Subject: [NEXTEL-1] The Mobile Wireless Extended Range WLAN by Northrop Grumman IT (A Must Read)

From: [email-masked]
Date: Thu, 28 Aug 2003 09:34:33 -0400

Wireless LAN in Public Safety 802.11b

Transforming the Way Public Safety Agencies Transfer Information
Introduction

The convergence of electronic wireless
devices is giving birth to a whole new
generation of wireless innovations that
can transform the way public safety
agencies transfer information. Wireless
LAN (WLAN) or IEEE 802.11b technology
is one of the more prominent of
these new generation innovations.
Wireless LANs have become increasingly
prevalent across the nation's local,
state, and federal business infrastructure
as the technology's benefits for offering
high-speed data connectivity, mobility,
ease of installation, network expansion,
and cost effectiveness have become
well recognized.

One of the more obvious
benefits of wireless technology is
the enhanced data mobility that it offers
the user. Mobile wireless LANs, yielding
high-speed data capabilities and
faster deployment times are rapidly
being found in corporate and local businesses
entities, educational institutions,
medical centers and hospitals - and now
across many public safety agencies.
The events of September 11, 2001, have
created additional demand and urgency
for wireless LAN mobility. Wireless
LAN technology is seeing a dramatically
increased interest from public safety
(police, fire, emergency services), government,
and DOD military agencies for the
technology's data mobility benefits. New
homeland defense initiatives are also pushing
the technology envelope with improved
methods and mechanisms for increasing
security, safety, and crisis response capabilities.
Public safety and our nation's defense
are leading a new era and demand for wireless
network mobility, speed, connectivity,
and system flexibility.

Northrop Grumman Information Technology
(IT) is a leader in providing information
technology and systems integration services
to local, state, and federal government agencies,
and to commercial industry as a whole.
We have an extensive background providing
cutting edge WLAN technology and total
networking solutions to our customers who
need mobile and fixed infrastructure wireless
communications. Northrop Grumman IT has
engineered an exclusive "extended range"
(amplified) vehicle and fixed site WLAN
system that provides significantly improved
wireless LAN operating range between
mobile users operating in the field back to a
fixed site infrastructure network. This system
maximizes the mobility range and network
access capability for its public safety
and military users.

Northrop Grumman IT Wireless

Northrop Grumman IT is taking a leading
role in the public safety and military
market, offering the best possible
wireless LAN capabilities and mobility
to its customers. Our expertise and
understanding of the user's tactical, as
well as practical need for delivering
mobile high-speed wireless data communications
in support of command
and control, records management, and
other information exchange and dissemination
requirements is a corner
stone to our technical approach for an
extended range wireless LAN mobility
capability. We continue to work very
closely with the user and with today's
rapidly emerging wireless technologies
to ensure the right technical approach
and the right technical solution is
brought to bear in meeting those needs.
The following paragraphs offer a brief
background and baseline system
overview to describe our technical
approach for offering one of the best
wireless LAN mobile solutions available
on the market.

Wireless IEEE 802.11b
Technology - Overview
The Institute of Electrical and
Electronic Engineers (IEEE) 802.11
wireless standard specifies and authorizes
the operation of Federal
Communications Commission (FCC)
unlicensed wireless high speed Radio
Frequency (RF) data communications
in the 2.4 GHz frequency band. The
IEEE 802.11 specification covers
Infrared, Frequency Hopping Spread
Spectrum (FHSS) and Direct Sequence
Spread Spectrum (DSSS) technologies.
FHSS technology under the 802.11
standard operates primarily at 2.4 GHz
with a data throughput speed of 1-2
Mbps. However, DSSS technology
operates under an enhanced version of
the IEEE specification known as 802.11b.
This 802.11b specification allows DSSS to
operates at 2.4 GHz with a variable throughput
of 1, 2, 5.5 and 11 Mbps. The benefit of
the DSSS 802.11b wireless communications
is the specification's higher bandwidth capabilities
and greatly improved data transfer
speed compared to that offered by 802.11
FHSS or the many other low data rate RF
mobile radio data communications mediums
operating in the 400, 450, 800, and 900 MHz
frequency bands. This higher bandwidth
capability provided by 802.11b technology
offers a very attractive ability to mplement
wireless LANs within a highly dynamic
mobile and enterprise environment. IEEE
802.11b technology essentially allows for the
creation of mobile wireless networking with
data throughput and performance capabilities
very similar to that found in many typical
wired Ethernet LAN "fixed infrastructure"
networks.

