR decapsulates a packet, it will check for any change in
   the Loc-Status-Bits field.  When a bit goes from 1 to 0, the ETR will
   refrain from encapsulating packets to an RLOC that is indicated as
   down.  It will only resume using that RLOC if the corresponding Loc-
   Status-Bit returns to a value of 1.  Loc-Status-Bits are associated
   with a locator-set per EID-prefix.  Therefore, when a locator becomes
   unreachable, the Loc-Status-Bit that corresponds to that locator's
   position in the list returned by the last Map-Reply will be set to
   zero for that particular EID-prefix.

   When ITRs at the site are not deployed in CE routers, the IGP can
   still be used to determine the reachability of Locators provided they
   are injected into the IGP.  This is typically done when a /32 address
   is configured on a loopback interface.

   When ITRs receive ICMP Network or Host Unreachable messages as a
   method to determine unreachability, they will refrain from using
   Locators which are described in Locator lists of Map-Replies.
   However, using this approach is unreliable because many network
   operators turn off generation of ICMP Unreachable messages.

   If an ITR does receive an ICMP Network or Host Unreachable message,
   it MAY originate its own ICMP Unreachable message destined for the
   host that originated the data packet the ITR encapsulated.

   Also, BGP-enabled ITRs can unilaterally examine the RIB to see if a
   locator address from a locator-set in a mapping entry matches a
   prefix.  If it does not find one and BGP is running in the Default
   Free Zone (DFZ), it can decide to not use the locator even though the
   Loc-Status-Bits indicate the locator is up.  In this case, the path
   from the ITR to the ETR that is assigned the locator is not
   available.  More details are in [LOC-ID-ARCH].

   Optionally, an ITR can send a Map-Request to a Locator and if a Map-
   Reply is returned, reachability of the Locator has been determined.
   Obviously, sending such probes increases the number of control



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   messages originated by tunnel routers for active flows, so Locators
   are assumed to be reachable when they are advertised.

   This assumption does create a dependency: Locator unreachability is
   detected by the receipt of ICMP Host Unreachable messages.  When an
   Locator has been determined to be unreachable, it is not used for
   active traffic; this is the same as if it were listed in a Map-Reply
   with priority 255.

   The ITR can test the reachability of the unreachable Locator by
   sending periodic Requests.  Both Requests and Replies MUST be rate-
   limited.  Locator reachability testing is never done with data
   packets since that increases the risk of packet loss for end-to-end
   sessions.

   When an ETR decapsulates a packet, it knows that it is reachable from
   the encapsulating ITR because that is how the packet arrived.  In
   most cases, the ETR can also reach the ITR but cannot assume this to
   be true due to the possibility of path asymmetry.  In the presence of
   unidirectional traffic flow from an ITR to an ETR, the ITR SHOULD NOT
   use the lack of return traffic as an indication that the ETR is
   unreachable.  Instead, it MUST use an alternate mechanisms to
   determine reachability.

6.3.1.  Echo Nonce Algorithm

   When data flows bidirectionally between locators from different
   sites, a data-plane mechanism called "nonce echoing" can be used to
   determine reachability between an ITR and ETR.  When an ITR wants to
   solicit a nonce echo, it sets the N and E bits and places a 24-bit
   nonce in the LISP header of the next encapsulated data packet.

   When this packet is received by the ETR, the encapsulated packet is
   forwarded as normal.  When the ETR next sends a data packet to the
   ITR, it includes the nonce received earlier with the N bit set and E
   bit cleared.  The ITR sees this "echoed nonce" and knows the path to
   and from the ETR is up.

   The ITR will set the E-bit and N-bit for every packet it sends while
   in echo-nonce-request state.  The time the ITR waits to process the
   echoed nonce before it determines the path is unreachable is variable
   and a choice left for the implementation.

   If the ITR is receiving packets from the ETR but does not see the
   nonce echoed while being in echo-nonce-request state, then the path
   to the ETR is unreachable.  This decision may be overridden by other
   locator reachability algorithms.  Once the ITR determines the path to
   the ETR is down it can switch to another locator for that EID-prefix.



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   Note that "ITR" and "ETR" are relative terms here.  Both devices MUST
   be implementing both ITR and ETR functionality for the echo nonce
   mechanism to operate.

   The ITR and ETR may both go into echo-nonce-request state at the same
   time.  The number of packets sent or the time during which echo nonce
   requests are sent is an implementation specific setting.  However,
   when an ITR is in echo-nonce-request state, it can echo the ETR's
   nonce in the next set of packets that it encapsulates and then
   subsequently, continue sending echo-nonce-request packets.

   This mechanism does not completely solve the forward path
   reachability problem as traffic may be unidirectional.  That is, the
   ETR receiving traffic at a site may not be the same device as an ITR
   which transmits traffic from that site or the site to site traffic is
   unidirectional so there is no ITR returning traffic.

   The echo-nonce algorithm is bilateral.  That is, if one side sets the
   E-bit and the other side is not enabled for echo-noncing, then the
   echoing of the nonce does not occur and the requesting side may
   regard the locator unreachable erroneously.  An ITR SHOULD only set
   the E-bit in a encapsulated data packet when it knows the ETR is
   enabled for echo-noncing.  This is conveyed by the E-bit in the Map-
   Reply message.

   Note that other locator reachability mechanisms are being researched
   and can be used to compliment or even override the Echo Nonce
   Algorithm.  See next section for an example of control-plane probing.

6.3.2.  RLOC Probing Algorithm

   RLOC Probing is a method that an ITR or PTR can use to determine the
   reachability status of one or more locators that it has cached in a
   map-cache entry.  The probe-bit of the Map-Request and Map-Reply
   messages are used for RLOC Probing.

   RLOC probing is done in the control-plane on a timer basis where an
   ITR or PTR will originate a Map-Request destined to a locator address
   from one of its own locator addresses.  A Map-Request used as an
   RLOC-probe is NOT encapsulated and NOT sent to a Map-Server or on the
   ALT like one would when soliciting mapping data.  The EID record
   encoded in the Map-Request is the EID-prefix of the map-cache entry
   cached by the ITR or PTR.  The ITR may include a mapping data record
   for its own database mapping information which contains the local
   EID-prefixes and RLOCs for its site.

   When an ETR receives a Map-Request message with the probe-bit set, it
   returns a Map-Reply with the probe-bit set.  The source address of



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   the Map-Reply is set from the destination address of the Map-Request
   and the destination address of the Map-Reply is set from the source
   address of the Map-Request.  The Map-Reply SHOULD contain mapping
   data for the EID-prefix contained in the Map-Request.  This provides
   the opportunity for the ITR or PTR, which sent the RLOC-probe to get
   mapping updates if there were changes to the ETR's database mapping
   entries.

   There are advantages and disadvantages of RLOC Probing.  The greatest
   benefit of RLOC Probing is that it can handle many failure scenarios
   allowing the ITR to determine when the path to a specific locator is
   reachable or has become unreachable, thus providing a robust
   mechanism for switching to using another locator from the cached
   locator.  RLOC Probing can also provide rough RTT estimates between a
   pair of locators which can be useful for network management purposes
   as well as for selecting low delay paths.  The major disadvantage of
   RLOC Probing is in the number of control messages required and the
   amount of bandwidth used to obtain those benefits, especially if the
   requirement for failure detection times are very small.

   Continued research and testing will attempt to characterize the
   tradeoffs of failure detection times versus message overhead.

6.4.  EID Reachability within a LISP Site

   A site may be multihomed using two or more ETRs.  The hosts and
   infrastructure within a site will be addressed using one or more EID
   prefixes that are mapped to the RLOCs of the relevant ETRs in the
   mapping system.  One possible failure mode is for an ETR to lose
   reachability to one or more of the EID prefixes within its own site.
   When this occurs when the ETR sends Map-Replies, it can clear the
   R-bit associated with its own locator.  And when the ETR is also an
   ITR, it can clear its locator-status-bit in the encapsulation data
   header.

6.5.  Routing Locator Hashing

   When an ETR provides an EID-to-RLOC mapping in a Map-Reply message to
   a requesting ITR, the locator-set for the EID-prefix may contain
   different priority values for each locator address.  When more than
   one best priority locator exists, the ITR can decide how to load
   share traffic against the corresponding locators.

   The following hash algorithm may be used by an ITR to select a
   locator for a packet destined to an EID for the EID-to-RLOC mapping:






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   1.  Either a source and destination address hash can be used or the
       traditional 5-tuple hash which includes the source and
       destination addresses, source and destination TCP, UDP, or SCTP
       port numbers and the IP protocol number field or IPv6 next-
       protocol fields of a packet a host originates from within a LISP
       site.  When a packet is not a TCP, UDP, or SCTP packet, the
       source and destination addresses only from the header are used to
       compute the hash.

   2.  Take the hash value and divide it by the number of locators
       stored in the locator-set for the EID-to-RLOC mapping.

   3.  The remainder will be yield a value of 0 to "number of locators
       minus 1".  Use the remainder to select the locator in the
       locator-set.

   Note that when a packet is LISP encapsulated, the source port number
   in the outer UDP header needs to be set.  Selecting a hashed value
   allows core routers which are attached to Link Aggregation Groups
   (LAGs) to load-split the encapsulated packets across member links of
   such LAGs.  Otherwise, core routers would see a single flow, since
   packets have a source address of the ITR, for packets which are
   originated by different EIDs at the source site.  A suggested setting
   for the source port number computed by an ITR is a 5-tuple hash
   function on the inner header, as described above.

   Many core router implementations use a 5-tuple hash to decide how to
   balance packet load across members of a LAG.  The 5-tuple hash
   includes the source and destination addresses of the packet and the
   source and destination ports when the protocol number in the packet
   is TCP or UDP.  For this reason, UDP encoding is used for LISP
   encapsulation.

6.6.  Changing the Contents of EID-to-RLOC Mappings

   Since the LISP architecture uses a caching scheme to retrieve and
   store EID-to-RLOC mappings, the only way an ITR can get a more up-to-
   date mapping is to re-request the mapping.  However, the ITRs do not
   know when the mappings change and the ETRs do not keep track of which
   ITRs requested its mappings.  For scalability reasons, we want to
   maintain this approach but need to provide a way for ETRs change
   their mappings and inform the sites that are currently communicating
   with the ETR site using such mappings.

   When a locator record is added to the end of a locator-set, it is
   easy to update mappings.  We assume new mappings will maintain the
   same locator ordering as the old mapping but just have new locators
   appended to the end of the list.  So some ITRs can have a new mapping



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   while other ITRs have only an old mapping that is used until they
   time out.  When an ITR has only an old mapping but detects bits set
   in the loc-status-bits that correspond to locators beyond the list it
   has cached, it simply ignores them.  However, this can only happen
   for locator addresses that are lexicographically greater than the
   locator addresses in the existing locator-set.

   When a locator record is inserted in the middle of a locator-set, to
   maintain lexiographic order, the SMR procedure in Section 6.6.2 is
   used to inform ITRs and PTRs of the new locator-status-bit mappings.

   When a locator record is removed from a locator-set, ITRs that have
   the mapping cached will not use the removed locator because the xTRs
   will set the loc-status-bit to 0.  So even if the locator is in the
   list, it will not be used.  For new mapping requests, the xTRs can
   set the locator AFI to 0 (indicating an unspecified address), as well
   as setting the corresponding loc-status-bit to 0.  This forces ITRs
   with old or new mappings to avoid using the removed locator.

   If many changes occur to a mapping over a long period of time, one
   will find empty record slots in the middle of the locator-set and new
   records appended to the locator-set.  At some point, it would be
   useful to compact the locator-set so the loc-status-bit settings can
   be efficiently packed.

   We propose here three approaches for locator-set compaction, one
   operational and two protocol mechanisms.  The operational approach
   uses a clock sweep method.  The protocol approaches use the concept
   of Solicit-Map-Requests and Map-Versioning.

6.6.1.  Clock Sweep

   The clock sweep approach uses planning in advance and the use of
   count-down TTLs to time out mappings that have already been cached.
   The default setting for an EID-to-RLOC mapping TTL is 24 hours.  So
   there is a 24 hour window to time out old mappings.  The following
   clock sweep procedure is used:

   1.  24 hours before a mapping change is to take effect, a network
       administrator configures the ETRs at a site to start the clock
       sweep window.

   2.  During the clock sweep window, ETRs continue to send Map-Reply
       messages with the current (unchanged) mapping records.  The TTL
       for these mappings is set to 1 hour.

   3.  24 hours later, all previous cache entries will have timed out,
       and any active cache entries will time out within 1 hour.  During



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       this 1 hour window the ETRs continue to send Map-Reply messages
       with the current (unchanged) mapping records with the TTL set to
       1 minute.

   4.  At the end of the 1 hour window, the ETRs will send Map-Reply
       messages with the new (changed) mapping records.  So any active
       caches can get the new mapping contents right away if not cached,
       or in 1 minute if they had the mapping cached.  The new mappings
       are cached with a time to live equal to the TTL in the Map-Reply.

6.6.2.  Solicit-Map-Request (SMR)

   Soliciting a Map-Request is a selective way for ETRs, at the site
   where mappings change, to control the rate they receive requests for
   Map-Reply messages.  SMRs are also used to tell remote ITRs to update
   the mappings they have cached.

   Since the ETRs don't keep track of remote ITRs that have cached their
   mappings, they do not know which ITRs need to have their mappings
   updated.  As a result, an ETR will solicit Map-Requests (called an
   SMR message) from those sites to which it has been sending
   encapsulated data to for the last minute.  In particular, an ETR will
   send an SMR an ITR to which it has recently sent encapsulated data.

   An SMR message is simply a bit set in a Map-Request message.  An ITR
   or PTR will send a Map-Request when they receive an SMR message.
   Both the SMR sender and the Map-Request responder MUST rate-limited
   these messages.  Rate-limiting can be implemented as a global rate-
   limiter or one rate-limiter per SMR destination.

   The following procedure shows how a SMR exchange occurs when a site
   is doing locator-set compaction for an EID-to-RLOC mapping:

   1.  When the database mappings in an ETR change, the ETRs at the site
       begin to send Map-Requests with the SMR bit set for each locator
       in each map-cache entry the ETR caches.

   2.  A remote ITR which receives the SMR message will schedule sending
       a Map-Request message to the source locator address of the SMR
       message or to the mapping database system.  A newly allocated
       random nonce is selected and the EID-prefix used is the one
       copied from the SMR message.  If the source locator is the only
       locator in the cached locator-set, the remote ITR SHOULD send a
       Map-Request to the database mapping system just in case the
       single locator has changed and may no longer be reachable to
       accept the Map-Request.





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   3.  The remote ITR MUST rate-limit the Map-Request until it gets a
       Map-Reply while continuing to use the cached mapping.  When Map
       Versioning is used, described in Section 6.6.3, an SMR sender can
       detect if an ITR is using the most up to date database mapping.

   4.  The ETRs at the site with the changed mapping will reply to the
       Map-Request with a Map-Reply message that has a nonce from the
       SMR-invoked Map-Request.  The Map-Reply messages SHOULD be rate
       limited.  This is important to avoid Map-Reply implosion.

   5.  The ETRs, at the site with the changed mapping, record the fact
       that the site that sent the Map-Request has received the new
       mapping data in the mapping cache entry for the remote site so
       the loc-status-bits are reflective of the new mapping for packets
       going to the remote site.  The ETR then stops sending SMR
       messages.

   For security reasons an ITR MUST NOT process unsolicited Map-Replies.
   To avoid map-cache entry corruption by a third-party, a sender of an
   SMR-based Map-Request MUST be verified.  If an ITR receives an SMR-
   based Map-Request and the source is not in the locator-set for the
   stored map-cache entry, then the responding Map-Request MUST be sent
   with an EID destination to the mapping database system.  Since the
   mapping database system is more secure to reach an authoritative ETR,
   it will deliver the Map-Request to the authoritative source of the
   mapping data.

   When an ITR receives an SMR-based Map-Request for which it does not
   have a cached mapping for the EID in the SMR message, it MAY not send
   a SMR-invoked Map-Request.  This scenario can occur when an ETR sends
   SMR messages to all locators in the locator-set it has stored in its
   map-cache but the remote ITRs that receive the SMR may not be sending
   packets to the site.  There is no point in updating the ITRs until
   they need to send, in which case, they will send Map-Requests to
   obtain a map-cache entry.

6.6.3.  Database Map Versioning

   When there is unidirectional packet flow between an ITR and ETR, and
   the EID-to-RLOC mappings change on the ETR, it needs to inform the
   ITR so encapsulation can stop to a removed locator and start to a new
   locator in the locator-set.

   An ETR, when it sends Map-Reply messages, conveys its own Map-Version
   number.  This is known as the Destination Map-Version Number.  ITRs
   include the Destination Map-Version Number in packets they
   encapsulate to the site.  When an ETR decapsulates a packet and
   detects the Destination Map-Version Number is less than the current



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   version for its mapping, the SMR procedure described in Section 6.6.2
   occurs.

   An ITR, when it encapsulates packets to ETRs, can convey its own Map-
   Version number.  This is known as the Source Map-Version Number.
   When an ETR decapsulates a packet and detects the Source Map-Version
   Number is greater than the last Map-Version Number sent in a Map-
   Reply from the ITR's site, the ETR will send a Map-Request to one of
   the ETRs for the source site.

   A Map-Version Number is used as a sequence number per EID-prefix.  So
   values that are greater, are considered to be more recent.  A value
   of 0 for the Source Map-Version Number or the Destination Map-Version
   Number conveys no versioning information and an ITR does no
   comparison with previously received Map-Version Numbers.

   A Map-Version Number can be included in Map-Register messages as
   well.  This is a good way for the Map-Server can assure that all ETRs
   for a site registering to it will be Map-Version number synchronized.

   See [VERSIONING] for a more detailed analysis and description of
   Database Map Versioning.





























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7.  Router Performance Considerations

   LISP is designed to be very hardware-based forwarding friendly.  A
   few implementation techniques can be used to incrementally implement
   LISP:

   o  When a tunnel encapsulated packet is received by an ETR, the outer
      destination address may not be the address of the router.  This
      makes it challenging for the control plane to get packets from the
      hardware.  This may be mitigated by creating special FIB entries
      for the EID-prefixes of EIDs served by the ETR (those for which
      the router provides an RLOC translation).  These FIB entries are
      marked with a flag indicating that control plane processing should
      be performed.  The forwarding logic of testing for particular IP
      protocol number value is not necessary.  There are a few proven
      cases where no changes to existing deployed hardware were needed
      to support the LISP data-plane.

   o  On an ITR, prepending a new IP header consists of adding more
      bytes to a MAC rewrite string and prepending the string as part of
      the outgoing encapsulation procedure.  Routers that support GRE
      tunneling [RFC2784] or 6to4 tunneling [RFC3056] may already
      support this action.

   o  A packet's source address or interface the packet was received on
      can be used to select a VRF (Virtual Routing/Forwarding).  The
      VRF's routing table can be used to find EID-to-RLOC mappings.
























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8.  Deployment Scenarios

   This section will explore how and where ITRs and ETRs can be deployed
   and will discuss the pros and cons of each deployment scenario.  For
   a more detailed deployment recommendation, refer to [LISP-DEPLOY].

   There are two basic deployment trade-offs to consider: centralized
   versus distributed caches and flat, recursive, or re-encapsulating
   tunneling.  When deciding on centralized versus distributed caching,
   the following issues should be considered:

   o  Are the tunnel routers spread out so that the caches are spread
      across all the memories of each router?

   o  Should management "touch points" be minimized by choosing few
      tunnel routers, just enough for redundancy?

   o  In general, using more ITRs doesn't increase management load,
      since caches are built and stored dynamically.  On the other hand,
      more ETRs does require more management since EID-prefix-to-RLOC
      mappings need to be explicitly configured.

   When deciding on flat, recursive, or re-encapsulation tunneling, the
   following issues should be considered:

   o  Flat tunneling implements a single tunnel between source site and
      destination site.  This generally offers better paths between
      sources and destinations with a single tunnel path.

   o  Recursive tunneling is when tunneled traffic is again further
      encapsulated in another tunnel, either to implement VPNs or to
      perform Traffic Engineering.  When doing VPN-based tunneling, the
      site has some control since the site is prepending a new tunnel
      header.  In the case of TE-based tunneling, the site may have
      control if it is prepending a new tunnel header, but if the site's
      ISP is doing the TE, then the site has no control.  Recursive
      tunneling generally will result in suboptimal paths but at the
      benefit of steering traffic to resource available parts of the
      network.

   o  The technique of re-encapsulation ensures that packets only
      require one tunnel header.  So if a packet needs to be rerouted,
      it is first decapsulated by the ETR and then re-encapsulated with
      a new tunnel header using a new RLOC.

   The next sub-sections will survey where tunnel routers can reside in
   the network.




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8.1.  First-hop/Last-hop Tunnel Routers

   By locating tunnel routers close to hosts, the EID-prefix set is at
   the granularity of an IP subnet.  So at the expense of more EID-
   prefix-to-RLOC sets for the site, the caches in each tunnel router
   can remain relatively small.  But caches always depend on the number
   of non-aggregated EID destination flows active through these tunnel
   routers.

   With more tunnel routers doing encapsulation, the increase in control
   traffic grows as well: since the EID-granularity is greater, more
   Map-Requests and Map-Replies are traveling between more routers.

   The advantage of placing the caches and databases at these stub
   routers is that the products deployed in this part of the network
   have better price-memory ratios then their core router counterparts.
   Memory is typically less expensive in these devices and fewer routes
   are stored (only IGP routes).  These devices tend to have excess
   capacity, both for forwarding and routing state.

   LISP functionality can also be deployed in edge switches.  These
   devices generally have layer-2 ports facing hosts and layer-3 ports
   facing the Internet.  Spare capacity is also often available in these
   devices as well.

8.2.  Border/Edge Tunnel Routers

   Using customer-edge (CE) routers for tunnel endpoints allows the EID
   space associated with a site to be reachable via a small set of RLOCs
   assigned to the CE routers for that site.  This is the default
   behavior envisioned in the rest of this specification.

   This offers the opposite benefit of the first-hop/last-hop tunnel
   router scenario: the number of mapping entries and network management
   touch points are reduced, allowing better scaling.

   One disadvantage is that less of the network's resources are used to
   reach host endpoints thereby centralizing the point-of-failure domain
   and creating network choke points at the CE router.

   Note that more than one CE router at a site can be configured with
   the same IP address.  In this case an RLOC is an anycast address.
   This allows resilience between the CE routers.  That is, if a CE
   router fails, traffic is automatically routed to the other routers
   using the same anycast address.  However, this comes with the
   disadvantage where the site cannot control the entrance point when
   the anycast route is advertised out from all border routers.  Another
   disadvantage of using anycast locators is the limited advertisement



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   scope of /32 (or /128 for IPv6) routes.

8.3.  ISP Provider-Edge (PE) Tunnel Routers

   Use of ISP PE routers as tunnel endpoint routers is not the typical
   deployment scenario envisioned in the specification.  This section
   attempts to capture some of reasoning behind this preference of
   implementing LISP on CE routers.

   Use of ISP PE routers as tunnel endpoint routers gives an ISP, rather
   than a site, control over the location of the egress tunnel
   endpoints.  That is, the ISP can decide if the tunnel endpoints are
   in the destination site (in either CE routers or last-hop routers
   within a site) or at other PE edges.  The advantage of this case is
   that two tunnel headers can be avoided.  By having the PE be the
   first router on the path to encapsulate, it can choose a TE path
   first, and the ETR can decapsulate and re-encapsulate for a tunnel to
   the destination end site.

   An obvious disadvantage is that the end site has no control over
   where its packets flow or the RLOCs used.  Other disadvantages
   include the difficulty in synchronizing path liveness updates between
   CE and PE routers.

   As mentioned in earlier sections a combination of these scenarios is
   possible at the expense of extra packet header overhead, if both site
   and provider want control, then recursive or re-encapsulating tunnels
   are used.

8.4.  LISP Functionality with Conventional NATs

   LISP routers can be deployed behind Network Address Translator (NAT)
   devices to provide the same set of packet services hosts have today
   when they are addressed out of private address space.

   It is important to note that a locator address in any LISP control
   message MUST be a globally routable address and therefore SHOULD NOT
   contain [RFC1918] addresses.  If a LISP router is configured with
   private addresses, they MUST be used only in the outer IP header so
   the NAT device can translate properly.  Otherwise, EID addresses MUST
   be translated before encapsulation is performed.  Both NAT
   translation and LISP encapsulation functions could be co-located in
   the same device.