Despite the strong advantages for 802.11b
technology to provide for high-speed data
mobility, it should be noted that there are
some potential limitations associated with
the technology as well. Among these, the
higher operating frequency (2.4GHz) of
802.11b communications provides for an
inherently short communication range of the
RF signal for a given power output. This is
especially true when measured against the
more traditional mobile radio (voice/data)
communications systems. Secondly, 802.11b
technology is a "radio" technology and as
such, it operates as a bi-directional or halfduplex
radio device.

Thus, advertised throughput speeds
(i.e., 11MBps) are raw
data rates and the effective throughput
speeds are generally less than half their
advertised rates due to overhead and the
half-duplex nature of radio transceivers.
Commercial applications of 802.11b technology
are manufactured in strict compliance
with FCC, Part 15 Low Power RF Device
standards. Therefore, as with most low
power RF devices, information transfer
and optimum data rate speeds are
achieved only when clear line-of-sight
(LOS) communication is established
and maintained between the communicating
devices. Plus, as mentioned, the
2.4 GHz frequency band is an unlicensed
public spectrum and there can
be (and are) any number of other commercially
available devices operating
within this band (to include other
WLAN users) that can potentially
cause interference with the WLAN
system. These noted 802.11b technology
deficiencies when properly understood
and isolated can often be mitigated
and overcome with sound wireless
engineering, and this is where
Northrop Grumman IT can make the
difference.

Northrop Grumman Technical
Approach

The FCC under Part 15 Rules and
Regulations has designated the maximum
power output for DSSS (802.11b)
wireless radio transmissions operating
within the 2.4 GHz band as 1-Watt
peak power or not more than +36dB
signal strength with any given omnidirectional
antenna (4 Watts EiRP -
Effective Isotropic Radiated Power).
Most commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS)
802.11b-compliant equipment operates
at power levels well below this FCC
maximum power specification (i.e.,
30mW - 100mW typically). However,
the Northrop Grumman IT approach for
enhanced wireless LAN mobility and
performance seeks to take greater
advantage of the higher available FCC
power specifications by integrating and
installing an amplified antenna system
in conjunction with the COTS wireless
product, thereby significantly increasing
the wireless units' LOS communication
range and signal quality within a
particular wireless cell zone.

The amplified antenna system we offer has
been specifically engineered for use with the
Cisco Aironet 350 Series Wireless product
line, and the system is available for both
vehicle and fixed site extended range applications.
The Cisco Aironet wireless product
line was selected for use based upon its "best
of breed" performance, reliability and security
features as noted by the wireless industry's
leading test agencies. Together, the Cisco
Aironet product and the Northrop Grumman
amplified antenna system offer the best available
LOS range and performance capability
of any wireless LAN system on the market.
The amplifiers and antenna systems used in
the Northrop Grumman IT extended range
solution are FCC Part 15 compliant, FCC
certified, and professionally installed. It
should be remembered however, that wireless
communication at the 2.4 GHz band would
always be a fairly short-range LOS dependent
system.. Even at the Amplification of the
wireless signal will greatly enhance the lineof-
sight range and signal quality of the standard
wireless product, and in many cases will
even help to overcome nearby LOS obstacles
and other interference issues. But, wireless
LAN remains primarily a direct line-of-sight
communications medium.

Detailed Engineering Analysis and
Design

Conducting an on-site detailed engineering
analysis and design review is a critical first
step in the process of properly designing,
engineering and implementing an effective
mobile WLAN solution in support of any
Public Safety Data Communications System.
It is a detailed system-wide look at the fixed
infrastructure as well the mobile environment
to be supported, and provides the background
information that is essential in the determination
of how to best implement WLAN technology
to provide the customer's desired
mobile data networking services.

Northrop Grumman IT is well versed
in conducting the prerequisite engineering
analysis and design studies.
Designing a mobile wireless network is
both a science and an art form. It
involves examining the business
requirement, examining each site and
type of vehicle, recording physical
characteristics, studying maps and
building drawings, conducting a walkthrough,
taking RF measurements, conducting
inventories, and determining
the wired and wireless connectivity and
bandwidth requirements needed to support
the mobile environment.

The Detailed Engineering Analysis and
Design effort provides the master blueprint
for the installation. It specifies the
total system requirements, the exact
equipment, the real end-to-end user
applications, throughput, and the exact
locations and placement of equipment
and antennas. It provides for a solid
understanding of how best to meet the
public safety agency's requirements
and offers a forum for developing and
discussing recommendations, enhancements,
system limitations, as well as
the system's expected final design
capabilities and costs.

The Mobile Wireless Extended Range WLAN

Infrastructure
The baseline Northrop Grumman IT
WLAN solution typically consists of
installing a number of extended range
(amplified) wireless LAN Access
Points (APs) at strategically selected
agency, city owned buildings, and/or
leased sites. Each of these strategic
fixed sites would typically have some
form of traditional wired network access (T-
1, Fiber, or other medium) connectivity into
the agency's overall Wide Area Network
(WAN) infrastructure. The wireless AP in
essence will provide for an extension of the
wired connectivity out into the AP's surrounding
wireless radio's area of coverage
(cell zone). In conjunction with the fixed site
"wireless-to-wired" infrastructure, designated
agency vehicles will also be equipped with
an extended range (amplified) vehicle wireless
LAN system that will allow the vehicle's
Mobile Data Computer (MDC) terminal to
obtain a high-speed wireless data connection
to any one of the strategic fixed site access
point stations within the vehicle's LOS range.

And, with both ends of the wireless link
(fixed site AP and vehicle) being equipped
with the Northrop Grumman IT extended
range (amplified) systems, the wireless reach
is significantly extended. A higher degree of
signal quality and data throughput capacity
between the vehicle and the fixed site AP
and improved seamless vehicle roaming
between overlapping wireless cell zones is
achieved. The extended range WLAN system
essentially extends the WAN backbone from
each of the fixed sites located throughout a
designated area to any mobile MDC vehicle(
s) operating within the wireless LOS
range of that fixed site

Figure 1 below illustrates a notional WLAN
infrastructure. It is based solely on a baseline
concept for offering a mobile data WLAN to
fixed site WAN system infrastructure and
does not represent any specific customer's
solution. It is necessary to refine the below
concept based on the results of specific
detailed site survey analysis and/or upon further
discussion with agency officials with
regards to their particular unique needs,
facilities, and the area(s) to be supported.

Police/Fire
Headquarters
County Office Center
County
Hospital
Mobile Unit
AP
AP AP
WLAN to
Mobile Units
WLAN to
Mobile Units
WLAN to
Mobile Units
To
Remote
Sites
Cat 5 to WAN
Backbone
WLAN to
Mobile Units
MDC
AP
WLAN to
Mobile Units
WLAN Cell Site
Station 29
MDC
Mobile Unit
AP
WLAN to
Mobile Units
WLAN Cell Site
Station 28
Cat 5 to WAN
Backbone
AP
WLAN to
Mobile Units
WLAN Cell Site
Station 30
Cat 5 to WAN
Backbone
AP
WLAN to
Mobile Units
WLAN Cell Site
Station 27
Cat 5 to WAN
Backbone AP
WLAN Cell Site
Station 1
Cat 5 to WAN
Backbone
AP
WLAN to
Mobile Units
WLAN Cell Site
Station 3
Cat 5 to WAN
Backbone
AP
WLAN to
Mobile Units
WLAN Cell Site
Station 2
Cat 5 to WAN
Backbone
Figure 1-
Notional Basic