   More details on LISP address translation can be found in [INTERWORK].






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9.  Traceroute Considerations

   When a source host in a LISP site initiates a traceroute to a
   destination host in another LISP site, it is highly desirable for it
   to see the entire path.  Since packets are encapsulated from ITR to
   ETR, the hop across the tunnel could be viewed as a single hop.
   However, LISP traceroute will provide the entire path so the user can
   see 3 distinct segments of the path from a source LISP host to a
   destination LISP host:


      Segment 1 (in source LISP site based on EIDs):

          source-host ---> first-hop ... next-hop ---> ITR

      Segment 2 (in the core network based on RLOCs):

          ITR ---> next-hop ... next-hop ---> ETR

      Segment 3 (in the destination LISP site based on EIDs):

          ETR ---> next-hop ... last-hop ---> destination-host

   For segment 1 of the path, ICMP Time Exceeded messages are returned
   in the normal matter as they are today.  The ITR performs a TTL
   decrement and test for 0 before encapsulating.  So the ITR hop is
   seen by the traceroute source has an EID address (the address of
   site-facing interface).

   For segment 2 of the path, ICMP Time Exceeded messages are returned
   to the ITR because the TTL decrement to 0 is done on the outer
   header, so the destination of the ICMP messages are to the ITR RLOC
   address, the source RLOC address of the encapsulated traceroute
   packet.  The ITR looks inside of the ICMP payload to inspect the
   traceroute source so it can return the ICMP message to the address of
   the traceroute client as well as retaining the core router IP address
   in the ICMP message.  This is so the traceroute client can display
   the core router address (the RLOC address) in the traceroute output.
   The ETR returns its RLOC address and responds to the TTL decrement to
   0 like the previous core routers did.

   For segment 3, the next-hop router downstream from the ETR will be
   decrementing the TTL for the packet that was encapsulated, sent into
   the core, decapsulated by the ETR, and forwarded because it isn't the
   final destination.  If the TTL is decremented to 0, any router on the
   path to the destination of the traceroute, including the next-hop
   router or destination, will send an ICMP Time Exceeded message to the
   source EID of the traceroute client.  The ICMP message will be



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   encapsulated by the local ITR and sent back to the ETR in the
   originated traceroute source site, where the packet will be delivered
   to the host.

9.1.  IPv6 Traceroute

   IPv6 traceroute follows the procedure described above since the
   entire traceroute data packet is included in ICMP Time Exceeded
   message payload.  Therefore, only the ITR needs to pay special
   attention for forwarding ICMP messages back to the traceroute source.

9.2.  IPv4 Traceroute

   For IPv4 traceroute, we cannot follow the above procedure since IPv4
   ICMP Time Exceeded messages only include the invoking IP header and 8
   bytes that follow the IP header.  Therefore, when a core router sends
   an IPv4 Time Exceeded message to an ITR, all the ITR has in the ICMP
   payload is the encapsulated header it prepended followed by a UDP
   header.  The original invoking IP header, and therefore the identity
   of the traceroute source is lost.

   The solution we propose to solve this problem is to cache traceroute
   IPv4 headers in the ITR and to match them up with corresponding IPv4
   Time Exceeded messages received from core routers and the ETR.  The
   ITR will use a circular buffer for caching the IPv4 and UDP headers
   of traceroute packets.  It will select a 16-bit number as a key to
   find them later when the IPv4 Time Exceeded messages are received.
   When an ITR encapsulates an IPv4 traceroute packet, it will use the
   16-bit number as the UDP source port in the encapsulating header.
   When the ICMP Time Exceeded message is returned to the ITR, the UDP
   header of the encapsulating header is present in the ICMP payload
   thereby allowing the ITR to find the cached headers for the
   traceroute source.  The ITR puts the cached headers in the payload
   and sends the ICMP Time Exceeded message to the traceroute source
   retaining the source address of the original ICMP Time Exceeded
   message (a core router or the ETR of the site of the traceroute
   destination).

   The signature of a traceroute packet comes in two forms.  The first
   form is encoded as a UDP message where the destination port is
   inspected for a range of values.  The second form is encoded as an
   ICMP message where the IP identification field is inspected for a
   well-known value.

9.3.  Traceroute using Mixed Locators

   When either an IPv4 traceroute or IPv6 traceroute is originated and
   the ITR encapsulates it in the other address family header, you



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   cannot get all 3 segments of the traceroute.  Segment 2 of the
   traceroute can not be conveyed to the traceroute source since it is
   expecting addresses from intermediate hops in the same address format
   for the type of traceroute it originated.  Therefore, in this case,
   segment 2 will make the tunnel look like one hop.  All the ITR has to
   do to make this work is to not copy the inner TTL to the outer,
   encapsulating header's TTL when a traceroute packet is encapsulated
   using an RLOC from a different address family.  This will cause no
   TTL decrement to 0 to occur in core routers between the ITR and ETR.










































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10.  Mobility Considerations

   There are several kinds of mobility of which only some might be of
   concern to LISP.  Essentially they are as follows.

10.1.  Site Mobility

   A site wishes to change its attachment points to the Internet, and
   its LISP Tunnel Routers will have new RLOCs when it changes upstream
   providers.  Changes in EID-RLOC mappings for sites are expected to be
   handled by configuration, outside of the LISP protocol.

10.2.  Slow Endpoint Mobility

   An individual endpoint wishes to move, but is not concerned about
   maintaining session continuity.  Renumbering is involved.  LISP can
   help with the issues surrounding renumbering [RFC4192] [LISA96] by
   decoupling the address space used by a site from the address spaces
   used by its ISPs.  [RFC4984]

10.3.  Fast Endpoint Mobility

   Fast endpoint mobility occurs when an endpoint moves relatively
   rapidly, changing its IP layer network attachment point.  Maintenance
   of session continuity is a goal.  This is where the Mobile IPv4
   [RFC3344bis] and Mobile IPv6 [RFC3775] [RFC4866] mechanisms are used,
   and primarily where interactions with LISP need to be explored.

   The problem is that as an endpoint moves, it may require changes to
   the mapping between its EID and a set of RLOCs for its new network
   location.  When this is added to the overhead of mobile IP binding
   updates, some packets might be delayed or dropped.

   In IPv4 mobility, when an endpoint is away from home, packets to it
   are encapsulated and forwarded via a home agent which resides in the
   home area the endpoint's address belongs to.  The home agent will
   encapsulate and forward packets either directly to the endpoint or to
   a foreign agent which resides where the endpoint has moved to.
   Packets from the endpoint may be sent directly to the correspondent
   node, may be sent via the foreign agent, or may be reverse-tunneled
   back to the home agent for delivery to the mobile node.  As the
   mobile node's EID or available RLOC changes, LISP EID-to-RLOC
   mappings are required for communication between the mobile node and
   the home agent, whether via foreign agent or not.  As a mobile
   endpoint changes networks, up to three LISP mapping changes may be
   required:





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   o  The mobile node moves from an old location to a new visited
      network location and notifies its home agent that it has done so.
      The Mobile IPv4 control packets the mobile node sends pass through
      one of the new visited network's ITRs, which needs a EID-RLOC
      mapping for the home agent.

   o  The home agent might not have the EID-RLOC mappings for the mobile
      node's "care-of" address or its foreign agent in the new visited
      network, in which case it will need to acquire them.

   o  When packets are sent directly to the correspondent node, it may
      be that no traffic has been sent from the new visited network to
      the correspondent node's network, and the new visited network's
      ITR will need to obtain an EID-RLOC mapping for the correspondent
      node's site.

   In addition, if the IPv4 endpoint is sending packets from the new
   visited network using its original EID, then LISP will need to
   perform a route-returnability check on the new EID-RLOC mapping for
   that EID.

   In IPv6 mobility, packets can flow directly between the mobile node
   and the correspondent node in either direction.  The mobile node uses
   its "care-of" address (EID).  In this case, the route-returnability
   check would not be needed but one more LISP mapping lookup may be
   required instead:

   o  As above, three mapping changes may be needed for the mobile node
      to communicate with its home agent and to send packets to the
      correspondent node.

   o  In addition, another mapping will be needed in the correspondent
      node's ITR, in order for the correspondent node to send packets to
      the mobile node's "care-of" address (EID) at the new network
      location.

   When both endpoints are mobile the number of potential mapping
   lookups increases accordingly.

   As a mobile node moves there are not only mobility state changes in
   the mobile node, correspondent node, and home agent, but also state
   changes in the ITRs and ETRs for at least some EID-prefixes.

   The goal is to support rapid adaptation, with little delay or packet
   loss for the entire system.  Also IP mobility can be modified to
   require fewer mapping changes.  In order to increase overall system
   performance, there may be a need to reduce the optimization of one
   area in order to place fewer demands on another.



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   In LISP, one possibility is to "glean" information.  When a packet
   arrives, the ETR could examine the EID-RLOC mapping and use that
   mapping for all outgoing traffic to that EID.  It can do this after
   performing a route-returnability check, to ensure that the new
   network location does have a internal route to that endpoint.
   However, this does not cover the case where an ITR (the node assigned
   the RLOC) at the mobile-node location has been compromised.

   Mobile IP packet exchange is designed for an environment in which all
   routing information is disseminated before packets can be forwarded.
   In order to allow the Internet to grow to support expected future
   use, we are moving to an environment where some information may have
   to be obtained after packets are in flight.  Modifications to IP
   mobility should be considered in order to optimize the behavior of
   the overall system.  Anything which decreases the number of new EID-
   RLOC mappings needed when a node moves, or maintains the validity of
   an EID-RLOC mapping for a longer time, is useful.

10.4.  Fast Network Mobility

   In addition to endpoints, a network can be mobile, possibly changing
   xTRs.  A "network" can be as small as a single router and as large as
   a whole site.  This is different from site mobility in that it is
   fast and possibly short-lived, but different from endpoint mobility
   in that a whole prefix is changing RLOCs.  However, the mechanisms
   are the same and there is no new overhead in LISP.  A map request for
   any endpoint will return a binding for the entire mobile prefix.

   If mobile networks become a more common occurrence, it may be useful
   to revisit the design of the mapping service and allow for dynamic
   updates of the database.

   The issue of interactions between mobility and LISP needs to be
   explored further.  Specific improvements to the entire system will
   depend on the details of mapping mechanisms.  Mapping mechanisms
   should be evaluated on how well they support session continuity for
   mobile nodes.

10.5.  LISP Mobile Node Mobility

   A mobile device can use the LISP infrastructure to achieve mobility
   by implementing the LISP encapsulation and decapsulation functions
   and acting as a simple ITR/ETR.  By doing this, such a "LISP mobile
   node" can use topologically-independent EID IP addresses that are not
   advertised into and do not impose a cost on the global routing
   system.  These EIDs are maintained at the edges of the mapping system
   (in LISP Map-Servers and Map-Resolvers) and are provided on demand to
   only the correspondents of the LISP mobile node.



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   Refer to the LISP Mobility Architecture specification [LISP-MN] for
   more details.

















































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11.  Multicast Considerations

   A multicast group address, as defined in the original Internet
   architecture is an identifier of a grouping of topologically
   independent receiver host locations.  The address encoding itself
   does not determine the location of the receiver(s).  The multicast
   routing protocol, and the network-based state the protocol creates,
   determines where the receivers are located.

   In the context of LISP, a multicast group address is both an EID and
   a Routing Locator.  Therefore, no specific semantic or action needs
   to be taken for a destination address, as it would appear in an IP
   header.  Therefore, a group address that appears in an inner IP
   header built by a source host will be used as the destination EID.
   The outer IP header (the destination Routing Locator address),
   prepended by a LISP router, will use the same group address as the
   destination Routing Locator.

   Having said that, only the source EID and source Routing Locator
   needs to be dealt with.  Therefore, an ITR merely needs to put its
   own IP address in the source Routing Locator field when prepending
   the outer IP header.  This source Routing Locator address, like any
   other Routing Locator address MUST be globally routable.

   Therefore, an EID-to-RLOC mapping does not need to be performed by an
   ITR when a received data packet is a multicast data packet or when
   processing a source-specific Join (either by IGMPv3 or PIM).  But the
   source Routing Locator is decided by the multicast routing protocol
   in a receiver site.  That is, an EID to Routing Locator translation
   is done at control-time.

   Another approach is to have the ITR not encapsulate a multicast
   packet and allow the host built packet to flow into the core even if
   the source address is allocated out of the EID namespace.  If the
   RPF-Vector TLV [RFC5496] is used by PIM in the core, then core
   routers can RPF to the ITR (the Locator address which is injected
   into core routing) rather than the host source address (the EID
   address which is not injected into core routing).

   To avoid any EID-based multicast state in the network core, the first
   approach is chosen for LISP-Multicast.  Details for LISP-Multicast
   and Interworking with non-LISP sites is described in specification
   [MLISP].








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12.  Security Considerations

   It is believed that most of the security mechanisms will be part of
   the mapping database service when using control plane procedures for
   obtaining EID-to-RLOC mappings.  For data plane triggered mappings,
   as described in this specification, protection is provided against
   ETR spoofing by using Return- Routability mechanisms evidenced by the
   use of a 24-bit Nonce field in the LISP encapsulation header and a
   64-bit Nonce field in the LISP control message.  The nonce, coupled
   with the ITR accepting only solicited Map-Replies goes a long way
   toward providing decent authentication.

   LISP does not rely on a PKI infrastructure or a more heavy weight
   authentication system.  These systems challenge the scalability of
   LISP which was a primary design goal.

   DoS attack prevention will depend on implementations rate-limiting
   Map-Requests and Map-Replies to the control plane as well as rate-
   limiting the number of data-triggered Map-Replies.

   To deal with map-cache exhaustion attempts in an ITR/PTR, the
   implementation should consider putting a maximum cap on the number of
   entries stored with a reserve list for special or frequently accessed
   sites.  This should be a configuration policy control set by the
   network administrator who manages ITRs and PTRs.

   Given that the ITR/PTR maintains a cache of EID-to-RLOC mappings,
   cache sizing and maintenance is an issue to be kept in mind during
   implementation.  It is a good idea to have instrumentation in place
   to detect thrashing of the cache.  Implementation experimentation
   will be used to determine which cache management strategies work
   best.



















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13.  Network Management Considerations

   Considerations for Network Management tools exist so the LISP
   protocol suite can be operationally managed.  The mechanisms can be
   found in [LISP-MIB] and [LISP-LIG].














































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14.  IANA Considerations

   This section provides guidance to the Internet Assigned Numbers
   Authority (IANA) regarding registration of values related to the LISP
   specification, in accordance with BCP 26 and RFC 5226 [RFC5226].

   There are two name spaces in LISP that require registration:

   o  LISP IANA registry allocations should not be made for purposes
      unrelated to LISP routing or transport protocols.

   o  The following policies are used here with the meanings defined in
      BCP 26: "Specification Required", "IETF Consensus", "Experimental
      Use", "First Come First Served".

14.1.  LISP Address Type Codes

   Instance ID type codes have a range from 0 to 15, of which 0 and 1
   have been allocated [LCAF].  New Type Codes MUST be allocated
   starting at 2.  Type Codes 2 - 10 are to be assigned by IETF Review.
   Type Codes 11 - 15 are available on a First Come First Served policy.

   The following codes have been allocated:

   Type 0:  Null Body Type

   Type 1:  AFI List Type

   See [LCAF] for details for other possible unapproved address
   encodings.  The unapproved LCAF encodings are an area for further
   study and experimentation.

14.2.  LISP UDP Port Numbers

   The IANA registry has allocated UDP port numbers 4341 and 4342 for
   LISP data-plane and control-plane operation, respectively.















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15.  References

15.1.  Normative References

   [RFC0768]  Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768,
              August 1980.

   [RFC1034]  Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - concepts and facilities",
              STD 13, RFC 1034, November 1987.

   [RFC1700]  Reynolds, J. and J. Postel, "Assigned Numbers", RFC 1700,
              October 1994.

   [RFC1918]  Rekhter, Y., Moskowitz, R., Karrenberg, D., Groot, G., and
              E. Lear, "Address Allocation for Private Internets",
              BCP 5, RFC 1918, February 1996.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC2404]  Madson, C. and R. Glenn, "The Use of HMAC-SHA-1-96 within
              ESP and AH", RFC 2404, November 1998.

   [RFC2784]  Farinacci, D., Li, T., Hanks, S., Meyer, D., and P.
              Traina, "Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)", RFC 2784,
              March 2000.

   [RFC3056]  Carpenter, B. and K. Moore, "Connection of IPv6 Domains
              via IPv4 Clouds", RFC 3056, February 2001.

   [RFC3168]  Ramakrishnan, K., Floyd, S., and D. Black, "The Addition
              of Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) to IP",
              RFC 3168, September 2001.

   [RFC3261]  Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston,
              A., Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and E.
              Schooler, "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261,
              June 2002.

   [RFC3775]  Johnson, D., Perkins, C., and J. Arkko, "Mobility Support
              in IPv6", RFC 3775, June 2004.

   [RFC4086]  Eastlake, D., Schiller, J., and S. Crocker, "Randomness
              Requirements for Security", BCP 106, RFC 4086, June 2005.

   [RFC4632]  Fuller, V. and T. Li, "Classless Inter-domain Routing
              (CIDR): The Internet Address Assignment and Aggregation
              Plan", BCP 122, RFC 4632, August 2006.



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   [RFC4634]  Eastlake, D. and T. Hansen, "US Secure Hash Algorithms
              (SHA and HMAC-SHA)", RFC 4634, July 2006.

   [RFC4866]  Arkko, J., Vogt, C., and W. Haddad, "Enhanced Route
              Optimization for Mobile IPv6", RFC 4866, May 2007.

   [RFC4984]  Meyer, D., Zhang, L., and K. Fall, "Report from the IAB
              Workshop on Routing and Addressing", RFC 4984,
              September 2007.

   [RFC5226]  Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an
              IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 5226,
              May 2008.

   [RFC5496]  Wijnands, IJ., Boers, A., and E. Rosen, "The Reverse Path
              Forwarding (RPF) Vector TLV", RFC 5496, March 2009.

   [UDP-TUNNELS]
              Eubanks, M. and P. Chimento, "UDP Checksums for Tunneled
              Packets"", draft-eubanks-chimento-6man-00.txt (work in
              progress), February 2009.

15.2.  Informative References

   [AFI]      IANA, "Address Family Indicators (AFIs)", ADDRESS FAMILY
              NUMBERS http://www.iana.org/.../address-family-numbers,
              Febuary 2007.

   [ALT]      Farinacci, D., Fuller, V., Meyer, D., and D. Lewis, "LISP
              Alternative Topology (LISP-ALT)",
              draft-ietf-lisp-alt-06.txt (work in progress), March 2011.

   [CHIAPPA]  Chiappa, J., "Endpoints and Endpoint names: A Proposed
              Enhancement to the Internet Architecture", Internet-
              Draft http://www.chiappa.net/~jnc/tech/endpoints.txt,
              1999.

   [CONS]     Farinacci, D., Fuller, V., and D. Meyer, "LISP-CONS: A
              Content distribution Overlay Network  Service for LISP",
              draft-meyer-lisp-cons-03.txt (work in progress),
              November 2007.

   [EMACS]    Brim, S., Farinacci, D., Meyer, D., and J. Curran, "EID
              Mappings Multicast Across Cooperating Systems for LISP",
              draft-curran-lisp-emacs-00.txt (work in progress),
              November 2007.

   [INTERWORK]



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              Lewis, D., Meyer, D., Farinacci, D., and V. Fuller,
              "Interworking LISP with IPv4 and IPv6",
              draft-ietf-lisp-interworking-02.txt (work in progress),
              March 2011.

   [LCAF]     Farinacci, D., Meyer, D., and J. Snijders, "LISP Canonical
              Address Format", draft-farinacci-lisp-lcaf-04.txt (work in
              progress), October 2010.

   [LISA96]   Lear, E., Katinsky, J., Coffin, J., and D. Tharp,
              "Renumbering: Threat or Menace?", Usenix , September 1996.

   [LISP-DEPLOY]
              Jakab, L., Coras, F., Domingo-Pascual, J., and D. Lewis,
              "LISP Network Element Deployment Considerations",
              draft-jakab-lisp-deployment-02.txt (work in progress),
              February 2011.

   [LISP-LIG]
              Farinacci, D. and D. Meyer, "LISP Internet Groper (LIG)",
              draft-ietf-lisp-lig-01.txt (work in progress),
              October 2010.

   [LISP-MAIN]
              Farinacci, D., Fuller, V., Meyer, D., and D. Lewis,
              "Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP)",
              draft-farinacci-lisp-12.txt (work in progress),
              March 2009.

   [LISP-MIB]
              Schudel, G., Jain, A., and V. Moreno, "LISP MIB",
              draft-ietf-lisp-mib-01.txt (work in progress), March 2011.

   [LISP-MN]  Farinacci, D., Fuller, V., Lewis, D., and D. Meyer, "LISP
              Mobility Architecture", draft-meyer-lisp-mn-04.txt (work
              in progress), October 2010.

   [LISP-MS]  Farinacci, D. and V. Fuller, "LISP Map Server",
              draft-ietf-lisp-ms-07.txt (work in progress), March 2011.

   [LISP-SEC]
              Maino, F., Ermagon, V., Cabellos, A., Sausez, D., and O.
              Bonaventure, "LISP-Security (LISP-SEC)",
              draft-maino-lisp-sec-00.txt (work in progress),
              February 2011.

   [LOC-ID-ARCH]
              Meyer, D. and D. Lewis, "Architectural Implications of



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              Locator/ID  Separation",
              draft-meyer-loc-id-implications-01.txt (work in progress),
              Januaryr 2009.

   [MLISP]    Farinacci, D., Meyer, D., Zwiebel, J., and S. Venaas,
              "LISP for Multicast Environments",
              draft-ietf-lisp-multicast-04.txt (work in progress),
              October 2010.

   [NERD]     Lear, E., "NERD: A Not-so-novel EID to RLOC Database",
              draft-lear-lisp-nerd-08.txt (work in progress),
              March 2010.

   [OPENLISP]
              Iannone, L. and O. Bonaventure, "OpenLISP Implementation
              Report", draft-iannone-openlisp-implementation-01.txt
              (work in progress), July 2008.

   [RADIR]    Narten, T., "Routing and Addressing Problem Statement",
              draft-narten-radir-problem-statement-00.txt (work in
              progress), July 2007.

   [RFC3344bis]
              Perkins, C., "IP Mobility Support for IPv4, revised",
              draft-ietf-mip4-rfc3344bis-05 (work in progress),
              July 2007.

   [RFC4192]  Baker, F., Lear, E., and R. Droms, "Procedures for
              Renumbering an IPv6 Network without a Flag Day", RFC 4192,
              September 2005.

   [RPMD]     Handley, M., Huici, F., and A. Greenhalgh, "RPMD: Protocol
              for Routing Protocol Meta-data  Dissemination",
              draft-handley-p2ppush-unpublished-2007726.txt (work in
              progress), July 2007.

   [VERSIONING]
              Iannone, L., Saucez, D., and O. Bonaventure, "LISP Mapping
              Versioning", draft-ietf-lisp-map-versioning-01.txt (work
              in progress), March 2011.











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Appendix A.  Acknowledgments

   An initial thank you goes to Dave Oran for planting the seeds for the
   initial ideas for LISP.  His consultation continues to provide value
   to the LISP authors.

   A special and appreciative thank you goes to Noel Chiappa for
   providing architectural impetus over the past decades on separation
   of location and identity, as well as detailed review of the LISP
   architecture and documents, coupled with enthusiasm for making LISP a
   practical and incremental transition for the Internet.

   The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge many people who have
   contributed discussion and ideas to the making of this proposal.
   They include Scott Brim, Andrew Partan, John Zwiebel, Jason Schiller,
   Lixia Zhang, Dorian Kim, Peter Schoenmaker, Vijay Gill, Geoff Huston,
   David Conrad, Mark Handley, Ron Bonica, Ted Seely, Mark Townsley,
   Chris Morrow, Brian Weis, Dave McGrew, Peter Lothberg, Dave Thaler,
   Eliot Lear, Shane Amante, Ved Kafle, Olivier Bonaventure, Luigi
   Iannone, Robin Whittle, Brian Carpenter, Joel Halpern, Terry
   Manderson, Roger Jorgensen, Ran Atkinson, Stig Venaas, Iljitsch van
   Beijnum, Roland Bless, Dana Blair, Bill Lynch, Marc Woolward, Damien
   Saucez, Damian Lezama, Attilla De Groot, Parantap Lahiri, David
   Black, Roque Gagliano, Isidor Kouvelas, Jesper Skriver, Fred Templin,
   Margaret Wasserman, Sam Hartman, Michael Hofling, Pedro Marques, Jari
   Arkko, Gregg Schudel, Srinivas Subramanian, Amit Jain, Xu Xiaohu,
   Dhirendra Trivedi, Yakov Rekhter, John Scudder, John Drake, Dimitri
   Papadimitriou, Ross Callon, Selina Heimlich, Job Snijders, Vina
   Ermagan, Albert Cabellos, Fabio Maino, Victor Moreno, Chris White,
   and Clarence Filsfils.

   This work originated in the Routing Research Group (RRG) of the IRTF.
   The individual submission [LISP-MAIN] was converted into this IETF
   LISP working group draft.

















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Appendix B.  Document Change Log

B.1.  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-11.txt

   o  Posted April 2011.

   o  Change IANA URL.  The URL we had pointed to a general protocol
      numbers page.

   o  Added the "s" bit to the Map-Request to allow SMR-invoked Map-
      Requests to be sent to a MN ETR via the map-server.

   o  Generalize text for the defintion of Reencapsuatling tunnels.

   o  Add pargraph suggested by Joel to explain how implementation
      experimentation will be used to determine the proper cache
      management techniques.

   o  Add Yakov provided text for the definition of "EID-to-RLOC
      "Database".

   o  Add reference in Section 8, Deployment Scenarios, to the
      draft-jakab-lisp-deploy-02.txt draft.

   o  Clarify sentence about no hardware changes needed to support LISP
      encapsulation.

   o  Add paragraph about what is the procedure when a locator is
      inserted in the middle of a locator-set.

   o  Add a definition for Locator-Status-Bits so we can emphasize they
      are used as a hint for router up/down status and not path
      reachability.

   o  Change "BGP RIB" to "RIB" per Clarence's comment.

   o  Fixed complaints by IDnits.

B.2.  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-10.txt

   o  Posted March 2011.

   o  Add p-bit to Map-Request so there is documentary reasons to know
      when a PITR has sent a Map-Request to an ETR.

   o  Add Map-Notify message which is used to acknowledge a Map-Register
      message sent to a Map-Server.




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   o  Add M-bit to the Map-Register message so an ETR that wants an
      acknowledgment for the Map-Register can request one.

   o  Add S-bit to the ECM and Map-Reply messages to describe security
      data that can be present in each message.  Then refer to
      [LISP-SEC] for expansive details.

   o  Add Network Management Considerations section and point to the MIB
      and LIG drafts.

   o  Remove the word "simple" per Yakov's comments.

B.3.  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-09.txt

   o  Posted October 2010.

   o  Add to IANA Consideration section about the use of LCAF Type
      values that accepted and maintained by the IANA registry and not
      the LCAF specification.

   o  Indicate that implementations should be able to receive LISP
      control messages when either UDP port is 4342, so they can be
      robust in the face of intervening NAT boxes.

   o  Add paragraph to SMR section to indicate that an ITR does not need
      to respond to an SMR-based Map-Request when it has no map-cache
      entry for the SMR source's EID-prefix.

B.4.  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-08.txt

   o  Posted August 2010.

   o  In section 6.1.6, remove statement about setting TTL to 0 in Map-
      Register messages.

   o  Clarify language in section 6.1.5 about Map-Replying to Data-
      Probes or Map-Requests.

   o  Indicate that outer TTL should only be copied to inner TTL when it
      is less than inner TTL.

   o  Indicate a source-EID for RLOC-probes are encoded with an AFI
      value of 0.

   o  Indicate that SMRs can have a global or per SMR destination rate-
      limiter.





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   o  Add clarifications to the SMR procedures.

   o  Add definitions for "client-side" and 'server-side" terms used in
      this specification.

   o  Clear up language in section 6.4, last paragraph.

   o  Change ACT of value 0 to "no-action".  This is so we can RLOC-
      probe a PETR and have it return a Map-Reply with a locator-set of
      size 0.  The way it is spec'ed the map-cache entry has action
      "dropped".  Drop-action is set to 3.

   o  Add statement about normalizing locator weights.

   o  Clarify R-bit definition in the Map-Reply locator record.

   o  Add section on EID Reachability within a LISP site.

   o  Clarify another disadvantage of using anycast locators.

   o  Reworded Abstract.

   o  Change section 2.0 Introduction to remove obsolete information
      such as the LISP variant definitions.

   o  Change section 5 title from "Tunneling Details" to "LISP
      Encapsulation Details".

   o  Changes to section 5 to include results of network deployment
      experience with MTU.  Recommend that implementations use either
      the stateful or stateless handling.

   o  Make clarification wordsmithing to Section 7 and 8.

   o  Identify that if there is one locator in the locator-set of a map-
      cache entry, that an SMR from that locator should be responded to
      by sending the the SMR-invoked Map-Request to the database mapping
      system rather than to the RLOC itself (which may be unreachable).

   o  When describing Unicast and Multicast Weights indicate the the
      values are relative weights rather than percentages.  So it
      doesn't imply the sum of all locator weights in the locator-set
      need to be 100.

   o  Do some wordsmithing on copying TTL and TOS fields.

   o  Numerous wordsmithing changes from Dave Meyer.  He fine toothed
      combed the spec.



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   o  Removed Section 14 "Prototype Plans and Status".  We felt this
      type of section is no longer appropriate for a protocol
      specification.

   o  Add clarification text for the IRC description per Damien's
      commentary.

   o  Remove text on copying nonce from SMR to SMR-invoked Map- Request
      per Vina's comment about a possible DoS vector.

   o  Clarify (S/2 + H) in the stateless MTU section.

   o  Add text to reflect Damien's comment about the description of the
      "ITR-RLOC Address" field in the Map-Request. that the list of RLOC
      addresses are local addresses of the Map-Requester.

B.5.  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-07.txt

   o  Posted April 2010.

   o  Added I-bit to data header so LSB field can also be used as an
      Instance ID field.  When this occurs, the LSB field is reduced to
      8-bits (from 32-bits).

   o  Added V-bit to the data header so the 24-bit nonce field can also
      be used for source and destination version numbers.

   o  Added Map-Version 12-bit value to the EID-record to be used in all
      of Map-Request, Map-Reply, and Map-Register messages.

   o  Added multiple ITR-RLOC fields to the Map-Request packet so an ETR
      can decide what address to select for the destination of a Map-
      Reply.

   o  Added L-bit (Local RLOC bit) and p-bit (Probe-Reply RLOC bit) to
      the Locator-Set record of an EID-record for a Map-Reply message.
      The L-bit indicates which RLOCs in the locator-set are local to
      the sender of the message.  The P-bit indicates which RLOC is the
      source of a RLOC-probe Reply (Map-Reply) message.

   o  Add reference to the LISP Canonical Address Format [LCAF] draft.

   o  Made editorial and clarification changes based on comments from
      Dhirendra Trivedi.

   o  Added wordsmithing comments from Joel Halpern on DF=3D1 setting.





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   o  Add John Zwiebel clarification to Echo Nonce Algorithm section
      6.3.1.

   o  Add John Zwiebel comment about expanding on proxy-map-reply bit
      for Map-Register messages.

   o  Add NAT section per Ron Bonica comments.

   o  Fix IDnits issues per Ron Bonica.

   o  Added section on Virtualization and Segmentation to explain the
      use if the Instance ID field in the data header.

   o  There are too many P-bits, keep their scope to the packet format
      description and refer to them by name every where else in the
      spec.

   o  Scanned all occurrences of "should", "should not", "must" and
      "must not" and uppercased them.

   o  John Zwiebel offered text for section 4.1 to modernize the
      example.  Thanks Z!

   o  Make it more clear in the definition of "EID-to-RLOC Database"
      that all ETRs need to have the same database mapping.  This
      reflects a comment from John Scudder.

   o  Add a definition "Route-returnability" to the Definition of Terms
      section.

   o  In section 9.2, add text to describe what the signature of
      traceroute packets can look like.

   o  Removed references to Data Probe for introductory example.  Data-
      probes are still part of the LISP design but not encouraged.

   o  Added the definition for "LISP site" to the Definition of Terms"
      section.

B.6.  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-06.txt

   Editorial based changes:

   o  Posted December 2009.

   o  Fix typo for flags in LISP data header.  Changed from "4" to "5".





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   o  Add text to indicate that Map-Register messages must contain a
      computed UDP checksum.

   o  Add definitions for PITR and PETR.

   o  Indicate an AFI value of 0 is an unspecified address.

   o  Indicate that the TTL field of a Map-Register is not used and set
      to 0 by the sender.  This change makes this spec consistent with
      [LISP-MS].

   o  Change "... yield a packet size of L bytes" to "... yield a packet
      size greater than L bytes".

   o  Clarify section 6.1.5 on what addresses and ports are used in Map-
      Reply messages.

   o  Clarify that LSBs that go beyond the number of locators do not to
      be SMRed when the locator addresses are greater lexicographically
      than the locator in the existing locator-set.

   o  Add Gregg, Srini, and Amit to acknowledgment section.

   o  Clarify in the definition of a LISP header what is following the
      UDP header.

   o  Clarify "verifying Map-Request" text in section 6.1.3.

   o  Add Xu Xiaohu to the acknowledgment section for introducing the
      problem of overlapping EID-prefixes among multiple sites in an RRG
      email message.

   Design based changes:

   o  Use stronger language to have the outer IPv4 header set DF=3D1 so =
we
      can avoid fragment reassembly in an ETR or PETR.  This will also
      make IPv4 and IPv6 encapsulation have consistent behavior.

   o  Map-Requests should not be sent in ECM with the Probe bit is set.
      These type of Map-Requests are used as RLOC-probes and are sent
      directly to locator addresses in the underlying network.

   o  Add text in section 6.1.5 about returning all EID-prefixes in a
      Map-Reply sent by an ETR when there are overlapping EID-prefixes
      configure.

   o  Add text in a new subsection of section 6.1.5 about dealing with
      Map-Replies with coarse EID-prefixes.



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B.7.  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-05.txt

   o  Posted September 2009.

   o  Added this Document Change Log appendix.

   o  Added section indicating that encapsulated Map-Requests must use
      destination UDP port 4342.

   o  Don't use AH in Map-Registers.  Put key-id, auth-length, and auth-
      data in Map-Register payload.

   o  Added Jari to acknowledgment section.

   o  State the source-EID is set to 0 when using Map-Requests to
      refresh or RLOC-probe.

   o  Make more clear what source-RLOC should be for a Map-Request.

   o  The LISP-CONS authors thought that the Type definitions for CONS
      should be removed from this specification.

   o  Removed nonce from Map-Register message, it wasn't used so no need
      for it.

   o  Clarify what to do for unspecified Action bits for negative Map-
      Replies.  Since No Action is a drop, make value 0 Drop.

B.8.  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-04.txt

   o  Posted September 2009.

   o  How do deal with record count greater than 1 for a Map-Request.
      Damien and Joel comment.  Joel suggests: 1) Specify that senders
      compliant with the current document will always set the count to
      1, and note that the count is included for future extensibility.
      2) Specify what a receiver compliant with the draft should do if
      it receives a request with a count greater than 1.  Presumably, it
      should send some error back?

   o  Add Fred Templin in acknowledgment section.

   o  Add Margaret and Sam to the acknowledgment section for their great
      comments.

   o  Say more about LAGs in the UDP section per Sam Hartman's comment.





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   o  Sam wants to use MAY instead of SHOULD for ignoring checksums on
      ETR.  =46rom the mailing list: "You'd need to word it as an ITR =
MAY
      send a zero checksum, an ETR MUST accept a 0 checksum and MAY
      ignore the checksum completely.  And of course we'd need to
      confirm that can actually be implemented.  In particular, hardware
      that verifies UDP checksums on receive needs to be checked to make
      sure it permits 0 checksums."

   o  Margaret wants a reference to
      http://www.ietf.org/id/draft-eubanks-chimento-6man-00.txt.

   o  Fix description in Map-Request section.  Where we describe Map-
      Reply Record, change "R-bit" to "M-bit".

   o  Add the mobility bit to Map-Replies.  So PTRs don't probe so often
      for MNs but often enough to get mapping updates.

   o  Indicate SHA1 can be used as well for Map-Registers.

   o  More Fred comments on MTU handling.

   o  Isidor comment about spec'ing better periodic Map-Registers.  Will
      be fixed in draft-ietf-lisp-ms-02.txt.

   o  Margaret's comment on gleaning: "The current specification does
      not make it clear how long gleaned map entries should be retained
      in the cache, nor does it make it clear how/ when they will be
      validated.  The LISP spec should, at the very least, include a
      (short) default lifetime for gleaned entries, require that they be
      validated within a short period of time, and state that a new
      gleaned entry should never overwrite an entry that was obtained
      from the mapping system.  The security implications of storing
      "gleaned" entries should also be explored in detail."

   o  Add section on RLOC-probing per working group feedback.

   o  Change "loc-reach-bits" to "loc-status-bits" per comment from
      Noel.

   o  Remove SMR-bit from data-plane.  Dino prefers to have it in the
      control plane only.

   o  Change LISP header to allow a "Research Bit" so the Nonce and LSB
      fields can be turned off and used for another future purpose.  For
      Luigi et al versioning convergence.

   o  Add a N-bit to the data header suggested by Noel.  Then the nonce
      field could be used when N is not 1.



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   o  Clarify that when E-bit is 0, the nonce field can be an echoed
      nonce or a random nonce.  Comment from Jesper.

   o  Indicate when doing data-gleaning that a verifying Map-Request is
      sent to the source-EID of the gleaned data packet so we can avoid
      map-cache corruption by a 3rd party.  Comment from Pedro.

   o  Indicate that a verifying Map-Request, for accepting mapping data,
      should be sent over the ALT (or to the EID).

   o  Reference IPsec RFC 4302.  Comment from Sam and Brian Weis.

   o  Put E-bit in Map-Reply to tell ITRs that the ETR supports echo-
      noncing.  Comment by Pedro and Dino.

   o  Jesper made a comment to loosen the language about requiring the
      copy of inner TTL to outer TTL since the text to get mixed-AF
      traceroute to work would violate the "MUST" clause.  Changed from
      MUST to SHOULD in section 5.3.

B.9.  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-03.txt

   o  Posted July 2009.

   o  Removed loc-reach-bits longword from control packets per Damien
      comment.

   o  Clarifications in MTU text from Roque.

   o  Added text to indicate that the locator-set be sorted by locator
      address from Isidor.

   o  Clarification text from John Zwiebel in Echo-Nonce section.

B.10.  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-02.txt

   o  Posted July 2009.

   o  Encapsulation packet format change to add E-bit and make loc-
      reach-bits 32-bits in length.

   o  Added Echo-Nonce Algorithm section.

   o  Clarification how ECN bits are copied.

   o  Moved S-bit in Map-Request.





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   o  Added P-bit in Map-Request and Map-Reply messages to anticipate
      RLOC-Probe Algorithm.

   o  Added to Mobility section to reference [LISP-MN].

B.11.  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-01.txt

   o  Posted 2 days after draft-ietf-lisp-00.txt in May 2009.

   o  Defined LEID to be a "LISP EID".

   o  Indicate encapsulation use IPv4 DF=3D0.

   o  Added negative Map-Reply messages with drop, native-forward, and
      send-map-request actions.

   o  Added Proxy-Map-Reply bit to Map-Register.

B.12.  Changes to draft-ietf-lisp-00.txt

   o  Posted May 2009.

   o  Rename of draft-farinacci-lisp-12.txt.

   o  Acknowledgment to RRG.


























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Authors' Addresses

   Dino Farinacci
   cisco Systems
   Tasman Drive
   San Jose, CA  95134
   USA

   Email: dino@cisco.com


   Vince Fuller
   cisco Systems
   Tasman Drive
   San Jose, CA  95134
   USA

   Email: vaf@cisco.com


   Dave Meyer
   cisco Systems
   170 Tasman Drive
   San Jose, CA
   USA

   Email: dmm@cisco.com


   Darrel Lewis
   cisco Systems
   170 Tasman Drive
   San Jose, CA
   USA

   Email: darlewis@cisco.com















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From yakov@juniper.net  Tue Mar 29 06:21:23 2011
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From: Yakov Rekhter <yakov@juniper.net>
Cc: lisp@ietf.org, lisp issue tracker <trac+lisp@zinfandel.tools.ietf.org>
Subject: Re: [lisp] #114: EID-to-RLOC mapping - transients
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Dino,

> > Deleting the last part of the last sentence is not enough. You also
> > need to point out that the "MUST" applies only to steady state, and
> > also document that during transients Map-Replies may not be  
> > consistent.
> >
> > With this in mind please replace the last sentence with the following:
> >
> >    In a steady state the EID-prefixes for the site and the locator-set
> >    for each EID-prefix MUST be the same on all ETRs. Procedures to
> >    enforce and/or verify this are outside the scope of this document.
> 
> We will add this.
> 
> >    Note that there may be transient conditions when the EID-prefix
> >    for the site and locator-set for each EID-prefix MAY not be the
> >    same on all ETRs.
> 
> We will add this first sentence but change "MAY not" to "may not"  
> since it is not a rule in this specification that the implementation  
> has an option of making the locator-set inconsistent. The locator-set  
> is only inconsistent between the time it takes a network administrator  
> to make it the same. If there is a configuration error and the  
> inconsistent state is for a longer period of time, then the text below  
> will cover that.
> 
> > As a result, for the duration of these transient
> > conditions not all the ETRs would be able to send Map-Reply  
> > messages with the same database mapping contents.
> 
> We did not include this sentence above, because it is not true. The  
> ETRs can still send Map-Replies with their idea of the locator-set.  
> And an depending where an ITR's Map-Request is sent, will determine  
> which locator-set the ITR caches. If the locators are disconnected  
> from the network, RLOC-probing will tell you this and ITRs will not  
> encapsulate to them.

You agree that during transients the EID-prefix for the site
and locator-set for each EID-prefix may not be the same on all ETRs.
If that is the case, then how would all these ETRs during transients
be able to send Map-Reply messages with the same database mapping
contents ? 

> If there is locator-set policy on the map-server, then maybe one  
> locator-set or the other won't be accepted by the map-server.
> 
> And if proxy-replying is sent in the map-register, then it is the map- 
> server's idea of the locator-set that is sent consistently in all Map- 
> Replies.
> 
> So we will say there are no negative implications.
> 
> > Furthermore, if the authors think that sending inconsistent Map-Reply
> > during transients has no negative implications, then add the  
> > following at
> > the end of the text I suggested above:
> >
> >    This has no negative implications.
> >
> > And if the authors think that sending inconsistent Map-Reply during
> > transients does have negative implications, then the authors should  
> > list
> > them following the text I suggested above.
> >
> > Yakov.
> 
> Here is the new proposed text:
> 
>     EID-to-RLOC Database:   The EID-to-RLOC database is a global
>        distributed database that contains all known EID-prefix to RLOC
>        mappings.  Each potential ETR typically contains a small piece of
>        the database: the EID-to-RLOC mappings for the EID prefixes
>        "behind" the router.  These map to one of the router's own,
>        globally-visible, IP addresses.  The same database mapping  
> entries
>        MUST be configured on all ETRs for a given site.  In a steady
>        state the EID-prefixes for the site and the locator-set for each
>        EID-prefix MUST be the same on all ETRs.  Procedures to enforce
>        and/or verify this are outside the scope of this document.  Note
>        that there may be transient conditions when the EID-prefix for  
> the
>        site and locator-set for each EID-prefix may not be the same on
>        all ETRs. This has no negative implications.

Please add the following before the last sentence in the above:

 As a result, for the duration of these transient
 conditions not all the ETRs may be able to send Map-Reply  
 messages with the same database mapping contents.

Yakov.

From trac+lisp@trac.tools.ietf.org  Tue Mar 29 08:27:27 2011
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Subject: Re: [lisp] #3: lisp-ms security mechanism between ITR and map resolver
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#3: lisp-ms security mechanism between ITR and map resolver


Comment(by jmh@â€¦):

 Unless there is further discussion indicating that this needs to be
 improved in the base spec, the chairs expect that this will be mvoed to
 the LISP-SEC document once that is a working group document, and we will
 verify whether at that point it is sufficiently addressed.

-- 
----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------
Reporter:  hartmans-ietf@â€¦        |       Owner:     
    Type:  technical              |      Status:  new
Priority:  major                  |   Component:  ms 
Severity:  -                      |    Keywords:     
----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/3#comment:3>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#75: Security of Map-Register message.


Comment(by jmh@â€¦):

 In chair review of this comment, there appear to be several separate
 items.
 1) We can use RFC 2119 language if that will help.
 2) With regard to requiring the Map Server to verify the EID prefix is
 known to be associated with the registering ETR, section 4.3 already says
 that it does verify that.  Section 4.2 however merely says it should
 verify that, and we need to fix that to align with the check being
 required.
 3) We can note in the security considerations section that additional
 checks are for further study.  To avoid coupling LISP-SEC, we will not say
 explicitly that some of those are in LISP-SEC, and some, such as full
 global validation, are for even later.

-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |       Owner:     
    Type:  technical                      |      Status:  new
Priority:  major                          |   Component:  ms 
Severity:  -                              |    Keywords:     
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/75#comment:2>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#98: LISP nonce (comment 17 reported by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by yakov@â€¦):

  * status:  reopened => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  editorial           |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/98#comment:4>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#99: Confusion in Section 5.4.1 (comment 18 reported by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by yakov@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
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    Type:  editorial           |       Status:  resolved       
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Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
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-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/99#comment:1>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#103: Mapping Protocol Data (comment 20 reported by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by yakov@â€¦):

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  * resolution:  => fixed


-- 
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-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

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lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #109: "Locator" in Map-reply message format (comment 22 reported by Y. Rekhter)
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#109: "Locator" in Map-reply message format (comment 22 reported  by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by yakov@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  editorial           |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/109#comment:1>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#4: LISP errors

Changes (by jmh@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => invalid


Comment:

 If there are specific error cases that need to be covered, an issued
 should be raised describing the problem.   The IETf does not generally
 expect the specification to describe the handling of all possible
 implementation errors.

-- 
----------------------------------------------------------+-----------------
Reporter:  "Templin, Fred L" <Fred.L.Templin@â€¦>           |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical                                      |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major                                          |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                                              |   Resolution:  invalid        
Keywords:                                                 |  
----------------------------------------------------------+-----------------

Ticket URL: <http://tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/4#comment:1>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #57: How to determine EIDs not forwardable on the routable topology (from Y. Rekhter's review)
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#57: How to determine EIDs not forwardable on the routable topology (from Y.
Rekhter's review)

Changes (by yakov@â€¦):

  * status:  reopened => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical                      |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major                          |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/57#comment:6>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #27: ETR may claim a larger prefix than is delegated to it
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#27: ETR may claim a larger prefix than is delegated to it

Changes (by jmh@â€¦):

  * status:  reopened => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 While the base question of over-claiming is valid, it is also complicated
 and multi-faceted.  As such, we will not be adding additional mechanisms
 in the base LISP specification to address this.  Significant improvements
 are proposed in LISP-SEC, including noting that the use of a structure
 such as RPKI is for further study.