WLAN Architecture
The main purpose for this high-speed
mobile WLAN is to allow for the transfer
of administrative non-urgent data
traffic and other types of large data file
transfers (such as records management
files, photos or video, field reports, surface
map updates, crime reports, etc.)
to be rapidly transmitted and/or
received between the vehicle MDC and
the agency headquarters (i.e., police,
fire, or other County agency). This
frees the agency's currently employed
data communication system to focus
solely on supporting the more critical
(low data rate) data and/or voice communications
such as dispatch and AVL
communications. Seamless WLAN
connectivity with the WAN backbone
will be achieved by establishing a radio
link between the wireless LAN card installed
in the mobile MDC unit and any fixed location
AP within LOS range of the vehicle.
Each fixed site is assumed to have some
form of wired WAN infrastructure connectivity
back to the agency headquarters already
in place.

Northrop Grumman IT can also provide
high-speed wireless LOS backbone WAN
connectivity between fixed AP sites should
the fixed AP site not have wired infrastructure
connectivity (i.e., T-1, Fiber, etc.) to the
agency's WAN infrastructure. Figure 2,
below shows a notional enhanced WLAN
system with wireless backbone WAN links
being connected by point-to-point building
or point-to-multipoint building wireless
high-speed data links. However, it should be
noted that clear LOS between the
point-to-point buildings to be connected
is essential within this type wireless
WAN architecturebetween fixed AP
sites should the fixed AP site not have
wired infrastructure connectivity (i.e.,
T-1, Fiber, etc.) to the agency's WAN
infrastructure. Figure 2, below shows a
notional enhanced WLAN system with
wireless backbone WAN links being
connected by point-to-point building or
point-to-multipoint building wireless
high-speed data links. However, it

Figure 2-
Notional Extended
Range WLAN
Architecture
should be noted that clear LOS
between the point-to-point buildings to
be connected is essential within this
type wireless WAN architecture.
The topologies depicted in Figures 1
and 2 above are based on a systemwide
implementation of Cisco Aironet
350 Series Wireless products. Although
several other manufacturers' wireless
product lines were considered in our
solution set, the Cisco Aironet product
is recommended for providing the best
overall performance at a very competitive
cost. The Cisco Aironet product meets or
exceeds all specifications imposed by most
Public Safety Data Communications System
RFPs, and offers many additional features
that will ensure superior performance.
However, in offering point-to-point or pointto-
multipoint wireless WAN links between
the buildings, Northrop Grumman can offer
and recommend even higher (>11 Mbps)
wireless performance by utilizing Western
Multiplex Tsunami radio products that offer
full-duplex wireless Ethernet Bridging
speeds of 20 Mbps, 45 Mbps, 100 Mbps, and
even higher for point-to-point wireless
communications.

Fixed Access Point Sites - IEEE
802.11b WLAN
Each designated fixed AP site will be engineered
and configured to communicate
directly with mobile vehicles that are operating
within LOS signal range of the site. To
allow for multiple vehicle connectivity as
well as seamless vehicle roaming functionality
between sites, each site will
be equipped with a Cisco Aironet 350
Series Wireless Access Point. An external
WLAN antenna system consisting
of a Northrop Grumman IT-exclusive
Fixed Site Extended Range (amplified)
WLAN System will be installed at
each fixed AP site for maximized
WLAN signal quality. The Wireless
LAN system will be installed and configured
as a private wireless system to
the maximum extent possible by
employing all standardized 802.11b
embedded security mechanisms such
as: unique non-broadcast SSID, Media
Access Control (MAC) layer access
control lists, and a robust 128-bit
Wired-Equivalent Privacy (WEP)
encryption scheme at a minimum.
Northrop Grumman IT also specializes
in and highly recommends employing
additional wireless security enhancements
that include Virtual Private
Network (VPN) security, RADIUS
authentication, authorization, and
accounting, and Intrusion Detection to
further enhance the security of the
wireless LAN system. The specific
security mechanisms, software and
particular security architecture to be
employed will be determined in
detailed network-engineering discussions
with the agency's Network IT
management staff, taking into account
the wired LAN/WAN system's current
degree of security and enhancements
needed. Agency firewall protection
will also be employed, integrated and
managed into the system design.
Mobile Vehicle - IEEE 802.11b
WLAN