-- 
----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------
Reporter:  hartmans-ietf@â€¦        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical              |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major                  |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                      |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                         |  
----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/27#comment:4>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #68: What is the source address for a negative reply, which has a zero length locator -set ? (from Y. Rekhter's review)
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#68: What is the source address for a negative reply, which has a zero length
locator -set ? (from Y. Rekhter's review)

Changes (by yakov@â€¦):

  * status:  reopened => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical                      |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major                          |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/68#comment:5>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#46: Cache Thrashing (review by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by jmh@â€¦):

  * status:  reopened => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 Text has been added to the -11 revision of teh specification noting that
 cache thrashing happens, that implementors should think about it, and that
 the experiment may tell us more about whether this is an issue needing
 further attention.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/46#comment:6>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#49: "MAP-Replies" content that is allowed to change (review by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by jmh@â€¦):

  * status:  reopened => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 Nothing in the specification states or implies that the contents of
 replies can not change over time.  As such, there does not appear to be an
 issue to be addressed.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/49#comment:4>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#50: MAP-Replies content that MUST be invariant (review by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by jmh@â€¦):

  * status:  reopened => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 As noted for ticket #49, map reply contents can change over time.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/50#comment:4>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#86: On the design goals and requirements (comment 10 reported by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by yakov@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/86#comment:1>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #51: Returning same locator-set for a given EID (review by Y. Rekhter)
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#51: Returning same locator-set for a given EID (review by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by jmh@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 As stated in the specification, the ETRs whcih register this information
 are under common administrative control, and are to be configured with the
 same information.  Transient inconsistencies do not cause problems.  If an
 end user porduces a problem for themselves by extreme and persistent mis-
 configuration, then they have hurt themselves.  This is not an issue this
 protocol needs to address.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
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    Type:  technical           |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/51#comment:1>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#96: Confidence in informal Survey (comment 16 reported by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by yakov@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/96#comment:1>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #97: MTU concerns (comment 16 reported by Y. Rekhter)
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#97: MTU concerns (comment 16 reported by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by yakov@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/97#comment:1>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #55: ETR failure and its implications on connectivity restoration time (review by Y. Rekhter)
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#55: ETR failure and its implications on connectivity restoration time (review
by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by jmh@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 Text has been added to the documents on path liveness, including ETR
 liveness, checking, and responses ITRs can take to failures.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/55#comment:1>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #69: Inadequate solution for ETR overclaims (from Y. Rekhter's review)
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#69: Inadequate solution for ETR overclaims (from Y. Rekhter's review)

Changes (by jmh@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 See the resolution of ticket #27 for the plans to address this issue in
 the future.

-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical                      |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major                          |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/69#comment:3>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

From yakov@juniper.net  Tue Mar 29 10:13:23 2011
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Date: Tue, 29 Mar 2011 10:14:18 -0700
From: Yakov Rekhter <yakov@juniper.net>
Subject: Re: [lisp] #46: Cache Thrashing (review by Y. Rekhter)
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Hi,

> #46: Cache Thrashing (review by Y. Rekhter)
> =

> Changes (by jmh@=E2=80=A6):
> =

>   * status:  reopened =3D> resolved
>   * resolution:  =3D> fixed
> =

> =

> Comment:
> =

>  Text has been added to the -11 revision of teh specification noting tha=
t
>  cache thrashing happens, that implementors should think about it, and t=
hat
>  the experiment may tell us more about whether this is an issue needing
>  further attention.

Here is the text that has been added:

   Given that the ITR/PTR maintains a cache of EID-to-RLOC mappings,
   cache sizing and maintenance is an issue to be kept in mind during
   implementation.  It is a good idea to have instrumentation in place  =

   to detect thrashing of the cache.  Implementation experimentation  =

   will be used to determine which cache management strategies work
   best.

The above text failed to mention that cache sizing is an issue not
just "during implementation", but during deployment as well.

Moreover, the above text failed to mention that in the context of
LISP, thrashing of the cache on a given ITR/PTR has non-local
implications, as it could result in excessive volume of LISP control
traffic, which in turn would further deteriorate the situation.

Finally, the above failed to mention that being able to
detect thrasing is necessary, but not sufficient - an implementation
must be able to suppress thrasing.

With all this in mind I would like to propose replacing the text
quoted above with the following:

   Given that the ITR/PTR maintains a cache of EID-to-RLOC mappings,
   cache sizing and maintenance is an issue to be kept in mind
   during both implementation and deployment. In the context of
   LISP, cache thrasing on the ITR/PTR could result in the ITR/PTR
   dropping data, thus negatively affecting connectivity. Moreover,
   it could also result in excessive volume of LISP control traffic,
   which could spread the detrimental effects of thrasing beyond
   the ITR/PTR and all the hosts that communicate through this
   ITR/PTR. Therefore, an implementation MUST provide instrumentation
   in place to detect thrashing of the cache, and MUST provide
   mechanism(s) to suppress thrasing.  Specifications of such
   mechanisms are outside the scope of this document.  Implementation
   experimentation will be used to determine which cache management
   strategies work best.

Yakov.

> =

> -- =

> -------------------------------+----------------------------------------=
----
> Reporter:  wmhaddad@=E2=80=A6          |        Owner:                 =

>     Type:  technical           |       Status:  resolved       =

> Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
> Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          =

> Keywords:                      |  =

> -------------------------------+----------------------------------------=
----
> =

> Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/46#comment:=
6>
> lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
> LISP WG document issues

From yakov@juniper.net  Tue Mar 29 11:25:50 2011
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Date: Tue, 29 Mar 2011 11:26:28 -0700
From: Yakov Rekhter <yakov@juniper.net>
Subject: Re: [lisp] #27: ETR may claim a larger prefix than is delegated to it
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Folks,

> #27: ETR may claim a larger prefix than is delegated to it
> =

> Changes (by jmh@=E2=80=A6):
> =

>   * status:  reopened =3D> resolved
>   * resolution:  =3D> fixed
> =

> =

> Comment:
> =

>  While the base question of over-claiming is valid, it is also complicat=
ed
>  and multi-faceted.  As such, we will not be adding additional mechanism=
s
>  in the base LISP specification to address this.  Significant improvemen=
ts
>  are proposed in LISP-SEC, including noting that the use of a structure
>  such as RPKI is for further study.

The base LISP specification should just document the issue of over-claimin=
g, =

and then point to LISP-SEC.

Yakov.

> =

> -- =

> ----------------------------------+-------------------------------------=
----
> Reporter:  hartmans-ietf@=E2=80=A6        |        Owner:               =
  =

>     Type:  technical              |       Status:  resolved       =

> Priority:  major                  |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
> Severity:  -                      |   Resolution:  fixed          =

> Keywords:                         |  =

> ----------------------------------+-------------------------------------=
----
> =

> Ticket URL: <https://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/27#comment:=
4>
> lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
> LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #106: Unassigned values in Map-Reply messages (comment 22 reported by Y. Rekhter)
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#106: Unassigned values in Map-Reply messages (comment 22 reported by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by yakov@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/106#comment:1>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #108: "R" bit in Map-Reply message format (comment 22 reported by Y. Rekhter)
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#108: "R" bit in Map-Reply message format (comment 22 reported by Y. Rekhter)


Comment(by yakov@â€¦):

 Here is the new text (from -11 version):

   R: set when the sender of a Map-Reply has a route to the locator in
       the locator data record.  This receiver may find this useful to
       know when determining if the locator is reachable from the
       receiver.  See also Section 6.4 for another way the R-bit may be
       used.

 I'd like to propose the following replacement to the above:

   R: set when the sender of a Map-Reply has a route to the locator in
      the locator data record (note that since having the route, by itself,
      does not imply that the locator is up, having
      the R bit set does not imply that the locator is up).
      This receiver may find this useful to know when determining if the
      locator could be reachable from the receiver.
      See also Section 6.4 for another way the R-bit may be used.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
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    Type:  technical           |      Status:  new            
Priority:  major               |   Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |    Keywords:                 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/108#comment:1>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #108: "R" bit in Map-Reply message format (comment 22 reported by Y. Rekhter)
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We mentioned this in the locator-reachability section. I don't think =20
we need to repeat it again in a packet format field description area.

Dino

On Mar 29, 2011, at 12:29 PM, lisp issue tracker wrote:

> #108: "R" bit in Map-Reply message format (comment 22 reported by Y. =20=

> Rekhter)
>
>
> Comment(by yakov@=85):
>
> Here is the new text (from -11 version):
>
>   R: set when the sender of a Map-Reply has a route to the locator in
>       the locator data record.  This receiver may find this useful to
>       know when determining if the locator is reachable from the
>       receiver.  See also Section 6.4 for another way the R-bit may be
>       used.
>
> I'd like to propose the following replacement to the above:
>
>   R: set when the sender of a Map-Reply has a route to the locator in
>      the locator data record (note that since having the route, by =20
> itself,
>      does not imply that the locator is up, having
>      the R bit set does not imply that the locator is up).
>      This receiver may find this useful to know when determining if =20=

> the
>      locator could be reachable from the receiver.
>      See also Section 6.4 for another way the R-bit may be used.
>
> --=20
> -------------------------------=20
> +--------------------------------------------
> Reporter:  wmhaddad@=85          |       Owner:
>    Type:  technical           |      Status:  new
> Priority:  major               |   Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
> Severity:  -                   |    Keywords:
> -------------------------------=20
> +--------------------------------------------
>
> Ticket URL: <http://tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/108#comment:1>
> lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
> LISP WG document issues
> _______________________________________________
> lisp mailing list
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Subject: Re: [lisp] #114: EID-to-RLOC mapping - transients
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> Dino,
>
>>> Deleting the last part of the last sentence is not enough. You also
>>> need to point out that the "MUST" applies only to steady state, and
>>> also document that during transients Map-Replies may not be
>>> consistent.
>>>
>>> With this in mind please replace the last sentence with the  
>>> following:
>>>
>>>   In a steady state the EID-prefixes for the site and the locator- 
>>> set
>>>   for each EID-prefix MUST be the same on all ETRs. Procedures to
>>>   enforce and/or verify this are outside the scope of this document.
>>
>> We will add this.
>>
>>>   Note that there may be transient conditions when the EID-prefix
>>>   for the site and locator-set for each EID-prefix MAY not be the
>>>   same on all ETRs.
>>
>> We will add this first sentence but change "MAY not" to "may not"
>> since it is not a rule in this specification that the implementation
>> has an option of making the locator-set inconsistent. The locator-set
>> is only inconsistent between the time it takes a network  
>> administrator
>> to make it the same. If there is a configuration error and the
>> inconsistent state is for a longer period of time, then the text  
>> below
>> will cover that.
>>
>>> As a result, for the duration of these transient
>>> conditions not all the ETRs would be able to send Map-Reply
>>> messages with the same database mapping contents.
>>
>> We did not include this sentence above, because it is not true. The
>> ETRs can still send Map-Replies with their idea of the locator-set.
>> And an depending where an ITR's Map-Request is sent, will determine
>> which locator-set the ITR caches. If the locators are disconnected
>> from the network, RLOC-probing will tell you this and ITRs will not
>> encapsulate to them.
>
> You agree that during transients the EID-prefix for the site
> and locator-set for each EID-prefix may not be the same on all ETRs.

Yes, I agree.

> If that is the case, then how would all these ETRs during transients
> be able to send Map-Reply messages with the same database mapping
> contents ?

No, they won't. But this text we are beating to death is in a  
definition section of "EID-to-RLOC Database".

>> If there is locator-set policy on the map-server, then maybe one
>> locator-set or the other won't be accepted by the map-server.
>>
>> And if proxy-replying is sent in the map-register, then it is the  
>> map-
>> server's idea of the locator-set that is sent consistently in all  
>> Map-
>> Replies.
>>
>> So we will say there are no negative implications.
>>
>>> Furthermore, if the authors think that sending inconsistent Map- 
>>> Reply
>>> during transients has no negative implications, then add the
>>> following at
>>> the end of the text I suggested above:
>>>
>>>   This has no negative implications.
>>>
>>> And if the authors think that sending inconsistent Map-Reply during
>>> transients does have negative implications, then the authors should
>>> list
>>> them following the text I suggested above.
>>>
>>> Yakov.
>>
>> Here is the new proposed text:
>>
>>    EID-to-RLOC Database:   The EID-to-RLOC database is a global
>>       distributed database that contains all known EID-prefix to RLOC
>>       mappings.  Each potential ETR typically contains a small  
>> piece of
>>       the database: the EID-to-RLOC mappings for the EID prefixes
>>       "behind" the router.  These map to one of the router's own,
>>       globally-visible, IP addresses.  The same database mapping
>> entries
>>       MUST be configured on all ETRs for a given site.  In a steady
>>       state the EID-prefixes for the site and the locator-set for  
>> each
>>       EID-prefix MUST be the same on all ETRs.  Procedures to enforce
>>       and/or verify this are outside the scope of this document.   
>> Note
>>       that there may be transient conditions when the EID-prefix for
>> the
>>       site and locator-set for each EID-prefix may not be the same on
>>       all ETRs. This has no negative implications.
>
> Please add the following before the last sentence in the above:
>
> As a result, for the duration of these transient
> conditions not all the ETRs may be able to send Map-Reply
> messages with the same database mapping contents.

I don't think it is necessary.

Dino

>
> Yakov.


From yakov@juniper.net  Tue Mar 29 12:43:37 2011
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From: Yakov Rekhter <yakov@juniper.net>
Cc: lisp issue tracker <trac+lisp@zinfandel.tools.ietf.org>, lisp@ietf.org
Subject: Re: [lisp] #108: "R" bit in Map-Reply message format (comment 22 reported by Y. Rekhter)
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Dino,

> We mentioned this in the locator-reachability section. =


Could you please point me to the specific text in the locator-reachability
section that talks about using the R bit.

Yakov.

> I don't think  =

> we need to repeat it again in a packet format field description area.
> =

> Dino
> =

> On Mar 29, 2011, at 12:29 PM, lisp issue tracker wrote:
> =

> > #108: "R" bit in Map-Reply message format (comment 22 reported by Y.  =

> > Rekhter)
> >
> >
> > Comment(by yakov@=85):
> >
> > Here is the new text (from -11 version):
> >
> >   R: set when the sender of a Map-Reply has a route to the locator in
> >       the locator data record.  This receiver may find this useful to
> >       know when determining if the locator is reachable from the
> >       receiver.  See also Section 6.4 for another way the R-bit may be
> >       used.
> >
> > I'd like to propose the following replacement to the above:
> >
> >   R: set when the sender of a Map-Reply has a route to the locator in
> >      the locator data record (note that since having the route, by  =

> > itself,
> >      does not imply that the locator is up, having
> >      the R bit set does not imply that the locator is up).
> >      This receiver may find this useful to know when determining if  =

> > the
> >      locator could be reachable from the receiver.
> >      See also Section 6.4 for another way the R-bit may be used.
> >
> > -- =

> > ------------------------------- =

> > +--------------------------------------------
> > Reporter:  wmhaddad@=85          |       Owner:
> >    Type:  technical           |      Status:  new
> > Priority:  major               |   Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
> > Severity:  -                   |    Keywords:
> > ------------------------------- =

> > +--------------------------------------------
> >
> > Ticket URL: <http://tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/108#comment:1>
> > lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
> > LISP WG document issues
> > _______________________________________________
> > lisp mailing list
> > lisp@ietf.org
> > https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/lisp
> =

> =


From dino@cisco.com  Tue Mar 29 12:45:19 2011
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Cc: lisp issue tracker <trac+lisp@zinfandel.tools.ietf.org>, lisp@ietf.org
Subject: Re: [lisp] #108: "R" bit in Map-Reply message format (comment 22 reported by Y. Rekhter)
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> Dino,
>
>> We mentioned this in the locator-reachability section.
>
> Could you please point me to the specific text in the locator-=20
> reachability
> section that talks about using the R bit.

The Locator Reachability Section indicates that even if a route is =20
present it does not mean you can reach the RLOC. That was the point =20
you wanted us to capture.

Dino

>
> Yakov.
>
>> I don't think
>> we need to repeat it again in a packet format field description area.
>>
>> Dino
>>
>> On Mar 29, 2011, at 12:29 PM, lisp issue tracker wrote:
>>
>>> #108: "R" bit in Map-Reply message format (comment 22 reported by Y.
>>> Rekhter)
>>>
>>>
>>> Comment(by yakov@=85):
>>>
>>> Here is the new text (from -11 version):
>>>
>>>  R: set when the sender of a Map-Reply has a route to the locator in
>>>      the locator data record.  This receiver may find this useful to
>>>      know when determining if the locator is reachable from the
>>>      receiver.  See also Section 6.4 for another way the R-bit may =20=

>>> be
>>>      used.
>>>
>>> I'd like to propose the following replacement to the above:
>>>
>>>  R: set when the sender of a Map-Reply has a route to the locator in
>>>     the locator data record (note that since having the route, by
>>> itself,
>>>     does not imply that the locator is up, having
>>>     the R bit set does not imply that the locator is up).
>>>     This receiver may find this useful to know when determining if
>>> the
>>>     locator could be reachable from the receiver.
>>>     See also Section 6.4 for another way the R-bit may be used.
>>>
>>> --=20
>>> -------------------------------
>>> +--------------------------------------------
>>> Reporter:  wmhaddad@=85          |       Owner:
>>>   Type:  technical           |      Status:  new
>>> Priority:  major               |   Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
>>> Severity:  -                   |    Keywords:
>>> -------------------------------
>>> +--------------------------------------------
>>>
>>> Ticket URL: <http://tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/108#comment:=20=

>>> 1>
>>> lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
>>> LISP WG document issues
>>> _______________________________________________
>>> lisp mailing list
>>> lisp@ietf.org
>>> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/lisp
>>
>>


From yakov@juniper.net  Tue Mar 29 12:51:42 2011
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From: Yakov Rekhter <yakov@juniper.net>
Cc: lisp@ietf.org, lisp issue tracker <trac+lisp@zinfandel.tools.ietf.org>
Subject: Re: [lisp] #114: EID-to-RLOC mapping - transients
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Dino,

> >>> Deleting the last part of the last sentence is not enough. You also
> >>> need to point out that the "MUST" applies only to steady state, and
> >>> also document that during transients Map-Replies may not be
> >>> consistent.
> >>>
> >>> With this in mind please replace the last sentence with the  
> >>> following:
> >>>
> >>>   In a steady state the EID-prefixes for the site and the locator-set
> >>>   for each EID-prefix MUST be the same on all ETRs. Procedures to
> >>>   enforce and/or verify this are outside the scope of this document.
> >>
> >> We will add this.
> >>
> >>>   Note that there may be transient conditions when the EID-prefix
> >>>   for the site and locator-set for each EID-prefix MAY not be the
> >>>   same on all ETRs.
> >>
> >> We will add this first sentence but change "MAY not" to "may not"
> >> since it is not a rule in this specification that the implementation
> >> has an option of making the locator-set inconsistent. The locator-set
> >> is only inconsistent between the time it takes a network administrator
> >> to make it the same. If there is a configuration error and the
> >> inconsistent state is for a longer period of time, then the text below
> >> will cover that.
> >>
> >>> As a result, for the duration of these transient
> >>> conditions not all the ETRs would be able to send Map-Reply
> >>> messages with the same database mapping contents.
> >>
> >> We did not include this sentence above, because it is not true. The
> >> ETRs can still send Map-Replies with their idea of the locator-set.
> >> And an depending where an ITR's Map-Request is sent, will determine
> >> which locator-set the ITR caches. If the locators are disconnected
> >> from the network, RLOC-probing will tell you this and ITRs will not
> >> encapsulate to them.
> >
> > You agree that during transients the EID-prefix for the site
> > and locator-set for each EID-prefix may not be the same on all ETRs.
> 
> Yes, I agree.
> 
> > If that is the case, then how would all these ETRs during transients
> > be able to send Map-Reply messages with the same database mapping
> > contents ?
> 
> No, they won't. 

So you agree that these ETRs during transients may not be able
to send Map-Reply messages with the same database mapping contents.
Yet when I proposed to document it with the following: 

   As a result, for the duration of these transient
   conditions not all the ETRs would be able to send Map-Reply
   messages with the same database mapping contents.

your argument against this was 

   We did not include this sentence above, because it is not true. 

So, does the sentence I proposed true or not true ?

Yakov.

> But this text we are beating to death is in a  
> definition section of "EID-to-RLOC Database".
> 
> >> If there is locator-set policy on the map-server, then maybe one
> >> locator-set or the other won't be accepted by the map-server.
> >>
> >> And if proxy-replying is sent in the map-register, then it is the  
> >> map-
> >> server's idea of the locator-set that is sent consistently in all  
> >> Map-
>> Replies.
> >>
> >> So we will say there are no negative implications.
> >>
> >>> Furthermore, if the authors think that sending inconsistent Map- 
> >>> Reply
> >>> during transients has no negative implications, then add the
> >>> following at
> >>> the end of the text I suggested above:
> >>>
> >>>   This has no negative implications.
> >>>
> >>> And if the authors think that sending inconsistent Map-Reply during
> >>> transients does have negative implications, then the authors should
> >>> list
> >>> them following the text I suggested above.
> >>>
> >>> Yakov.
> >>
> >> Here is the new proposed text:
> >>
> >>    EID-to-RLOC Database:   The EID-to-RLOC database is a global
> >>       distributed database that contains all known EID-prefix to RLOC
> >>       mappings.  Each potential ETR typically contains a small  
> >> piece of
> >>       the database: the EID-to-RLOC mappings for the EID prefixes
> >>       "behind" the router.  These map to one of the router's own,
> >>       globally-visible, IP addresses.  The same database mapping
> >> entries
> >>       MUST be configured on all ETRs for a given site.  In a steady
> >>       state the EID-prefixes for the site and the locator-set for  
> >> each
> >>       EID-prefix MUST be the same on all ETRs.  Procedures to enforce
> >>       and/or verify this are outside the scope of this document.   
> >> Note
> >>       that there may be transient conditions when the EID-prefix for
> >> the
> >>       site and locator-set for each EID-prefix may not be the same on
> >>       all ETRs. This has no negative implications.
> >
> > Please add the following before the last sentence in the above:
> >
> > As a result, for the duration of these transient
> > conditions not all the ETRs may be able to send Map-Reply
> > messages with the same database mapping contents.
> 
> I don't think it is necessary.
> 
> Dino
> 
> >
> > Yakov.
> 

From dino@cisco.com  Tue Mar 29 12:54:38 2011
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Subject: Re: [lisp] #114: EID-to-RLOC mapping - transients
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>>>>> Deleting the last part of the last sentence is not enough. You  
>>>>> also
>>>>> need to point out that the "MUST" applies only to steady state,  
>>>>> and
>>>>> also document that during transients Map-Replies may not be
>>>>> consistent.
>>>>>
>>>>> With this in mind please replace the last sentence with the
>>>>> following:
>>>>>
>>>>>  In a steady state the EID-prefixes for the site and the locator- 
>>>>> set
>>>>>  for each EID-prefix MUST be the same on all ETRs. Procedures to
>>>>>  enforce and/or verify this are outside the scope of this  
>>>>> document.
>>>>
>>>> We will add this.
>>>>
>>>>>  Note that there may be transient conditions when the EID-prefix
>>>>>  for the site and locator-set for each EID-prefix MAY not be the
>>>>>  same on all ETRs.
>>>>
>>>> We will add this first sentence but change "MAY not" to "may not"
>>>> since it is not a rule in this specification that the  
>>>> implementation
>>>> has an option of making the locator-set inconsistent. The locator- 
>>>> set
>>>> is only inconsistent between the time it takes a network  
>>>> administrator
>>>> to make it the same. If there is a configuration error and the
>>>> inconsistent state is for a longer period of time, then the text  
>>>> below
>>>> will cover that.
>>>>
>>>>> As a result, for the duration of these transient
>>>>> conditions not all the ETRs would be able to send Map-Reply
>>>>> messages with the same database mapping contents.
>>>>
>>>> We did not include this sentence above, because it is not true. The
>>>> ETRs can still send Map-Replies with their idea of the locator-set.
>>>> And an depending where an ITR's Map-Request is sent, will determine
>>>> which locator-set the ITR caches. If the locators are disconnected
>>>> from the network, RLOC-probing will tell you this and ITRs will not
>>>> encapsulate to them.
>>>
>>> You agree that during transients the EID-prefix for the site
>>> and locator-set for each EID-prefix may not be the same on all ETRs.
>>
>> Yes, I agree.
>>
>>> If that is the case, then how would all these ETRs during transients
>>> be able to send Map-Reply messages with the same database mapping
>>> contents ?
>>
>> No, they won't.
>
> So you agree that these ETRs during transients may not be able
> to send Map-Reply messages with the same database mapping contents.
> Yet when I proposed to document it with the following:
>
>   As a result, for the duration of these transient
>   conditions not all the ETRs would be able to send Map-Reply
>   messages with the same database mapping contents.
>
> your argument against this was
>
>   We did not include this sentence above, because it is not true.
>
> So, does the sentence I proposed true or not true ?

I first read it as not being able to send Map-Replies at all. Now  
wondering why so much detail is necessary for a definition of EID-to- 
RLOC Database.

Yakov, this really isn't critical, so can we put this to rest?

Dino

>
> Yakov.
>
>> But this text we are beating to death is in a
>> definition section of "EID-to-RLOC Database".
>>
>>>> If there is locator-set policy on the map-server, then maybe one
>>>> locator-set or the other won't be accepted by the map-server.
>>>>
>>>> And if proxy-replying is sent in the map-register, then it is the
>>>> map-
>>>> server's idea of the locator-set that is sent consistently in all
>>>> Map-
>>> Replies.
>>>>
>>>> So we will say there are no negative implications.
>>>>
>>>>> Furthermore, if the authors think that sending inconsistent Map-
>>>>> Reply
>>>>> during transients has no negative implications, then add the
>>>>> following at
>>>>> the end of the text I suggested above:
>>>>>
>>>>>  This has no negative implications.
>>>>>
>>>>> And if the authors think that sending inconsistent Map-Reply  
>>>>> during
>>>>> transients does have negative implications, then the authors  
>>>>> should
>>>>> list
>>>>> them following the text I suggested above.
>>>>>
>>>>> Yakov.
>>>>
>>>> Here is the new proposed text:
>>>>
>>>>   EID-to-RLOC Database:   The EID-to-RLOC database is a global
>>>>      distributed database that contains all known EID-prefix to  
>>>> RLOC
>>>>      mappings.  Each potential ETR typically contains a small
>>>> piece of
>>>>      the database: the EID-to-RLOC mappings for the EID prefixes
>>>>      "behind" the router.  These map to one of the router's own,
>>>>      globally-visible, IP addresses.  The same database mapping
>>>> entries
>>>>      MUST be configured on all ETRs for a given site.  In a steady
>>>>      state the EID-prefixes for the site and the locator-set for
>>>> each
>>>>      EID-prefix MUST be the same on all ETRs.  Procedures to  
>>>> enforce
>>>>      and/or verify this are outside the scope of this document.
>>>> Note
>>>>      that there may be transient conditions when the EID-prefix for
>>>> the
>>>>      site and locator-set for each EID-prefix may not be the same  
>>>> on
>>>>      all ETRs. This has no negative implications.
>>>
>>> Please add the following before the last sentence in the above:
>>>
>>> As a result, for the duration of these transient
>>> conditions not all the ETRs may be able to send Map-Reply
>>> messages with the same database mapping contents.
>>
>> I don't think it is necessary.
>>
>> Dino
>>
>>>
>>> Yakov.
>>


From yakov@juniper.net  Tue Mar 29 12:59:15 2011
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From: Yakov Rekhter <yakov@juniper.net>
Cc: lisp@ietf.org, lisp issue tracker <trac+lisp@zinfandel.tools.ietf.org>
Subject: Re: [lisp] #108: "R" bit in Map-Reply message format (comment 22 reported by Y. Rekhter)
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Dino,

> >> We mentioned this in the locator-reachability section.
> >
> > Could you please point me to the specific text in the locator-reachabi=
lity
> > section that talks about using the R bit.
> =

> The Locator Reachability Section indicates that even if a route is  =

> present it does not mean you can reach the RLOC. That was the point  =

> you wanted us to capture.

  R: set when the sender of a Map-Reply has a route to the locator in
     the locator data record.  This receiver may find this useful to
     know when determining if the locator is reachable from the
     receiver.  See also Section 6.4 for another way the R-bit may  =


The above text suggests that if the sender has a route to the locator
(which is the first sentence in the above text), then the receiver,
using the R bit, may use this when determining locator's reachability
(which is the second sentence above). This contradicts the point
you made above, namely that the presence of a route does *not* mean
RLOC reachability.

Yakov.

> =

> Dino
> =

> >
> > Yakov.
> >
> >> I don't think
> >> we need to repeat it again in a packet format field description area.
> >>
> >> Dino
> >>
> >> On Mar 29, 2011, at 12:29 PM, lisp issue tracker wrote:
> >>
> >>> #108: "R" bit in Map-Reply message format (comment 22 reported by Y.
> >>> Rekhter)
> >>>
> >>>
> >>> Comment(by yakov@=85):
> >>>
> >>> Here is the new text (from -11 version):
> >>>
> >>>  R: set when the sender of a Map-Reply has a route to the locator in
> >>>      the locator data record.  This receiver may find this useful to
> >>>      know when determining if the locator is reachable from the
> >>>      receiver.  See also Section 6.4 for another way the R-bit may  =

> >>> be
> >>>      used.
> >>>
> >>> I'd like to propose the following replacement to the above:
> >>>
> >>>  R: set when the sender of a Map-Reply has a route to the locator in
> >>>     the locator data record (note that since having the route, by
> >>> itself,
> >>>     does not imply that the locator is up, having
> >>>     the R bit set does not imply that the locator is up).
> >>>     This receiver may find this useful to know when determining if
> >>> the
> >>>     locator could be reachable from the receiver.
> >>>     See also Section 6.4 for another way the R-bit may be used.
> >>>
> >>> -- =

> >>> -------------------------------
> >>> +--------------------------------------------
> >>> Reporter:  wmhaddad@=85          |       Owner:
> >>>   Type:  technical           |      Status:  new
> >>> Priority:  major               |   Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
> >>> Severity:  -                   |    Keywords:
> >>> -------------------------------
> >>> +--------------------------------------------
> >>>
> >>> Ticket URL: <http://tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/108#comment: =

> >>> 1>
> >>> lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
> >>> LISP WG document issues
> >>> _______________________________________________
> >>> lisp mailing list
> >>> lisp@ietf.org
> >>> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/lisp
> >>
> >>
> =

> =


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Cc: lisp issue tracker <trac+lisp@zinfandel.tools.ietf.org>, lisp@ietf.org
Subject: Re: [lisp] #108: "R" bit in Map-Reply message format (comment 22 reported by Y. Rekhter)
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These are hints as well.

Dino

On Mar 29, 2011, at 12:58 PM, Yakov Rekhter wrote:

> Dino,
>
>>>> We mentioned this in the locator-reachability section.
>>>
>>> Could you please point me to the specific text in the locator-=20
>>> reachability
>>> section that talks about using the R bit.
>>
>> The Locator Reachability Section indicates that even if a route is
>> present it does not mean you can reach the RLOC. That was the point
>> you wanted us to capture.
>
>  R: set when the sender of a Map-Reply has a route to the locator in
>     the locator data record.  This receiver may find this useful to
>     know when determining if the locator is reachable from the
>     receiver.  See also Section 6.4 for another way the R-bit may
>
> The above text suggests that if the sender has a route to the locator
> (which is the first sentence in the above text), then the receiver,
> using the R bit, may use this when determining locator's reachability
> (which is the second sentence above). This contradicts the point
> you made above, namely that the presence of a route does *not* mean
> RLOC reachability.
>
> Yakov.
>
>>
>> Dino
>>
>>>
>>> Yakov.
>>>
>>>> I don't think
>>>> we need to repeat it again in a packet format field description =20
>>>> area.
>>>>
>>>> Dino
>>>>
>>>> On Mar 29, 2011, at 12:29 PM, lisp issue tracker wrote:
>>>>
>>>>> #108: "R" bit in Map-Reply message format (comment 22 reported =20
>>>>> by Y.
>>>>> Rekhter)
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>> Comment(by yakov@=85):
>>>>>
>>>>> Here is the new text (from -11 version):
>>>>>
>>>>> R: set when the sender of a Map-Reply has a route to the locator =20=

>>>>> in
>>>>>     the locator data record.  This receiver may find this useful =20=

>>>>> to
>>>>>     know when determining if the locator is reachable from the
>>>>>     receiver.  See also Section 6.4 for another way the R-bit may
>>>>> be
>>>>>     used.
>>>>>
>>>>> I'd like to propose the following replacement to the above:
>>>>>
>>>>> R: set when the sender of a Map-Reply has a route to the locator =20=

>>>>> in
>>>>>    the locator data record (note that since having the route, by
>>>>> itself,
>>>>>    does not imply that the locator is up, having
>>>>>    the R bit set does not imply that the locator is up).
>>>>>    This receiver may find this useful to know when determining if
>>>>> the
>>>>>    locator could be reachable from the receiver.
>>>>>    See also Section 6.4 for another way the R-bit may be used.
>>>>>
>>>>> --=20
>>>>> -------------------------------
>>>>> +--------------------------------------------
>>>>> Reporter:  wmhaddad@=85          |       Owner:
>>>>>  Type:  technical           |      Status:  new
>>>>> Priority:  major               |   Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
>>>>> Severity:  -                   |    Keywords:
>>>>> -------------------------------
>>>>> +--------------------------------------------
>>>>>
>>>>> Ticket URL: <http://tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/=20
>>>>> 108#comment:
>>>>> 1>
>>>>> lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
>>>>> LISP WG document issues
>>>>> _______________________________________________
>>>>> lisp mailing list
>>>>> lisp@ietf.org
>>>>> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/lisp
>>>>
>>>>
>>
>>


From yakov@juniper.net  Tue Mar 29 13:03:51 2011
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References: <201103281748.p2SHmmv14212@magenta.juniper.net> <3411E70A-63D2-4249-B464-927D010EE032@cisco.com> <201103291320.p2TDKev34441@magenta.juniper.net> <624CEB8B-49C6-4C80-BC81-9DE1B3F6CEBF@cisco.com> <201103291952.p2TJqNv41849@magenta.juniper.net> <34C88890-CB2E-493A-897F-D7E1F97CE8F8@cisco.com>
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From: Yakov Rekhter <yakov@juniper.net>
Cc: lisp@ietf.org, lisp issue tracker <trac+lisp@zinfandel.tools.ietf.org>
Subject: Re: [lisp] #114: EID-to-RLOC mapping - transients
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Dino,

> >>>>> Deleting the last part of the last sentence is not enough. You also
> >>>>> need to point out that the "MUST" applies only to steady state, and
> >>>>> also document that during transients Map-Replies may not be
> >>>>> consistent.
> >>>>>
> >>>>> With this in mind please replace the last sentence with the
> >>>>> following:
> >>>>>
> >>>>>  In a steady state the EID-prefixes for the site and the locator-set
> >>>>>  for each EID-prefix MUST be the same on all ETRs. Procedures to
> >>>>>  enforce and/or verify this are outside the scope of this  
> >>>>> document.
> >>>>
> >>>> We will add this.
> >>>>
> >>>>>  Note that there may be transient conditions when the EID-prefix
> >>>>>  for the site and locator-set for each EID-prefix MAY not be the
> >>>>>  same on all ETRs.
> >>>>
> >>>> We will add this first sentence but change "MAY not" to "may not"
> >>>> since it is not a rule in this specification that the  
> >>>> implementation
> >>>> has an option of making the locator-set inconsistent. The locator- 
> >>>> set
> >>>> is only inconsistent between the time it takes a network  
> >>>> administrator
> >>>> to make it the same. If there is a configuration error and the
> >>>> inconsistent state is for a longer period of time, then the text  
> >>>> below
> >>>> will cover that.
> >>>>
> >>>>> As a result, for the duration of these transient
> >>>>> conditions not all the ETRs would be able to send Map-Reply
> >>>>> messages with the same database mapping contents.
> >>>>
> >>>> We did not include this sentence above, because it is not true. The
> >>>> ETRs can still send Map-Replies with their idea of the locator-set.
> >>>> And an depending where an ITR's Map-Request is sent, will determine
> >>>> which locator-set the ITR caches. If the locators are disconnected
> >>>> from the network, RLOC-probing will tell you this and ITRs will not
> >>>> encapsulate to them.
> >>>
> >>> You agree that during transients the EID-prefix for the site
> >>> and locator-set for each EID-prefix may not be the same on all ETRs.
> >>
> >> Yes, I agree.
> >>
> >>> If that is the case, then how would all these ETRs during transients
> >>> be able to send Map-Reply messages with the same database mapping
> >>> contents ?
> >>
> >> No, they won't.
> >
> > So you agree that these ETRs during transients may not be able
> > to send Map-Reply messages with the same database mapping contents.
> > Yet when I proposed to document it with the following:
> >
> >   As a result, for the duration of these transient
> >   conditions not all the ETRs would be able to send Map-Reply
> >   messages with the same database mapping contents.
> >
> > your argument against this was
> >
> >   We did not include this sentence above, because it is not true.
> >
> > So, does the sentence I proposed true or not true ?
> 
> I first read it as not being able to send Map-Replies at all. Now  
> wondering why so much detail is necessary for a definition of EID-to- 
> RLOC Database.
> 
> Yakov, this really isn't critical, so can we put this to rest?

The spec needs to document that during transients not all the ETRs
would be able to send Map-Reply messages with the same database
mapping contents, and that this has no negative implications.

I am fairly open wrt whether this is documented in the definition
section, or in some other section of the draft. So, if you think 
there is a better place in the draft to document this, then please 
propose the place.

Yakov.

> 
> Dino
> 
> >
> > Yakov.
> >
> >> But this text we are beating to death is in a
> >> definition section of "EID-to-RLOC Database".
> >>
> >>>> If there is locator-set policy on the map-server, then maybe one
> >>>> locator-set or the other won't be accepted by the map-server.
> >>>>
> >>>> And if proxy-replying is sent in the map-register, then it is the
> >>>> map-
> >>>> server's idea of the locator-set that is sent consistently in all
> >>>> Map-
> >>> Replies.
> >>>>
> >>>> So we will say there are no negative implications.
> >>>>
> >>>>> Furthermore, if the authors think that sending inconsistent Map-
> >>>>> Reply
> >>>>> during transients has no negative implications, then add the
> >>>>> following at
> >>>>> the end of the text I suggested above:
> >>>>>
> >>>>>  This has no negative implications.
> >>>>>
> >>>>> And if the authors think that sending inconsistent Map-Reply  
> >>>>> during
> >>>>> transients does have negative implications, then the authors  
> >>>>> should
> >>>>> list
> >>>>> them following the text I suggested above.
> >>>>>
> >>>>> Yakov.
> >>>>
> >>>> Here is the new proposed text:
> >>>>
> >>>>   EID-to-RLOC Database:   The EID-to-RLOC database is a global
> >>>>      distributed database that contains all known EID-prefix to  
> >>>> RLOC
> >>>>      mappings.  Each potential ETR typically contains a small
> >>>> piece of
> >>>>      the database: the EID-to-RLOC mappings for the EID prefixes
> >>>>      "behind" the router.  These map to one of the router's own,
> >>>>      globally-visible, IP addresses.  The same database mapping
> >>>> entries
> >>>>      MUST be configured on all ETRs for a given site.  In a steady
> >>>>      state the EID-prefixes for the site and the locator-set for
> >>>> each
> >>>>      EID-prefix MUST be the same on all ETRs.  Procedures to  
> >>>> enforce
> >>>>      and/or verify this are outside the scope of this document.
> >>>> Note
> >>>>      that there may be transient conditions when the EID-prefix for
> >>>> the
> >>>>      site and locator-set for each EID-prefix may not be the same  
> >>>> on
> >>>>      all ETRs. This has no negative implications.
> >>>
> >>> Please add the following before the last sentence in the above:
> >>>
> >>> As a result, for the duration of these transient
> >>> conditions not all the ETRs may be able to send Map-Reply
> >>> messages with the same database mapping contents.
> >>
> >> I don't think it is necessary.
> >>
> >> Dino
> >>
> >>>
> >>> Yakov.
> >>
> 

From yakov@juniper.net  Tue Mar 29 13:07:43 2011
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To: Dino Farinacci <dino@cisco.com>
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References: <057.e05715fe3dc7985fc8019f02b0aabd49@trac.tools.ietf.org> <066.61be0cfdf5abac76c31fca3228ab5011@trac.tools.ietf.org> <6C05CFEE-653D-44EA-946A-2C051D035E3A@cisco.com> <201103291945.p2TJj3v38570@magenta.juniper.net> <1ECBB39B-709D-40AA-81F4-D9A949B8DC6C@cisco.com> <201103291958.p2TJwsv44672@magenta.juniper.net> <083D92BE-CF88-4826-899E-C4DF59845AD2@cisco.com>
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Date: Tue, 29 Mar 2011 13:06:37 -0700
From: Yakov Rekhter <yakov@juniper.net>
Cc: lisp@ietf.org, lisp issue tracker <trac+lisp@zinfandel.tools.ietf.org>
Subject: Re: [lisp] #108: "R" bit in Map-Reply message format (comment 22 reported by Y. Rekhter)
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Dino,

> These are hints as well.

That is precisely what is captured in the text I proposed.

Yakov.

> =

> Dino
> =

> On Mar 29, 2011, at 12:58 PM, Yakov Rekhter wrote:
> =

> > Dino,
> >
> >>>> We mentioned this in the locator-reachability section.
> >>>
> >>> Could you please point me to the specific text in the locator- =

> >>> reachability
> >>> section that talks about using the R bit.
> >>
> >> The Locator Reachability Section indicates that even if a route is
> >> present it does not mean you can reach the RLOC. That was the point
> >> you wanted us to capture.
> >
> >  R: set when the sender of a Map-Reply has a route to the locator in
> >     the locator data record.  This receiver may find this useful to
> >     know when determining if the locator is reachable from the
> >     receiver.  See also Section 6.4 for another way the R-bit may
> >
> > The above text suggests that if the sender has a route to the locator
> > (which is the first sentence in the above text), then the receiver,
> > using the R bit, may use this when determining locator's reachability
> > (which is the second sentence above). This contradicts the point
> > you made above, namely that the presence of a route does *not* mean
> > RLOC reachability.
> >
> > Yakov.
> >
> >>
> >> Dino
> >>
> >>>
> >>> Yakov.
> >>>
> >>>> I don't think
> >>>> we need to repeat it again in a packet format field description  =

> >>>> area.
> >>>>
> >>>> Dino
> >>>>
> >>>> On Mar 29, 2011, at 12:29 PM, lisp issue tracker wrote:
> >>>>
> >>>>> #108: "R" bit in Map-Reply message format (comment 22 reported  =

> >>>>> by Y.
> >>>>> Rekhter)
> >>>>>
> >>>>>
> >>>>> Comment(by yakov@=85):
> >>>>>
> >>>>> Here is the new text (from -11 version):
> >>>>>
> >>>>> R: set when the sender of a Map-Reply has a route to the locator  =

> >>>>> in
> >>>>>     the locator data record.  This receiver may find this useful  =

> >>>>> to
> >>>>>     know when determining if the locator is reachable from the
> >>>>>     receiver.  See also Section 6.4 for another way the R-bit may
> >>>>> be
> >>>>>     used.
> >>>>>
> >>>>> I'd like to propose the following replacement to the above:
> >>>>>
> >>>>> R: set when the sender of a Map-Reply has a route to the locator  =

> >>>>> in
> >>>>>    the locator data record (note that since having the route, by
> >>>>> itself,
> >>>>>    does not imply that the locator is up, having
> >>>>>    the R bit set does not imply that the locator is up).
> >>>>>    This receiver may find this useful to know when determining if
> >>>>> the
> >>>>>    locator could be reachable from the receiver.
> >>>>>    See also Section 6.4 for another way the R-bit may be used.
> >>>>>
> >>>>> -- =

> >>>>> -------------------------------
> >>>>> +--------------------------------------------
> >>>>> Reporter:  wmhaddad@=85          |       Owner:
> >>>>>  Type:  technical           |      Status:  new
> >>>>> Priority:  major               |   Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
> >>>>> Severity:  -                   |    Keywords:
> >>>>> -------------------------------
> >>>>> +--------------------------------------------
> >>>>>
> >>>>> Ticket URL: <http://tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/ =

> >>>>> 108#comment:
> >>>>> 1>
> >>>>> lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
> >>>>> LISP WG document issues
> >>>>> _______________________________________________
> >>>>> lisp mailing list
> >>>>> lisp@ietf.org
> >>>>> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/lisp
> >>>>
> >>>>
> >>
> >>
> =

> =


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To: Dino Farinacci <dino@cisco.com>
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References: <201103281748.p2SHmmv14212@magenta.juniper.net> <3411E70A-63D2-4249-B464-927D010EE032@cisco.com> <201103291320.p2TDKev34441@magenta.juniper.net> <624CEB8B-49C6-4C80-BC81-9DE1B3F6CEBF@cisco.com> <201103291952.p2TJqNv41849@magenta.juniper.net> <34C88890-CB2E-493A-897F-D7E1F97CE8F8@cisco.com> <201103292004.p2TK4bv48136@magenta.juniper.net> <E47AA597-361A-4780-B2F4-2914B8DFC52F@cisco.com>
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From: Yakov Rekhter <yakov@juniper.net>
Cc: lisp@ietf.org, David Meyer <dmm@cisco.com>
Subject: Re: [lisp] #114: EID-to-RLOC mapping - transients
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Dino,

> Copying the chairs and co-authors.

adding back the LISP WG mailing list...

> On Mar 29, 2011, at 1:04 PM, Yakov Rekhter wrote:
> 
> > Dino,
> >
> >>>>>>> Deleting the last part of the last sentence is not enough. You  
> >>>>>>> also
> >>>>>>> need to point out that the "MUST" applies only to steady  
> >>>>>>> state, and
> >>>>>>> also document that during transients Map-Replies may not be
> >>>>>>> consistent.
> >>>>>>>
> >>>>>>> With this in mind please replace the last sentence with the
> >>>>>>> following:
> >>>>>>>
> >>>>>>> In a steady state the EID-prefixes for the site and the  
> >>>>>>> locator-set
> >>>>>>> for each EID-prefix MUST be the same on all ETRs. Procedures to
> >>>>>>> enforce and/or verify this are outside the scope of this
> >>>>>>> document.
> >>>>>>
> >>>>>> We will add this.
> >>>>>>
> >>>>>>> Note that there may be transient conditions when the EID-prefix
> >>>>>>> for the site and locator-set for each EID-prefix MAY not be the
> >>>>>>> same on all ETRs.
> >>>>>>
> >>>>>> We will add this first sentence but change "MAY not" to "may not"
> >>>>>> since it is not a rule in this specification that the
> >>>>>> implementation
> >>>>>> has an option of making the locator-set inconsistent. The  
> >>>>>> locator-
> >>>>>> set
> >>>>>> is only inconsistent between the time it takes a network
> >>>>>> administrator
> >>>>>> to make it the same. If there is a configuration error and the
> >>>>>> inconsistent state is for a longer period of time, then the text
> >>>>>> below
> >>>>>> will cover that.
> >>>>>>
> >>>>>>> As a result, for the duration of these transient
> >>>>>>> conditions not all the ETRs would be able to send Map-Reply
> >>>>>>> messages with the same database mapping contents.
> >>>>>>
> >>>>>> We did not include this sentence above, because it is not true.  
> >>>>>> The
> >>>>>> ETRs can still send Map-Replies with their idea of the locator- 
> >>>>>> set.
> >>>>>> And an depending where an ITR's Map-Request is sent, will  
> >>>>>> determine
> >>>>>> which locator-set the ITR caches. If the locators are  
> >>>>>> disconnected
> >>>>>> from the network, RLOC-probing will tell you this and ITRs will  
> >>>>>> not
> >>>>>> encapsulate to them.
> >>>>>
> >>>>> You agree that during transients the EID-prefix for the site
> >>>>> and locator-set for each EID-prefix may not be the same on all  
> >>>>> ETRs.
> >>>>
> >>>> Yes, I agree.
> >>>>
> >>>>> If that is the case, then how would all these ETRs during  
> >>>>> transients
> >>>>> be able to send Map-Reply messages with the same database mapping
> >>>>> contents ?
> >>>>
> >>>> No, they won't.
> >>>
> >>> So you agree that these ETRs during transients may not be able
> >>> to send Map-Reply messages with the same database mapping contents.
> >>> Yet when I proposed to document it with the following:
> >>>
> >>>  As a result, for the duration of these transient
> >>>  conditions not all the ETRs would be able to send Map-Reply
> >>>  messages with the same database mapping contents.
> >>>
> >>> your argument against this was
> >>>
> >>>  We did not include this sentence above, because it is not true.
> >>>
> >>> So, does the sentence I proposed true or not true ?
> >>
> >> I first read it as not being able to send Map-Replies at all. Now
> >> wondering why so much detail is necessary for a definition of EID-to-
> >> RLOC Database.
> >>
> >> Yakov, this really isn't critical, so can we put this to rest?
> >
> > The spec needs to document that during transients not all the ETRs
> > would be able to send Map-Reply messages with the same database
> > mapping contents, and that this has no negative implications.
> 
> No it doesn't. You are nit-picking.

What do you mean by "No it doesn't" ?

> > I am fairly open wrt whether this is documented in the definition
> > section, or in some other section of the draft. So, if you think
> > there is a better place in the draft to document this, then please
> > propose the place.
> 
> It is a misconfiguration. We already stated that the locator-sets may  
> not be the same. If we document all possible misconfigurations, (1) we  
> would miss all of the, and (2) the document would become unreadable.

Misconfiguration is one possible reason, but not the only one
possible - transients is another possible reason. And all I am
asking is to document that transients is another possible reason.

Yakov.

> The best place is to keep it out. We gave you some text, you should  
> meet us half way.
> 
> Dino
> 
> >
> > Yakov.
> >
> >>
> >> Dino
> >>
> >>>
> >>> Yakov.
> >>>
> >>>> But this text we are beating to death is in a
> >>>> definition section of "EID-to-RLOC Database".
> >>>>
> >>>>>> If there is locator-set policy on the map-server, then maybe one
> >>>>>> locator-set or the other won't be accepted by the map-server.
> >>>>>>
> >>>>>> And if proxy-replying is sent in the map-register, then it is the
> >>>>>> map-
> >>>>>> server's idea of the locator-set that is sent consistently in all
> >>>>>> Map-
> >>>>> Replies.
> >>>>>>
> >>>>>> So we will say there are no negative implications.
> >>>>>>
> >>>>>>> Furthermore, if the authors think that sending inconsistent Map-
> >>>>>>> Reply
> >>>>>>> during transients has no negative implications, then add the
> >>>>>>> following at
> >>>>>>> the end of the text I suggested above:
> >>>>>>>
> >>>>>>> This has no negative implications.
> >>>>>>>
> >>>>>>> And if the authors think that sending inconsistent Map-Reply
> >>>>>>> during
> >>>>>>> transients does have negative implications, then the authors
> >>>>>>> should
> >>>>>>> list
> >>>>>>> them following the text I suggested above.
> >>>>>>>
> >>>>>>> Yakov.
> >>>>>>
> >>>>>> Here is the new proposed text:
> >>>>>>
> >>>>>>  EID-to-RLOC Database:   The EID-to-RLOC database is a global
> >>>>>>     distributed database that contains all known EID-prefix to
> >>>>>> RLOC
> >>>>>>     mappings.  Each potential ETR typically contains a small
> >>>>>> piece of
> >>>>>>     the database: the EID-to-RLOC mappings for the EID prefixes
> >>>>>>     "behind" the router.  These map to one of the router's own,
> >>>>>>     globally-visible, IP addresses.  The same database mapping
> >>>>>> entries
> >>>>>>     MUST be configured on all ETRs for a given site.  In a steady
> >>>>>>     state the EID-prefixes for the site and the locator-set for
> >>>>>> each
> >>>>>>     EID-prefix MUST be the same on all ETRs.  Procedures to
> >>>>>> enforce
> >>>>>>     and/or verify this are outside the scope of this document.
> >>>>>> Note
> >>>>>>     that there may be transient conditions when the EID-prefix  
> >>>>>> for
> >>>>>> the
> >>>>>>     site and locator-set for each EID-prefix may not be the same
> >>>>>> on
> >>>>>>     all ETRs. This has no negative implications.
> >>>>>
> >>>>> Please add the following before the last sentence in the above:
> >>>>>
> >>>>> As a result, for the duration of these transient
> >>>>> conditions not all the ETRs may be able to send Map-Reply
> >>>>> messages with the same database mapping contents.
> >>>>
> >>>> I don't think it is necessary.
> >>>>
> >>>> Dino
> >>>>
> >>>>>
> >>>>> Yakov.
> >>>>
> >>
> 

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> Misconfiguration is one possible reason, but not the only one
> possible - transients is another possible reason. And all I am
> asking is to document that transients is another possible reason.

What is your definition of transients? Be specific please.

Dino


From yakov@juniper.net  Tue Mar 29 13:31:36 2011
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Subject: Re: [lisp] #114: EID-to-RLOC mapping - transients
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Dino,

> > Misconfiguration is one possible reason, but not the only one
> > possible - transients is another possible reason. And all I am
> > asking is to document that transients is another possible reason.
> 
> What is your definition of transients? Be specific please.

The same as in the following from -11 version:

                                                                   Note  
      that there may be transient conditions when the EID-prefix for the
      site and locator-set for each EID-prefix may not be the same on
      all ETRs.

Yakov.

From dino@cisco.com  Tue Mar 29 13:36:57 2011
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Subject: Re: [lisp] #114: EID-to-RLOC mapping - transients
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The RLOCs are not the same in all ETRs *because of the transient  
conditions*. You have to define what the transient condition is that  
causes this inconsistency.

Dino

On Mar 29, 2011, at 1:31 PM, Yakov Rekhter wrote:

> Dino,
>
>>> Misconfiguration is one possible reason, but not the only one
>>> possible - transients is another possible reason. And all I am
>>> asking is to document that transients is another possible reason.
>>
>> What is your definition of transients? Be specific please.
>
> The same as in the following from -11 version:
>
>                                                                   Note
>      that there may be transient conditions when the EID-prefix for  
> the
>      site and locator-set for each EID-prefix may not be the same on
>      all ETRs.
>
> Yakov.


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Hi Yakov,

> Here is the text that has been added:
>
>    Given that the ITR/PTR maintains a cache of EID-to-RLOC mappings,
>    cache sizing and maintenance is an issue to be kept in mind during
>    implementation.  It is a good idea to have instrumentation in place  
>    to detect thrashing of the cache.  Implementation experimentation  
>    will be used to determine which cache management strategies work
>    best.
>
> The above text failed to mention that cache sizing is an issue not
> just "during implementation", but during deployment as well.

I agree with this point.  I believe actually the change for the above
text is to change "Implementation experimentation" simply to
"Experimentation" or "Deployment experience".

> Moreover, the above text failed to mention that in the context of
> LISP, thrashing of the cache on a given ITR/PTR has non-local
> implications, as it could result in excessive volume of LISP control
> traffic, which in turn would further deteriorate the situation.

I agree with this concern.  The degenerative case one could imagine is a
cache of 1 entry, in which case packets to every separate site would
generate queries, presumably through the ALT.  However...
> Finally, the above failed to mention that being able to
> detect thrasing is necessary, but not sufficient - an implementation
> must be able to suppress thrasing.

I agree with this point.  However, I would suggest a different set of text:

   Given that the ITR/PTR maintains a cache of EID-to-RLOC mappings,
   and that undersized caches could cause excessive control traffic,
   implementations MUST have some form of cache management in place.
   The specific management mechanisms are beyond the scope of this
   specification.



Regards,

Eliot

From chopra.huawei@gmail.com  Tue Mar 29 12:24:48 2011
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Subject: Re: [lisp] Subject: Re: #46: Cache Thrashing (review by Y. Rekhter)
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People rise to their level of incompetence - way to go Yakov "Peter
Principle" Rekhter!! Love the Cisco-Juniper war, somebody else can then
steal the pie.

------ Forwarded Message
From: Yakov Rekhter <yakov@juniper.net>
Date: Tue, 29 Mar 2011 10:14:18 -0700
To: <jmh@joelhalpern.com>, <luigi@net.t-labs.tu-berlin.de>, <
wmhaddad@gmail.com>, <yakov@juniper.net>, <lisp@ietf.org>
Subject: Re: [lisp] #46: Cache Thrashing (review by Y. Rekhter)

Hi,

> #46: Cache Thrashing (review by Y. Rekhter)
>
> Changes (by jmh@=E2=95=9C):
>
>   * status:  reopened =3D> resolved
>   * resolution:  =3D> fixed
>
>
> Comment:
>
>  Text has been added to the -11 revision of teh specification noting that
>  cache thrashing happens, that implementors should think about it, and
that
>  the experiment may tell us more about whether this is an issue needing
>  further attention.

Here is the text that has been added:

   Given that the ITR/PTR maintains a cache of EID-to-RLOC mappings,
   cache sizing and maintenance is an issue to be kept in mind during
   implementation.  It is a good idea to have instrumentation in place
   to detect thrashing of the cache.  Implementation experimentation
   will be used to determine which cache management strategies work
   best.

The above text failed to mention that cache sizing is an issue not
just "during implementation", but during deployment as well.

Moreover, the above text failed to mention that in the context of
LISP, thrashing of the cache on a given ITR/PTR has non-local
implications, as it could result in excessive volume of LISP control
traffic, which in turn would further deteriorate the situation.

Finally, the above failed to mention that being able to
detect thrasing is necessary, but not sufficient - an implementation
must be able to suppress thrasing.

With all this in mind I would like to propose replacing the text
quoted above with the following:

   Given that the ITR/PTR maintains a cache of EID-to-RLOC mappings,
   cache sizing and maintenance is an issue to be kept in mind
   during both implementation and deployment. In the context of
   LISP, cache thrasing on the ITR/PTR could result in the ITR/PTR
   dropping data, thus negatively affecting connectivity. Moreover,
   it could also result in excessive volume of LISP control traffic,
   which could spread the detrimental effects of thrasing beyond
   the ITR/PTR and all the hosts that communicate through this
   ITR/PTR. Therefore, an implementation MUST provide instrumentation
   in place to detect thrashing of the cache, and MUST provide
   mechanism(s) to suppress thrasing.  Specifications of such
   mechanisms are outside the scope of this document.  Implementation
   experimentation will be used to determine which cache management
   strategies work best.

Yakov.

>
> --
>
-------------------------------+-------------------------------------------=
-
> Reporter:  wmhaddad@=E2=95=9C          |        Owner:
>     Type:  technical           |       Status:  resolved
> Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
> Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed
> Keywords:                      |
>
-------------------------------+-------------------------------------------=
-
>
> Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/46#comment:6=
>
> lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
> LISP WG document issues
_______________________________________________
lisp mailing list
lisp@ietf.org
https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/lisp

------ End of Forwarded Message

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People rise to their level of incompetence - way to go Yakov &quot;Peter Pr=
inciple&quot; Rekhter!! Love the Cisco-Juniper war, somebody else can then =
steal the pie.<br><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><br>------ Forwarded Message<b=
r>
From: Yakov Rekhter &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:yakov@juniper.net" target=3D"_bla=
nk">yakov@juniper.net</a>&gt;<br>
Date: Tue, 29 Mar 2011 10:14:18 -0700<br>To: &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:jmh@joel=
halpern.com" target=3D"_blank">jmh@joelhalpern.com</a>&gt;, &lt;<a href=3D"=
mailto:luigi@net.t-labs.tu-berlin.de" target=3D"_blank">luigi@net.t-labs.tu=
-berlin.de</a>&gt;, &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:wmhaddad@gmail.com" target=3D"_bl=
ank">wmhaddad@gmail.com</a>&gt;, &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:yakov@juniper.net" t=
arget=3D"_blank">yakov@juniper.net</a>&gt;, &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:lisp@ietf=
.org" target=3D"_blank">lisp@ietf.org</a>&gt;<br>

Subject: Re: [lisp] #46: Cache Thrashing (review by Y. Rekhter)<br><br>Hi,<=
br><br>&gt; #46: Cache Thrashing (review by Y. Rekhter)<br>&gt; <br>&gt; Ch=
anges (by jmh@=E2=95=9C):<br>&gt; <br>&gt;=A0=A0 * status:=A0 reopened =3D&=
gt; resolved<br>

&gt;=A0=A0 * resolution:=A0 =3D&gt; fixed<br>&gt; <br>&gt; <br>&gt; Comment=
:<br>&gt; <br>&gt;=A0 Text has been added to the -11 revision of teh specif=
ication noting that<br>&gt;=A0 cache thrashing happens, that implementors s=
hould think about it, and that<br>

&gt;=A0 the experiment may tell us more about whether this is an issue need=
ing<br>&gt;=A0 further attention.<br><br>Here is the text that has been add=
ed:<br><br>=A0=A0 Given that the ITR/PTR maintains a cache of EID-to-RLOC m=
appings,<br>

=A0=A0 cache sizing and maintenance is an issue to be kept in mind during<b=
r>=A0=A0 implementation.=A0 It is a good idea to have instrumentation in pl=
ace=A0 <br>=A0=A0 to detect thrashing of the cache.=A0 Implementation exper=
imentation=A0 <br>

=A0=A0 will be used to determine which cache management strategies work<br>=
=A0=A0 best.<br><br>The above text failed to mention that cache sizing is a=
n issue not<br>just &quot;during implementation&quot;, but during deploymen=
t as well.<br>

<br>Moreover, the above text failed to mention that in the context of<br>LI=
SP, thrashing of the cache on a given ITR/PTR has non-local<br>implications=
, as it could result in excessive volume of LISP control<br>traffic, which =
in turn would further deteriorate the situation.<br>

<br>Finally, the above failed to mention that being able to<br>detect thras=
ing is necessary, but not sufficient - an implementation<br>must be able to=
 suppress thrasing.<br><br>With all this in mind I would like to propose re=
placing the text<br>

quoted above with the following:<br><br>=A0=A0 Given that the ITR/PTR maint=
ains a cache of EID-to-RLOC mappings,<br>=A0=A0 cache sizing and maintenanc=
e is an issue to be kept in mind<br>=A0=A0 during both implementation and d=
eployment. In the context of<br>

=A0=A0 LISP, cache thrasing on the ITR/PTR could result in the ITR/PTR<br>=
=A0=A0 dropping data, thus negatively affecting connectivity. Moreover,<br>=
=A0=A0 it could also result in excessive volume of LISP control traffic,<br=
>=A0=A0 which could spread the detrimental effects of thrasing beyond<br>

=A0=A0 the ITR/PTR and all the hosts that communicate through this<br>=A0=
=A0 ITR/PTR. Therefore, an implementation MUST provide instrumentation<br>=
=A0=A0 in place to detect thrashing of the cache, and MUST provide<br>=A0=
=A0 mechanism(s) to suppress thrasing.=A0 Specifications of such<br>

=A0=A0 mechanisms are outside the scope of this document.=A0 Implementation=
<br>=A0=A0 experimentation will be used to determine which cache management=
<br>=A0=A0 strategies work best.<br><br>Yakov.<br><br>&gt; <br>&gt; -- <br>=
&gt; -------------------------------+--------------------------------------=
------<br>

&gt; Reporter:=A0 wmhaddad@=E2=95=9C=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 |=A0=A0=A0=
=A0=A0=A0=A0 Owner:=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 <br>&gt=
;=A0=A0=A0=A0 Type:=A0 technical=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 |=A0=A0=A0=
=A0=A0=A0 Status:=A0 resolved=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 <br>&gt; Priority:=A0 major=
=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 |=A0=A0=A0 Component:=A0 draft-i=
etf-lisp<br>&gt; Severity:=A0 -=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=
=A0=A0=A0=A0 |=A0=A0 Resolution:=A0 fixed=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 <br>

&gt; Keywords:=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=
=A0 |=A0 <br>&gt; -------------------------------+-------------------------=
-------------------<br>&gt; <br>&gt; Ticket URL: &lt;<a href=3D"https://wik=
i.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/46#comment:6" target=3D"_blank">https:=
//wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/46#comment:6</a>&gt;<br>

&gt; lisp &lt;<a href=3D"http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/" target=3D"_blank">htt=
p://tools.ietf.org/lisp/</a>&gt;<br>&gt; LISP WG document issues<br>_______=
________________________________________<br>lisp mailing list<br><a href=3D=
"mailto:lisp@ietf.org" target=3D"_blank">lisp@ietf.org</a><br>

<a href=3D"https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/lisp" target=3D"_blank">ht=
tps://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/lisp</a><br><br>------ End of Forwarded=
 Message<br>
</div><br>

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A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts directories.
This draft is a work item of the Locator/ID Separation Protocol Working Group of the IETF.


	Title           : Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP)
	Author(s)       : D. Farinacci, et al.
	Filename        : draft-ietf-lisp-11.txt
	Pages           : 85
	Date            : 2011-03-29

This draft describes a network-based protocol that enables separation
of IP addresses into two new numbering spaces: Endpoint Identifiers
(EIDs) and Routing Locators (RLOCs).  No changes are required to
either host protocol stacks or to the "core" of the Internet
infrastructure.  LISP can be incrementally deployed, without a "flag
day", and offers traffic engineering, multi-homing, and mobility
benefits even to early adopters, when there are relatively few LISP-
capable sites.

Design and development of LISP was largely motivated by the problem
statement produced by the October, 2006 IAB Routing and Addressing
Workshop.

A URL for this Internet-Draft is:
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From jnc@mercury.lcs.mit.edu  Tue Mar 29 14:32:12 2011
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From: jnc@mercury.lcs.mit.edu (Noel Chiappa)
Cc: jnc@mercury.lcs.mit.edu
Subject: Re: [lisp] #46: Cache Thrashing (review by Y. Rekhter)
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    > From: Yakov Rekhter <yakov@juniper.net>

    > being able to detect thrasing is necessary, but not sufficient - an
    > implementation must be able to suppress thrasing.

I'm interested in the engineering aspects of this, not just what to say in
this particular document.

The only way I've ever heard of to really 'fix' (AKA prevent) cache thrashing
problems (going all the way back to the days of page replacement algorithms on
big time-sharing machines, back when machines had relatively small main
memories) is to either i) change the access pattern (perhaps by reducing
offered load), or ii) increase the size of the cache.

(Yes, yes, I know that in very limited-size caches, and to make the cache
hardware 'relatively' simple, you get things like N-way associative caches.  I
don't think those apply here, because our caches will of necessity be much
larger - since the cost of a miss is so large, we have to minimize miss count
- and implemented very differently.)

Since i) isn't really feasible for us , and ii) is 'relatively' easy now that
memory is so cheap, is there any reason not to say something to the effect of
'we recommend that to prevent any possibility of cache thrashing, the ITR
MUST be able to cache all the mappings it receives, only discarding mappings
which have not been used in a considerable time (e.g. 1 hour)'.

(Also, I think there is some data from one of the simulations done by the
guys in Europe which shows how large caches have to be - or had to be at the
time the simulations were done - to provide low levels of cache miss for
previously seen destinations. I seem to recall that there was enough info
there to work out how long you had to be able to hold mappings in the cache
to keep refill overhead, etc, down to a reasonable level. Perhaps we should
refer to that for setting the recommended hold time, above?)

	Noel

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #46: Cache Thrashing (review by Y. Rekhter)
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While I like the theory you advance, I don't know how to build it in 
practice.  What size memory, short of the full LISP table, should I 
build in my device to meet the MUST?  Whatever size I build, someone can 
easily build a test case for which it fails.

Personally, I am actually curious to see, in an enterprise edge 
deployment, how well this works.  I presume there is already some data. 
  The experiment will tell us more.
I wonder about the interaction of caching with all sorts of other cases, 
but I do not see that the document needs to spell out all of the history 
of our problems, or the difficulties in addressing this, in order to 
conduct the experiment.

Yours,
Joel

On 3/29/2011 5:33 PM, Noel Chiappa wrote:
>      >  From: Yakov Rekhter<yakov@juniper.net>
>
>      >  being able to detect thrasing is necessary, but not sufficient - an
>      >  implementation must be able to suppress thrasing.
>
> I'm interested in the engineering aspects of this, not just what to say in
> this particular document.
>
> The only way I've ever heard of to really 'fix' (AKA prevent) cache thrashing
> problems (going all the way back to the days of page replacement algorithms on
> big time-sharing machines, back when machines had relatively small main
> memories) is to either i) change the access pattern (perhaps by reducing
> offered load), or ii) increase the size of the cache.
>
> (Yes, yes, I know that in very limited-size caches, and to make the cache
> hardware 'relatively' simple, you get things like N-way associative caches.  I
> don't think those apply here, because our caches will of necessity be much
> larger - since the cost of a miss is so large, we have to minimize miss count
> - and implemented very differently.)
>
> Since i) isn't really feasible for us , and ii) is 'relatively' easy now that
> memory is so cheap, is there any reason not to say something to the effect of
> 'we recommend that to prevent any possibility of cache thrashing, the ITR
> MUST be able to cache all the mappings it receives, only discarding mappings
> which have not been used in a considerable time (e.g. 1 hour)'.
>
> (Also, I think there is some data from one of the simulations done by the
> guys in Europe which shows how large caches have to be - or had to be at the
> time the simulations were done - to provide low levels of cache miss for
> previously seen destinations. I seem to recall that there was enough info
> there to work out how long you had to be able to hold mappings in the cache
> to keep refill overhead, etc, down to a reasonable level. Perhaps we should
> refer to that for setting the recommended hold time, above?)
>
> 	Noel
> _______________________________________________
> lisp mailing list
> lisp@ietf.org
> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/lisp
>

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Cc: Noel Chiappa <jnc@mercury.lcs.mit.edu>, lisp@ietf.org
Subject: Re: [lisp] #46: Cache Thrashing (review by Y. Rekhter)
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> While I like the theory you advance, I don't know how to build it in  
> practice.  What size memory, short of the full LISP table, should I  
> build in my device to meet the MUST?  Whatever size I build, someone  
> can easily build a test case for which it fails.

This is true for all tables, and the analysis to deploy a new box  
always takes this in consideration.

Dino

> Personally, I am actually curious to see, in an enterprise edge  
> deployment, how well this works.  I presume there is already some  
> data.  The experiment will tell us more.
> I wonder about the interaction of caching with all sorts of other  
> cases, but I do not see that the document needs to spell out all of  
> the history of our problems, or the difficulties in addressing this,  
> in order to conduct the experiment.
>
> Yours,
> Joel
>
> On 3/29/2011 5:33 PM, Noel Chiappa wrote:
>>     >  From: Yakov Rekhter<yakov@juniper.net>
>>
>>     >  being able to detect thrasing is necessary, but not  
>> sufficient - an
>>     >  implementation must be able to suppress thrasing.
>>
>> I'm interested in the engineering aspects of this, not just what to  
>> say in
>> this particular document.
>>
>> The only way I've ever heard of to really 'fix' (AKA prevent) cache  
>> thrashing
>> problems (going all the way back to the days of page replacement  
>> algorithms on
>> big time-sharing machines, back when machines had relatively small  
>> main
>> memories) is to either i) change the access pattern (perhaps by  
>> reducing
>> offered load), or ii) increase the size of the cache.
>>
>> (Yes, yes, I know that in very limited-size caches, and to make the  
>> cache
>> hardware 'relatively' simple, you get things like N-way associative  
>> caches.  I
>> don't think those apply here, because our caches will of necessity  
>> be much
>> larger - since the cost of a miss is so large, we have to minimize  
>> miss count
>> - and implemented very differently.)
>>
>> Since i) isn't really feasible for us , and ii) is 'relatively'  
>> easy now that
>> memory is so cheap, is there any reason not to say something to the  
>> effect of
>> 'we recommend that to prevent any possibility of cache thrashing,  
>> the ITR
>> MUST be able to cache all the mappings it receives, only discarding  
>> mappings
>> which have not been used in a considerable time (e.g. 1 hour)'.
>>
>> (Also, I think there is some data from one of the simulations done  
>> by the
>> guys in Europe which shows how large caches have to be - or had to  
>> be at the
>> time the simulations were done - to provide low levels of cache  
>> miss for
>> previously seen destinations. I seem to recall that there was  
>> enough info
>> there to work out how long you had to be able to hold mappings in  
>> the cache
>> to keep refill overhead, etc, down to a reasonable level. Perhaps  
>> we should
>> refer to that for setting the recommended hold time, above?)
>>
>> 	Noel
>> _______________________________________________
>> lisp mailing list
>> lisp@ietf.org
>> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/lisp
>>
> _______________________________________________
> lisp mailing list
> lisp@ietf.org
> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/lisp


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Subject: Re: [lisp] #45: LISP vs. Existing (from Y. Rekhter)
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#45: LISP vs. Existing (from Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by terry.manderson@â€¦):

  * status:  reopened => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 As a protocol definition in a document with experimental status we do not
 believe, as chairs, that
  it needs to outline the benefits that LISP may offer in NAT environments,
 or many other similar
 technology environments.

 It may be that these benefits are outlined in another informational
 document in the future, but
 it is out of scope for draft-ietf-lisp.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/45#comment:5>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #22: An ETR MUST consume UDP port 4342 packets not addressed to it
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#22: An ETR MUST consume UDP port 4342 packets not addressed to it

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 On Decision of  the WG Chairs this issue is closed.

-- 
----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------
Reporter:  hartmans-ietf@â€¦        |        Owner:          
    Type:  technical              |       Status:  resolved
Priority:  major                  |    Component:  alt     
Severity:  -                      |   Resolution:  fixed   
Keywords:                         |  
----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/22#comment:4>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#22: An ETR MUST consume UDP port 4342 packets not addressed to it

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------
Reporter:  hartmans-ietf@â€¦        |        Owner:        
    Type:  technical              |       Status:  closed
Priority:  major                  |    Component:  alt   
Severity:  -                      |   Resolution:  fixed 
Keywords:                         |  
----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/22#comment:5>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #21: Section 5.1 behavior
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#21: Section 5.1 behavior

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => invalid


Comment:

 The WG Chairs, while acknowledging that this was a legitimate question,
 believe that since the text is describing the behavior of an ITR when it
 is part of the ALT there is no need to transfer the text to the main
 specs.

-- 
----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------
Reporter:  hartmans-ietf@â€¦        |        Owner:          
    Type:  technical              |       Status:  resolved
Priority:  minor                  |    Component:  alt     
Severity:  -                      |   Resolution:  invalid 
Keywords:                         |  
----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/21#comment:2>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#21: Section 5.1 behavior

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------
Reporter:  hartmans-ietf@â€¦        |        Owner:         
    Type:  technical              |       Status:  closed 
Priority:  minor                  |    Component:  alt    
Severity:  -                      |   Resolution:  invalid
Keywords:                         |  
----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/21#comment:3>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#76: Implication of using anycast addresses for Map-servers

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 The WG Chairs do not plan to allow the use of anycast for Map-Servers,
 hence consider that no change in the text is required.

-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:          
    Type:  technical                      |       Status:  resolved
Priority:  major                          |    Component:  ms      
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:  fixed   
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/76#comment:2>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#76: Implication of using anycast addresses for Map-servers

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:        
    Type:  technical                      |       Status:  closed
Priority:  major                          |    Component:  ms    
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:  fixed 
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/76#comment:3>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#23: inner source RLOC undefined in some cases

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 The WG Chairs believe that the response provided is sufficient to close
 the ticket.

-- 
----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------
Reporter:  hartmans-ietf@â€¦        |        Owner:          
    Type:  technical              |       Status:  resolved
Priority:  minor                  |    Component:  ms      
Severity:  -                      |   Resolution:  fixed   
Keywords:                         |  
----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/23#comment:3>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#23: inner source RLOC undefined in some cases

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------
Reporter:  hartmans-ietf@â€¦        |        Owner:        
    Type:  technical              |       Status:  closed
Priority:  minor                  |    Component:  ms    
Severity:  -                      |   Resolution:  fixed 
Keywords:                         |  
----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/23#comment:4>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #77: On the use of key-chaining for re-keying
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#77: On the use of key-chaining for re-keying

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => invalid


Comment:

 The WG Chairs believe that this is an implementation issue outside the
 scope of the document, hence consider the issue closed.

-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:          
    Type:  technical                      |       Status:  resolved
Priority:  minor                          |    Component:  ms      
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:  invalid 
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/77#comment:3>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#77: On the use of key-chaining for re-keying

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:         
    Type:  technical                      |       Status:  closed 
Priority:  minor                          |    Component:  ms     
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:  invalid
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/77#comment:4>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #78: Missing things (from J. Arkko's mail)
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#78: Missing things (from J. Arkko's mail)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 The WG Chairs believe that the response provided is sufficient to close
 this issue.

-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:          
    Type:  technical                      |       Status:  resolved
Priority:  minor                          |    Component:  ms      
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:  fixed   
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/78#comment:2>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#78: Missing things (from J. Arkko's mail)

Changes (by luigi@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:        
    Type:  technical                      |       Status:  closed
Priority:  minor                          |    Component:  ms    
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:  fixed 
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/78#comment:3>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #79: Editorial Issues (from J. Arkko's mail)
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#79: Editorial Issues (from J. Arkko's mail)


Comment(by luigi@â€¦):

 The WG Chairs will wait for the -08 version of the draft before taking a
 final decision on this issue.

-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |       Owner:     
    Type:  editorial                      |      Status:  new
Priority:  trivial                        |   Component:  ms 
Severity:  -                              |    Keywords:     
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/79#comment:2>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #114: EID-to-RLOC mapping - transients
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#114: EID-to-RLOC mapping - transients

Changes (by terry.manderson@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 As WG-Chairs we are closing this ticket. It is sufficient to document in
 draft-ietf-lisp that transients exist. As an experimental draft it is not
 necessary to require the draft to document all cases where the transient
 existence will cause a failure. That awareness can and will come, from
 experimentation and post analysis.

-- 
------------------------------+---------------------------------------------
Reporter:  yakov@â€¦            |        Owner:          
    Type:  technical          |       Status:  resolved
Priority:  major              |    Component:  alt     
Severity:  -                  |   Resolution:  fixed   
Keywords:                     |  
------------------------------+---------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/114#comment:4>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

From jmh@joelhalpern.com  Wed Mar 30 00:21:41 2011
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From: "Joel M. Halpern" <jmh@joelhalpern.com>
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Subject: Re: [lisp] #46: Cache Thrashing (review by Y. Rekhter)
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How about adding a second sentence to the paragraph in -11 that 
currently addresses this saying:
Cache sizing has deployment and control plane implications.

While one can get tempted into a long discussion of those implications, 
I do not think that is needed, whereas it is useful to remind 
implementors that those implications are present.

Thank you,
Joel

On 3/29/2011 5:46 PM, Dino Farinacci wrote:
>> While I like the theory you advance, I don't know how to build it in
>> practice. What size memory, short of the full LISP table, should I
>> build in my device to meet the MUST? Whatever size I build, someone
>> can easily build a test case for which it fails.
>
> This is true for all tables, and the analysis to deploy a new box always
> takes this in consideration.
>
> Dino
>
>> Personally, I am actually curious to see, in an enterprise edge
>> deployment, how well this works. I presume there is already some data.
>> The experiment will tell us more.
>> I wonder about the interaction of caching with all sorts of other
>> cases, but I do not see that the document needs to spell out all of
>> the history of our problems, or the difficulties in addressing this,
>> in order to conduct the experiment.
>>
>> Yours,
>> Joel
>>
>> On 3/29/2011 5:33 PM, Noel Chiappa wrote:
>>> > From: Yakov Rekhter<yakov@juniper.net>
>>>
>>> > being able to detect thrasing is necessary, but not sufficient - an
>>> > implementation must be able to suppress thrasing.
>>>
>>> I'm interested in the engineering aspects of this, not just what to
>>> say in
>>> this particular document.
>>>
>>> The only way I've ever heard of to really 'fix' (AKA prevent) cache
>>> thrashing
>>> problems (going all the way back to the days of page replacement
>>> algorithms on
>>> big time-sharing machines, back when machines had relatively small main
>>> memories) is to either i) change the access pattern (perhaps by reducing
>>> offered load), or ii) increase the size of the cache.
>>>
>>> (Yes, yes, I know that in very limited-size caches, and to make the
>>> cache
>>> hardware 'relatively' simple, you get things like N-way associative
>>> caches. I
>>> don't think those apply here, because our caches will of necessity be
>>> much
>>> larger - since the cost of a miss is so large, we have to minimize
>>> miss count
>>> - and implemented very differently.)
>>>
>>> Since i) isn't really feasible for us , and ii) is 'relatively' easy
>>> now that
>>> memory is so cheap, is there any reason not to say something to the
>>> effect of
>>> 'we recommend that to prevent any possibility of cache thrashing, the
>>> ITR
>>> MUST be able to cache all the mappings it receives, only discarding
>>> mappings
>>> which have not been used in a considerable time (e.g. 1 hour)'.
>>>
>>> (Also, I think there is some data from one of the simulations done by
>>> the
>>> guys in Europe which shows how large caches have to be - or had to be
>>> at the
>>> time the simulations were done - to provide low levels of cache miss for
>>> previously seen destinations. I seem to recall that there was enough
>>> info
>>> there to work out how long you had to be able to hold mappings in the
>>> cache
>>> to keep refill overhead, etc, down to a reasonable level. Perhaps we
>>> should
>>> refer to that for setting the recommended hold time, above?)
>>>
>>> Noel
>>> _______________________________________________
>>> lisp mailing list
>>> lisp@ietf.org
>>> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/lisp
>>>
>> _______________________________________________
>> lisp mailing list
>> lisp@ietf.org
>> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/lisp
>
>

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#114: EID-to-RLOC mapping - transients

Changes (by terry.manderson@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
------------------------------+---------------------------------------------
Reporter:  yakov@â€¦            |        Owner:        
    Type:  technical          |       Status:  closed
Priority:  major              |    Component:  alt   
Severity:  -                  |   Resolution:  fixed 
Keywords:                     |  
------------------------------+---------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/114#comment:5>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #80: Router Performances
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#80: Router Performances

Changes (by jmh@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 As the section itself is informative, and probably useful to readers, with
 the changes made in -11 this appears to be sufficiently addressed.

-- 
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
Reporter:  luigi@â€¦                        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical                      |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major                          |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                              |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                                 |  
------------------------------------------+---------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/80#comment:1>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #82: Wording in Abstract (comment 8 and 44 reported by Y. Rekhter)
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#82: Wording in Abstract (comment 8 and 44 reported by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by terry.manderson@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 This has been addressed as of -11. The raised wording no longer appears.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  editorial           |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/82#comment:3>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #82: Wording in Abstract (comment 8 and 44 reported by Y. Rekhter)
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#82: Wording in Abstract (comment 8 and 44 reported by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by terry.manderson@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  editorial           |       Status:  closed         
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/82#comment:4>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #83: Wording in Abstract (comment 8 reported by Y. Rekhter)
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#83: Wording in Abstract (comment 8 reported by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by terry.manderson@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 This has be addressed as of -11. The raised text no longer appears in the
 draft.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  editorial           |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/83#comment:1>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#83: Wording in Abstract (comment 8 reported by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by terry.manderson@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  editorial           |       Status:  closed         
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/83#comment:2>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #84: Renumbering burden when clients change providers (comment 9 reported by Y. Rekhter)
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#84: Renumbering burden when clients change providers (comment 9 reported by Y.
Rekhter)

Changes (by jmh@â€¦):

  * status:  reopened => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 The revised text as of -11 as been reworded to clarify the scope of this
 renumbering coverage.  This seems to sufficiently address the issue, as
 the text is not misleading and it would be inappropriate to try to address
 all of the system complexities in the introduction.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/84#comment:5>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #85: Mobility without address changing (comment 9 reported by Y. Rekhter)
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#85: Mobility without address changing (comment 9 reported by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by terry.manderson@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 The chairs believe the authors have sufficiently reworded the draft text
 as of -11 and this item has been addressed. This ticket is being closed.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/85#comment:1>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #85: Mobility without address changing (comment 9 reported by Y. Rekhter)
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#85: Mobility without address changing (comment 9 reported by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by terry.manderson@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  closed         
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/85#comment:2>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #88: "Proxy device" description (comment 12 reported by Y. Rekhter)
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#88: "Proxy device" description (comment 12 reported by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by terry.manderson@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 From the chairs point of view the Proxy ITRs and Proxy ETRs are well
 defined and this ticket is closed.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/88#comment:1>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#88: "Proxy device" description (comment 12 reported by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by terry.manderson@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  closed         
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/88#comment:2>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#90: Restricting re-encapsulation (comment 12 reported by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by terry.manderson@â€¦):

  * status:  reopened => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 from the chairs point of view this issue is fixed, the restriction was
 removed.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/90#comment:4>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#90: Restricting re-encapsulation (comment 12 reported by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by terry.manderson@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  closed         
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/90#comment:5>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #91: Data probe (comment 12 reported by Y. Rekhter)
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#91: Data probe (comment 12 reported by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by jmh@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 The definition now notes that the usage of data probes is dependent upon
 the specifics of the mapping system.  This seems to sufficiently address
 the issue.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/91#comment:2>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#91: Data probe (comment 12 reported by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by terry.manderson@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  closed         
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/91#comment:3>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #93: VPN (comment 14 reported by Y. Rekhter)
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#93: VPN (comment 14 reported by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by terry.manderson@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * type:  technical => editorial
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 This is just and example, the LISP spec is not deciding how to do VPNs.
 This is editorial in nature, and not technical. We the chairs believe it
 is fine to leave this text. Ticket closed.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  editorial           |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/93#comment:2>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#93: VPN (comment 14 reported by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by terry.manderson@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  editorial           |       Status:  closed         
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/93#comment:3>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #104: Impact of slashdotting ETR (comment 21 reported by Y. Rekhter)
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#104: Impact of slashdotting ETR (comment 21 reported by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by jmh@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 This kind of information is usually captured in a protocol analysis
 document.  That is not normally needed for experimental document
 publication, and does not seem necessary in this case.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/104#comment:1>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#108: "R" bit in Map-Reply message format (comment 22 reported by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by terry.manderson@â€¦):

  * priority:  major => minor
  * type:  technical => editorial


-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |       Owner:                 
    Type:  editorial           |      Status:  new            
Priority:  minor               |   Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |    Keywords:                 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/108#comment:2>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #115: claims in Section 7
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#115: claims in Section 7

Changes (by jmh@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 This has been clarified in -11 to make clear that some hardware has been
 demonstrated not to need modification to support LISP.

-- 
------------------------------+---------------------------------------------
Reporter:  yakov@â€¦            |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical          |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major              |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                  |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                     |  
------------------------------+---------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/115#comment:1>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #112: use of re-encapsulation is underspecified
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#112: use of re-encapsulation is underspecified

Changes (by terry.manderson@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 Re-escapsulation is a traffic engineering mechanism, describing this in
 draft-ietf-lisp is not the right place. At this stage the WG does not have
 a document that describes how to do traffic engineering. Perhaps in the
 future that document may come to life. Until it does there is no way
 forward for this ticket.

-- 
------------------------------+---------------------------------------------
Reporter:  yakov@â€¦            |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical          |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major              |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                  |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                     |  
------------------------------+---------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/112#comment:1>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#112: use of re-encapsulation is underspecified

Changes (by terry.manderson@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
------------------------------+---------------------------------------------
Reporter:  yakov@â€¦            |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical          |       Status:  closed         
Priority:  major              |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                  |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                     |  
------------------------------+---------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/112#comment:2>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#113: inbound traffic engineering support with LISP

Changes (by terry.manderson@â€¦):

  * status:  reopened => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 I don't see draft-ietf-lisp as the right place to describe how to perform
 traffic engineering. At this stage the WG does not have a document that
 describes how to do traffic engineering. Perhaps in the future that
 document may come to life. Until it does there is no way forward for this
 ticket.

-- 
------------------------------+---------------------------------------------
Reporter:  yakov@â€¦            |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical          |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major              |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                  |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                     |  
------------------------------+---------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/113#comment:5>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#113: inbound traffic engineering support with LISP

Changes (by terry.manderson@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
------------------------------+---------------------------------------------
Reporter:  yakov@â€¦            |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical          |       Status:  closed         
Priority:  major              |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                  |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                     |  
------------------------------+---------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/113#comment:6>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #25: Map Server to ETR security has no automated key management
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#25: Map Server to ETR security has no automated key management

Changes (by terry.manderson@â€¦):

  * priority:  major => blocker


Comment:

 The requirement for automated key management in an experimental draft has
 been raised with the INT and SEC ADs.

 The chairs believe that this is an item for future work.

 This item will be updated after a response comes from the ADs.

-- 
----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------
Reporter:  hartmans-ietf@â€¦        |       Owner:     
    Type:  technical              |      Status:  new
Priority:  blocker                |   Component:  ms 
Severity:  -                      |    Keywords:     
----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/25#comment:2>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #47: Ambiguity on "MAP-replies" requirements (review by Y. Rekhter)
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#47: Ambiguity on "MAP-replies" requirements (review by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by terry.manderson@â€¦):

  * status:  reopened => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 we believe #114 subsumed this ticket, now that #114 is closed. Doing the
 same here.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/47#comment:5>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#47: Ambiguity on "MAP-replies" requirements (review by Y. Rekhter)

Changes (by terry.manderson@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  closed         
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/47#comment:6>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#48: MAP-Replies returning different contents for a given EID (review by Y,
Rekhter)

Changes (by terry.manderson@â€¦):

  * status:  reopened => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 We, as chairs, that #114 subsumed this ticket. Now that it is closed,
 doing the same here.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/48#comment:8>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#48: MAP-Replies returning different contents for a given EID (review by Y,
Rekhter)

Changes (by terry.manderson@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  closed         
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/48#comment:9>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #15: chairs to review normative and informative references
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#15: chairs to review normative and informative references


Comment(by terry.manderson@â€¦):

 Note to secretaries: Please review draft-ietf-lisp reference section for
 proper use of normative/informative references before submission to IESG
 occurs.

-- 
----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------
Reporter:  hartmans-ietf@â€¦        |       Owner:                 
    Type:  editorial              |      Status:  new            
Priority:  major                  |   Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                      |    Keywords:                 
----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/15#comment:3>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#115: claims in Section 7

Changes (by terry.manderson@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
------------------------------+---------------------------------------------
Reporter:  yakov@â€¦            |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical          |       Status:  closed         
Priority:  major              |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                  |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                     |  
------------------------------+---------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/115#comment:2>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

From jesper@cisco.com  Wed Mar 30 04:40:36 2011
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From: Jesper Skriver <jesper@cisco.com>
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Subject: [lisp] Versioning, I don't think we need to disable source versioning when we have no destination version.
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Luigi,

draft-ietf-lisp-map-versioning-01 section 4.1 reads

   The other use of the Null Map-Version number is in the Map Records,
   which are part of the Map-Request, Map-Reply and Map-Register
   messages (defined in [I-D.ietf-lisp]).  Map Records that have a Null
   Map-Version number indicate that there is no Map-Version number
   associated with the mapping.  This means that LISP encapsulated
   packets, destined to the EID-Prefix the Map Record refers to, MUST
   NOT contain Map-Version numbers (i.e., V bit MUST always be 0).  In
   other words, the Null Map-Version number signals to the ITR using the
   mapping that the Map-Versioning is not supported, or even if
   supported it MUST NOT be used for that specific EID-Prefix.  Any
   value different from zero means that Map-Versioning is supported and
   MAY be used.

I think that the use of "MUST NOT" is too strict here, even if an ETR =
returned a Null Map-Version number in a Map Record to an ITR, there is =
still value in using source versioning for traffic from the ITR to the =
ETR. The ETR may be able to check the source version number, and use =
versioning to update the reverse mapping.

So I suggest changing this text to

   The other use of the Null Map-Version number is in the Map Records,
   which are part of the Map-Request, Map-Reply and Map-Register
   messages (defined in [I-D.ietf-lisp]).  Map Records that have a Null
   Map-Version number indicate that there is no Map-Version number
   associated with the mapping.  This means that LISP encapsulated
   packets, destined to the EID-Prefix the Map Record refers to, MUST
   either not contain any Map-Version numbers (V bit set to 0), or if
   it contains Map-Version numbers (V bit set to 1) then the destination
   Map-Version number MUST be set to the Null Map-Version number.

/Jesper





From damien.saucez@uclouvain.be  Wed Mar 30 04:48:34 2011
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Subject: Re: [lisp] Versioning, I don't think we need to disable source versioning when we have no	destination version.
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Hello,

On 30 Mar 2011, at 13:41, Jesper Skriver wrote:

> Luigi,
>=20
> draft-ietf-lisp-map-versioning-01 section 4.1 reads
>=20
>   The other use of the Null Map-Version number is in the Map Records,
>   which are part of the Map-Request, Map-Reply and Map-Register
>   messages (defined in [I-D.ietf-lisp]).  Map Records that have a Null
>   Map-Version number indicate that there is no Map-Version number
>   associated with the mapping.  This means that LISP encapsulated
>   packets, destined to the EID-Prefix the Map Record refers to, MUST
>   NOT contain Map-Version numbers (i.e., V bit MUST always be 0).  In
>   other words, the Null Map-Version number signals to the ITR using =
the
>   mapping that the Map-Versioning is not supported, or even if
>   supported it MUST NOT be used for that specific EID-Prefix.  Any
>   value different from zero means that Map-Versioning is supported and
>   MAY be used.
>=20
> I think that the use of "MUST NOT" is too strict here, even if an ETR =
returned a Null Map-Version number in a Map Record to an ITR, there is =
still value in using source versioning for traffic from the ITR to the =
ETR. The ETR may be able to check the source version number, and use =
versioning to update the reverse mapping.
>=20
> So I suggest changing this text to
>=20
>   The other use of the Null Map-Version number is in the Map Records,
>   which are part of the Map-Request, Map-Reply and Map-Register
>   messages (defined in [I-D.ietf-lisp]).  Map Records that have a Null
>   Map-Version number indicate that there is no Map-Version number
>   associated with the mapping.  This means that LISP encapsulated
>   packets, destined to the EID-Prefix the Map Record refers to, MUST
>   either not contain any Map-Version numbers (V bit set to 0), or if
>   it contains Map-Version numbers (V bit set to 1) then the =
destination
>   Map-Version number MUST be set to the Null Map-Version number.
>=20

Ok, but before we have to check what it means for security

Damien Saucez

> /Jesper
>=20
>=20
>=20
>=20
> _______________________________________________
> lisp mailing list
> lisp@ietf.org
> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/lisp


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Subject: Re: [lisp] #112: use of re-encapsulation is underspecified
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#112: use of re-encapsulation is underspecified

Changes (by yakov@â€¦):

  * status:  closed => reopened
  * resolution:  fixed =>


Comment:

 From the last proposed resolution text:

    Re-encapsulation is a traffic engineering mechanism, describing this in
 draft-
    ietf-lisp  is not the right place. At this stage the WG does not have a
 document
    that describes how to do traffic engineering. Perhaps in the future
 that document
    may come to life. Until it does there is no way forward for this
 ticket.

 Does the above mean that the only use for re-encapsulation is for traffic
 engineering ?
 If yes, and if indeed draft-ietf-lisp "is not the right place" for
 describing
 re-encapsulation as a traffic engineering mechanism, then all the
 references to re-encapsulation should be removed from the draft.

-- 
------------------------------+---------------------------------------------
Reporter:  yakov@â€¦            |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical          |       Status:  reopened       
Priority:  major              |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                  |   Resolution:                 
Keywords:                     |  
------------------------------+---------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/112#comment:3>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

From trac+lisp@trac.tools.ietf.org  Wed Mar 30 07:18:05 2011
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#115: claims in Section 7

Changes (by yakov@â€¦):

  * status:  closed => reopened
  * resolution:  fixed =>


Comment:

 -11 version still has the following:


    LISP is designed to be very hardware-based forwarding friendly.

 In order to close this comment the above sentence should be deleted.

-- 
------------------------------+---------------------------------------------
Reporter:  yakov@â€¦            |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical          |       Status:  reopened       
Priority:  major              |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                  |   Resolution:                 
Keywords:                     |  
------------------------------+---------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/115#comment:3>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #46: Cache Thrashing (review by Y. Rekhter)
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#46: Cache Thrashing (review by Y. Rekhter)


Comment(by yakov@â€¦):

 Here is the text that has been added:

    Given that the ITR/PTR maintains a cache of EID-to-RLOC mappings,
    cache sizing and maintenance is an issue to be kept in mind during
    implementation.  It is a good idea to have instrumentation in place
    to detect thrashing of the cache.  Implementation experimentation
    will be used to determine which cache management strategies work
    best.

 The above text failed to mention that cache sizing is an issue not
 just "during implementation", but during deployment as well.

 Moreover, the above text failed to mention that in the context of
 LISP, thrashing of the cache on a given ITR/PTR has non-local
 implications, as it could result in excessive volume of LISP control
 traffic, which in turn would further deteriorate the situation.

 Finally, the above failed to mention that being able to
 detect thrasing is necessary, but not sufficient - an implementation
 must be able to suppress thrasing.

 With all this in mind I would like to propose replacing the text
 quoted above with the following:

    Given that the ITR/PTR maintains a cache of EID-to-RLOC mappings,
    cache sizing and maintenance is an issue to be kept in mind
    during both implementation and deployment. In the context of
    LISP, cache thrasing on the ITR/PTR could result in the ITR/PTR
    dropping data, thus negatively affecting connectivity. Moreover,
    it could also result in excessive volume of LISP control traffic,
    which could spread the detrimental effects of thrasing beyond
    the ITR/PTR and all the hosts that communicate through this
    ITR/PTR. Therefore, an implementation MUST provide instrumentation
    in place to detect thrashing of the cache, and MUST provide
    mechanism(s) to suppress thrasing.  Specifications of such
    mechanisms are outside the scope of this document.  Implementation
    experimentation will be used to determine which cache management
    strategies work best.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/46#comment:7>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#112: use of re-encapsulation is underspecified

Changes (by terry.manderson@â€¦):

  * priority:  major => trivial
  * type:  technical => editorial


-- 
------------------------------+---------------------------------------------
Reporter:  yakov@â€¦            |        Owner:                 
    Type:  editorial          |       Status:  reopened       
Priority:  trivial            |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                  |   Resolution:                 
Keywords:                     |  
------------------------------+---------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/112#comment:4>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

From jnc@mercury.lcs.mit.edu  Wed Mar 30 07:42:18 2011
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From: jnc@mercury.lcs.mit.edu (Noel Chiappa)
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Subject: Re: [lisp] #46: Cache Thrashing (review by Y. Rekhter)
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    > From: "Joel M. Halpern" <jmh@joelhalpern.com>

    > While I like the theory you advance, I don't know how to build it in
    > practice. What size memory .. should I build in my device to meet the
    > MUST?

What you say is of course true, but at the same time, I don't think it
invalidates my basic point, that the only way to prevent cache thrashing in
an application like this is to have a 'big enough' cache?

Is there any reason not to say that, even if we don't have a number to put
in? As Dino says, this is true now, in many other places: e.g. BGP 'won't
work' without a large enough RIB to hold the entire table, but I don't
believe the size is in any document.

    > I presume there is already some data.

The simulations I mentioned were driven by very large traces of actual
traffic from several large sites. Everyone who is seriously interested in
this issue should read those papers.

    > I do not see that the document needs to spell out all of the history of
    > our problems

True, but if we agree that i) thrashing is an issue (and I think we do all
agree on that), and ii) the only fix to thrashing is a large enough cache (so
far, I hear no dissent on that), I think the document ought to say both of
those.

	Noel

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From: Yakov Rekhter <yakov@juniper.net>
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Subject: Re: [lisp] #46: Cache Thrashing (review by Y. Rekhter)
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Eliot,

> Hi Yakov,
> 
> > Here is the text that has been added:
> >
> >    Given that the ITR/PTR maintains a cache of EID-to-RLOC mappings,
> >    cache sizing and maintenance is an issue to be kept in mind during
> >    implementation.  It is a good idea to have instrumentation in place  
> >    to detect thrashing of the cache.  Implementation experimentation  
> >    will be used to determine which cache management strategies work
> >    best.
> >
> > The above text failed to mention that cache sizing is an issue not
> > just "during implementation", but during deployment as well.
> 
> I agree with this point.  I believe actually the change for the above
> text is to change "Implementation experimentation" simply to
> "Experimentation" or "Deployment experience".
> 
> > Moreover, the above text failed to mention that in the context of
> > LISP, thrashing of the cache on a given ITR/PTR has non-local
> > implications, as it could result in excessive volume of LISP control
> > traffic, which in turn would further deteriorate the situation.
> 
> I agree with this concern.  The degenerative case one could imagine is a
> cache of 1 entry, in which case packets to every separate site would
> generate queries, presumably through the ALT.  However...
>
> > Finally, the above failed to mention that being able to
> > detect thrasing is necessary, but not sufficient - an implementation
> > must be able to suppress thrasing.
> 
> I agree with this point.  However, I would suggest a different set of text:
> 
>    Given that the ITR/PTR maintains a cache of EID-to-RLOC mappings,
>    and that undersized caches could cause excessive control traffic,
>    implementations MUST have some form of cache management in place.
>    The specific management mechanisms are beyond the scope of this
>    specification.

The text you proposed above is insufficient as (a) it failed to
mention that undersized caches could lead to cache thrashing,
(b) cache thrashing, in addition to excessive control traffic, 
could also result in dropping data (thus negatively affecting
connectivity), and (c) the detrimental effects of excessive 
control traffic due to thrashing could spread beyond the ITR/PTR
that experiences thrashing.

Moreover, saying that an implementation must has "some form
of cache management in place" is insufficinet, as what is needed
is not just "some form" of cache management, but a mechanism
that would allow to suppress thrashing.

With all this in mind I would propose to augment the text you
proposed above with the missing points. Here is the revised text:

    Given that the ITR/PTR maintains a cache of EID-to-RLOC mappings,
    undersized caches could cause cache thrasing. Cache thrasing
    could result in the ITR/PTR dropping data, thus negatively
    affecting connectivity for all the hosts that communicate through
    this ITR/PTR. Moreover, cache thrasing could cause excessive
    control traffic, which could spread the detrimental effects of
    thrasing beyond the ITR/PTR that experiences the thrasing.
    Therefore, an implementation MUST have some form of cache
    management in place that would provide suppression of cache
    thrasing. The specific management mechanisms are beyond the 
    scope of this specification. Experimentation and deployment 
    experience will be used to determine which cache management 
    strategies work best.

If folks think that "MUST" in the above should be replaced with
"SHOULD" or "RECOMMENDED", it would be fine with me.

Yakov.

From jmh@joelhalpern.com  Wed Mar 30 07:57:48 2011
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As chairs, Terry and I concluded that whether or not the protocol 
actually achieves the design goal, that statement does reflect a design 
goal of the designers.  As such, the text is a statement of fact.
The authors have clarified the later text that did overclaim the actuality.
Given that, we intend to reclose this ticket.

Yours,
Joel

On 3/30/2011 10:19 AM, lisp issue tracker wrote:
> #115: claims in Section 7
>
> Changes (by yakov@â€¦):
>
>    * status:  closed =>  reopened
>    * resolution:  fixed =>
>
>
> Comment:
>
>   -11 version still has the following:
>
>
>      LISP is designed to be very hardware-based forwarding friendly.
>
>   In order to close this comment the above sentence should be deleted.
>

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#112: use of re-encapsulation is underspecified

Changes (by terry.manderson@â€¦):

  * status:  reopened => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 As chairs, Joel and I concluded that what was said in the draft about re-
 encapsualtion was adequate for a an experimental draft and did not need to
 be expanded to provide an in-depth description of traffic engineering.
 This ticket will be re-closed. My previous comment about the possibility
 for another document that addresses such traffic engineering concerns
 remains.

-- 
------------------------------+---------------------------------------------
Reporter:  yakov@â€¦            |        Owner:                 
    Type:  editorial          |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  trivial            |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                  |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                     |  
------------------------------+---------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/112#comment:5>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#112: use of re-encapsulation is underspecified

Changes (by terry.manderson@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
------------------------------+---------------------------------------------
Reporter:  yakov@â€¦            |        Owner:                 
    Type:  editorial          |       Status:  closed         
Priority:  trivial            |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                  |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                     |  
------------------------------+---------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/112#comment:6>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#115: claims in Section 7

Changes (by terry.manderson@â€¦):

  * status:  reopened => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


-- 
------------------------------+---------------------------------------------
Reporter:  yakov@â€¦            |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical          |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major              |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                  |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                     |  
------------------------------+---------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/115#comment:4>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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#115: claims in Section 7

Changes (by terry.manderson@â€¦):

  * status:  resolved => closed


-- 
------------------------------+---------------------------------------------
Reporter:  yakov@â€¦            |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical          |       Status:  closed         
Priority:  major              |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                  |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                     |  
------------------------------+---------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/115#comment:5>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #27: ETR may claim a larger prefix than is delegated to it
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#27: ETR may claim a larger prefix than is delegated to it


Comment(by yakov@â€¦):

 If the base LISP spec is not going to have additional mechanisms to
 address over-claiming, then I would suggest to add to the base LISP spec
 some text that would just describe the issue of over-claiming, and state
 that handling this issue is outside the scope of the document.

-- 
----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------
Reporter:  hartmans-ietf@â€¦        |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical              |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major                  |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                      |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                         |  
----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/27#comment:5>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #55: ETR failure and its implications on connectivity restoration time (review by Y. Rekhter)
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#55: ETR failure and its implications on connectivity restoration time (review
by Y. Rekhter)


Comment(by yakov@â€¦):

 The text that has been added on path liveness, etc... does not address the
 issue raised in this ticket, namely that with LISP connectivity
 restoration requires to propagate fault information from ETR all the way
 to ITR. To address the issue raised in this ticket I would propose to add
 the following to section 6.3:

     Restoring connectivity in the presence of faults at ETRs requires
 propagating
     fault information from the ETRs to the ITRs. This is in contrast to
 the
     current IP routing system, where restoring connectivity could be
 accomplished
     with a fairly limited scope of propagating fault information. The
 implication
     of these differences are outside the scope of this document.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  wmhaddad@â€¦          |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:                      |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/55#comment:2>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

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Subject: Re: [lisp] #46: Cache Thrashing (review by Y. Rekhter)
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Hi Yakov,

On 3/30/11 4:51 PM, Yakov Rekhter wrote:
>
>>    Given that the ITR/PTR maintains a cache of EID-to-RLOC mappings,
>>    and that undersized caches could cause excessive control traffic,
>>    implementations MUST have some form of cache management in place.
>>    The specific management mechanisms are beyond the scope of this
>>    specification.
> The text you proposed above is insufficient as (a) it failed to
> mention that undersized caches could lead to cache thrashing,
Rather than use the term "cache thrashing", I chose instead to describe
the effects of undersized caches, which is another way of saying...
cache thrashing.  And it's a bit more descriptive.  I would also argue
that it is important to be concise.
> (b) cache thrashing, in addition to excessive control traffic, 
> could also result in dropping data (thus negatively affecting
> connectivity),
I think the above text captures this as well.
>  and (c) the detrimental effects of excessive 
> control traffic due to thrashing could spread beyond the ITR/PTR
> that experiences thrashing.
Control traffic has to go somewhere, right?

> Moreover, saying that an implementation must has "some form
> of cache management in place" is insufficinet, as what is needed
> is not just "some form" of cache management, but a mechanism
> that would allow to suppress thrashing.
Fair enough. 

How about the following then:

   Given that the ITR/PTR maintains a cache of EID-to-RLOC mappings,
   and that undersized caches could cause excessive control traffic,
   implementations MUST have some form of cache management in place
   that prevents excessive network control traffic.  The specific
   management mechanisms are beyond the scope of this specification.


This also keeps things concise.  I also understand that others may be
uncomfortable about a normative MUST.  I understand those concerns and
have thrashed (cough) both ways about that myself.

Eliot

From jnc@mercury.lcs.mit.edu  Wed Mar 30 09:20:41 2011
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From: jnc@mercury.lcs.mit.edu (Noel Chiappa)
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Subject: Re: [lisp] #46: Cache Thrashing (review by Y. Rekhter)
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    > From: Yakov Rekhter <yakov@juniper.net>

    > an implementation MUST have some form of cache management in place
    > that would provide suppression of cache thrasing.

Do you know of any cache management strategy which will achieve this goal
_other_ than simply having a big enough cache? (Or is the answer to that
question proprietary? :-) If not, why can't we just simply say that, and
we can drop all the "The specific management mechanisms ... work best."
stuff?

	Noel

PS: Someone pointed out "Revisiting Route Caching: The World Should Be
Flat" to me, which is a nice piece of work (although it misunderstands
LISP); it makes the observation that LRU works a lot better than LFU as a
discard selection mechanism.

From dino@cisco.com  Wed Mar 30 09:53:46 2011
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Subject: Re: [lisp] #27: ETR may claim a larger prefix than is delegated to it
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We did in -11. Here is the text at the end of section 12.

    There is a potential security risk implicit in the fact that ETRs
    generate the EID prefix to which they are responding.  In theory, an
    ETR can claim a shorter prefix than it is actually responsible for.
    Various mechanisms to ameliorate or resolve this issue will be
    examined in the future, [LISP-SEC].

Dino

On Mar 30, 2011, at 8:18 AM, lisp issue tracker wrote:

> #27: ETR may claim a larger prefix than is delegated to it
>
>
> Comment(by yakov@=85):
>
> If the base LISP spec is not going to have additional mechanisms to
> address over-claiming, then I would suggest to add to the base LISP =20=

> spec
> some text that would just describe the issue of over-claiming, and =20
> state
> that handling this issue is outside the scope of the document.
>
> --=20
> ----------------------------------=20
> +-----------------------------------------
> Reporter:  hartmans-ietf@=85        |        Owner:
>    Type:  technical              |       Status:  resolved
> Priority:  major                  |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
> Severity:  -                      |   Resolution:  fixed
> Keywords:                         |
> ----------------------------------=20
> +-----------------------------------------
>
> Ticket URL: =
<http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/27#comment:5=20
> >
> lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
> LISP WG document issues
> _______________________________________________
> lisp mailing list
> lisp@ietf.org
> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/lisp


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Subject: Re: [lisp] #13: Use of Zero UDP Checksums (in IPv4 and IPv6) Requires Analysis
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#13: Use of Zero UDP Checksums (in IPv4 and IPv6) Requires Analysis

Changes (by jmh@â€¦):

  * status:  new => resolved
  * resolution:  => fixed


Comment:

 The working group has agreed to use 0 UDP checksums.  The 6man working
 group is in the process of advancing documents which will define
 conditions under which this is acceptable.  The documents have been
 reviewed, and the LISP usage meets those conditions.

-- 
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------
Reporter:  mrw@â€¦               |        Owner:                 
    Type:  technical           |       Status:  resolved       
Priority:  major               |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
Severity:  -                   |   Resolution:  fixed          
Keywords:  UDP checksums       |  
-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/13#comment:3>
lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
LISP WG document issues

From jesper@cisco.com  Thu Mar 31 00:30:40 2011
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To: Damien Saucez <damien.saucez@uclouvain.be>
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Subject: Re: [lisp] Versioning, I don't think we need to disable source versioning when we have no	destination version.
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Hi Damien,

On 30 Mar 2011, at 14:49, Damien Saucez wrote:

> Hello,
>=20
> On 30 Mar 2011, at 13:41, Jesper Skriver wrote:
>=20
>> Luigi,
>>=20
>> draft-ietf-lisp-map-versioning-01 section 4.1 reads
>>=20
>>  The other use of the Null Map-Version number is in the Map Records,
>>  which are part of the Map-Request, Map-Reply and Map-Register
>>  messages (defined in [I-D.ietf-lisp]).  Map Records that have a Null
>>  Map-Version number indicate that there is no Map-Version number
>>  associated with the mapping.  This means that LISP encapsulated
>>  packets, destined to the EID-Prefix the Map Record refers to, MUST
>>  NOT contain Map-Version numbers (i.e., V bit MUST always be 0).  In
>>  other words, the Null Map-Version number signals to the ITR using =
the
>>  mapping that the Map-Versioning is not supported, or even if
>>  supported it MUST NOT be used for that specific EID-Prefix.  Any
>>  value different from zero means that Map-Versioning is supported and
>>  MAY be used.
>>=20
>> I think that the use of "MUST NOT" is too strict here, even if an ETR =
returned a Null Map-Version number in a Map Record to an ITR, there is =
still value in using source versioning for traffic from the ITR to the =
ETR. The ETR may be able to check the source version number, and use =
versioning to update the reverse mapping.
>>=20
>> So I suggest changing this text to
>>=20
>>  The other use of the Null Map-Version number is in the Map Records,
>>  which are part of the Map-Request, Map-Reply and Map-Register
>>  messages (defined in [I-D.ietf-lisp]).  Map Records that have a Null
>>  Map-Version number indicate that there is no Map-Version number
>>  associated with the mapping.  This means that LISP encapsulated
>>  packets, destined to the EID-Prefix the Map Record refers to, MUST
>>  either not contain any Map-Version numbers (V bit set to 0), or if
>>  it contains Map-Version numbers (V bit set to 1) then the =
destination
>>  Map-Version number MUST be set to the Null Map-Version number.
>>=20
>=20
> Ok, but before we have to check what it means for security

I don't think it should have any effect on security.

If the ETR doesn't support versioning, it will ignore the version in the =
LISP header regardless if the V bit is set or not.

If the ETR does support versioning, it MAY verify that it has an up to =
date reverse mapping by checking the source version number in the LISP =
header against what it got cached.

/Jesper

>=20
> Damien Saucez
>=20
>> /Jesper
>>=20
>>=20
>>=20
>>=20
>> _______________________________________________
>> lisp mailing list
>> lisp@ietf.org
>> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/lisp

/Jesper





From luigi@net.t-labs.tu-berlin.de  Thu Mar 31 02:12:01 2011
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Subject: Re: [lisp] Versioning, I don't think we need to disable source versioning when we have no	destination version.
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Hi Jesper,

As I said during the presentation, we ourselves were suspecting  of =
being too restrictive.=20

On the security side, I do not think there is any issue.  If the ETR =
does not support versioning there is no attack that can be mounted with =
allowing to send the source map version. If the ETR does support =
versioning and decides to verify the source map version, then we are in =
normal map-version use case and existing security consideration apply.

Thanks you very much for proposing text.

Luigi

On 31, Mar, 2011, at 9:32 , Jesper Skriver wrote:

> Hi Damien,
>=20
> On 30 Mar 2011, at 14:49, Damien Saucez wrote:
>=20
>> Hello,
>>=20
>> On 30 Mar 2011, at 13:41, Jesper Skriver wrote:
>>=20
>>> Luigi,
>>>=20
>>> draft-ietf-lisp-map-versioning-01 section 4.1 reads
>>>=20
>>> The other use of the Null Map-Version number is in the Map Records,
>>> which are part of the Map-Request, Map-Reply and Map-Register
>>> messages (defined in [I-D.ietf-lisp]).  Map Records that have a Null
>>> Map-Version number indicate that there is no Map-Version number
>>> associated with the mapping.  This means that LISP encapsulated
>>> packets, destined to the EID-Prefix the Map Record refers to, MUST
>>> NOT contain Map-Version numbers (i.e., V bit MUST always be 0).  In
>>> other words, the Null Map-Version number signals to the ITR using =
the
>>> mapping that the Map-Versioning is not supported, or even if
>>> supported it MUST NOT be used for that specific EID-Prefix.  Any
>>> value different from zero means that Map-Versioning is supported and
>>> MAY be used.
>>>=20
>>> I think that the use of "MUST NOT" is too strict here, even if an =
ETR returned a Null Map-Version number in a Map Record to an ITR, there =
is still value in using source versioning for traffic from the ITR to =
the ETR. The ETR may be able to check the source version number, and use =
versioning to update the reverse mapping.
>>>=20
>>> So I suggest changing this text to
>>>=20
>>> The other use of the Null Map-Version number is in the Map Records,
>>> which are part of the Map-Request, Map-Reply and Map-Register
>>> messages (defined in [I-D.ietf-lisp]).  Map Records that have a Null
>>> Map-Version number indicate that there is no Map-Version number
>>> associated with the mapping.  This means that LISP encapsulated
>>> packets, destined to the EID-Prefix the Map Record refers to, MUST
>>> either not contain any Map-Version numbers (V bit set to 0), or if
>>> it contains Map-Version numbers (V bit set to 1) then the =
destination
>>> Map-Version number MUST be set to the Null Map-Version number.
>>>=20
>>=20
>> Ok, but before we have to check what it means for security
>=20
> I don't think it should have any effect on security.
>=20
> If the ETR doesn't support versioning, it will ignore the version in =
the LISP header regardless if the V bit is set or not.
>=20
> If the ETR does support versioning, it MAY verify that it has an up to =
date reverse mapping by checking the source version number in the LISP =
header against what it got cached.
>=20
> /Jesper
>=20
>>=20
>> Damien Saucez
>>=20
>>> /Jesper
>>>=20
>>>=20
>>>=20
>>>=20
>>> _______________________________________________
>>> lisp mailing list
>>> lisp@ietf.org
>>> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/lisp
>=20
> /Jesper
>=20
>=20
>=20
>=20


From yakov@juniper.net  Thu Mar 31 08:10:25 2011
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From: Yakov Rekhter <yakov@juniper.net>
Cc: lisp issue tracker <trac+lisp@zinfandel.tools.ietf.org>, lisp@ietf.org
Subject: Re: [lisp] #27: ETR may claim a larger prefix than is delegated to it
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Dino,

> We did in -11. Here is the text at the end of section 12.
> =

>     There is a potential security risk implicit in the fact that ETRs
>     generate the EID prefix to which they are responding.  In theory, an
>     ETR can claim a shorter prefix than it is actually responsible for.
>     Various mechanisms to ameliorate or resolve this issue will be
>     examined in the future, [LISP-SEC].

The text should elaborate a bit on what  is exactly the "potential
security risk", and specifically what are some of the implications
of that risk.

Also, replace "In theory" with "Thus" (as the ETR can do this not just
"in theory", but in practice as well). =


Yakov.

> =

> Dino
> =

> On Mar 30, 2011, at 8:18 AM, lisp issue tracker wrote:
> =

> > #27: ETR may claim a larger prefix than is delegated to it
> >
> >
> > Comment(by yakov@=85):
> >
> > If the base LISP spec is not going to have additional mechanisms to
> > address over-claiming, then I would suggest to add to the base LISP  =

> > spec
> > some text that would just describe the issue of over-claiming, and  =

> > state
> > that handling this issue is outside the scope of the document.
> >
> > -- =

> > ---------------------------------- =

> > +-----------------------------------------
> > Reporter:  hartmans-ietf@=85        |        Owner:
> >    Type:  technical              |       Status:  resolved
> > Priority:  major                  |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
> > Severity:  -                      |   Resolution:  fixed
> > Keywords:                         |
> > ---------------------------------- =

> > +-----------------------------------------
> >
> > Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/27#comment=
:5 =

> > >
> > lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
> > LISP WG document issues
> > _______________________________________________
> > lisp mailing list
> > lisp@ietf.org
> > https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/lisp
> =

> =


From dino@cisco.com  Thu Mar 31 08:22:43 2011
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From: Dino Farinacci <dino@cisco.com>
To: Yakov Rekhter <yakov@juniper.net>
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Date: Thu, 31 Mar 2011 08:24:19 -0700
References: <060.ac703c54e9577175255bc2d3a9ba9079@trac.tools.ietf.org> <069.4b101056976476da12f5542a2fea551d@trac.tools.ietf.org> <979314C0-94B1-4C29-8F9B-91E8E27568BB@cisco.com> <201103311511.p2VFBFv39780@magenta.juniper.net>
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Cc: lisp issue tracker <trac+lisp@zinfandel.tools.ietf.org>, lisp@ietf.org
Subject: Re: [lisp] #27: ETR may claim a larger prefix than is delegated to it
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> Dino,
>
>> We did in -11. Here is the text at the end of section 12.
>>
>>    There is a potential security risk implicit in the fact that ETRs
>>    generate the EID prefix to which they are responding.  In =20
>> theory, an
>>    ETR can claim a shorter prefix than it is actually responsible =20
>> for.
>>    Various mechanisms to ameliorate or resolve this issue will be
>>    examined in the future, [LISP-SEC].
>
> The text should elaborate a bit on what  is exactly the "potential
> security risk", and specifically what are some of the implications
> of that risk.

"ETR can claim a shorter prefix than it is actually responsible for".

> Also, replace "In theory" with "Thus" (as the ETR can do this not just
> "in theory", but in practice as well).

In practice the implementation test mask-lengths and don't install =20
coarse routes.

Dino

>
> Yakov.
>
>>
>> Dino
>>
>> On Mar 30, 2011, at 8:18 AM, lisp issue tracker wrote:
>>
>>> #27: ETR may claim a larger prefix than is delegated to it
>>>
>>>
>>> Comment(by yakov@=85):
>>>
>>> If the base LISP spec is not going to have additional mechanisms to
>>> address over-claiming, then I would suggest to add to the base LISP
>>> spec
>>> some text that would just describe the issue of over-claiming, and
>>> state
>>> that handling this issue is outside the scope of the document.
>>>
>>> --=20
>>> ----------------------------------
>>> +-----------------------------------------
>>> Reporter:  hartmans-ietf@=85        |        Owner:
>>>   Type:  technical              |       Status:  resolved
>>> Priority:  major                  |    Component:  draft-ietf-lisp
>>> Severity:  -                      |   Resolution:  fixed
>>> Keywords:                         |
>>> ----------------------------------
>>> +-----------------------------------------
>>>
>>> Ticket URL: =
<http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/lisp/trac/ticket/27#comment=20
>>> :5
>>>>
>>> lisp <http://tools.ietf.org/lisp/>
>>> LISP WG document issues
>>> _______________________________________________
>>> lisp mailing list
>>> lisp@ietf.org
>>> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/lisp
>>
>>