With each fixed site's (amplified) AP
system connected to WAN infrastructure,
the wireless system will allow for
vehicles equipped with the Northrop
Grumman IT Vehicle Extended Range
(amplified) WLAN System to wirelessly
connect to the infrastructure when within
LOS range. The vehicle extended range
(amplified) system will consist of either a
wireless PC card installed with the vehicle's
mobile computer or the mobile computer
connected to a (storage area mounted) wireless
Work Group Bridge unit. In both cases
the wireless device will be connected to a 1-
Watt Automatic Gain Control (AGC) amplifier
unit and an externally-mounted 5 dBi
mobile vehicle antenna.
Notional AP Site-to-MDCS Vehicle WLAN
Communications
Agency designated MDCS vehicles will be
configured to communicate directly with any
agency fixed site AP (WLAN Cell) found
within the vehicles' WLAN LOS signal
range. To allow for seamless roaming
between available fixed Site APs or WLAN
cell zones, all vehicles will have their
Wireless PC Card or Wireless Work Group
Bridge unit configured to match the agency's
unique WLAN Network ID, Access Control
List, WEP encryption, and other security system
parameters. Mobile IP functionality
and/or third party software will be employed
to allow for seamless subnet roaming as may
be required between different agency network
subnets. Detailed network engineering
discussions with agency network management
staff will be required to accurately
define the Mobile IP and subnet-roaming
scheme in detail.

Figure 3, Notional AP Site-to-MDCS Vehicle
WLAN Communications, shown on the next
page provides a conceptual picture of two
buildings (connected via agency fiber, wired,
or T-1 backbone infrastructure) and each
building fitted with an AP omni-directional
WLAN communications capability. The
Mobile Data Communication System
(MDCS) vehicle(s) are fitted with WLAN
PC Cards or Wireless Work Group
Bridge units and are operating within
the respective LOS vicinity of the
associated fixed AP site. The MDCS
vehicle WLAN connection to either of
the fixed site APs allows a high-speed
data connection to be established
between the MDCS vehicle and the
building's wired network and to the
agency's backbone infrastructure.
Essentially, as pictured, all of the
MDCS vehicles are interconnected into
the backbone network for high-speed
data transfer connectivity (to include
inter-vehicle WLAN connectivity).
Agency designated MDCS vehicles
will be configured to communicate
directly with any agency fixed site AP
(WLAN Cell) found within the vehicles'
WLAN LOS signal range. To
allow for seamless roaming between
available fixed Site APs or WLAN cell
zones, all vehicles will have their
Wireless PC Card or Wireless Work
Group Bridge unit configured to match
the agency's unique WLAN Network
ID, Access Control List, WEP encryption,
and other security system parameters.
Mobile IP functionality and/or
third party software will be employed
Figure 3. Notional
AP Site-to-MDCS
Vehicle WLAN
Communications
to allow for seamless subnet roaming as may
be required between different agency network
subnets. Detailed network engineering
discussions with agency network management
staff will be required to accurately
define the Mobile IP and subnet-roaming
scheme in detail.
Dismounted MDC - IEEE 802.11b
WLAN
In addition to the vehicles roaming within
range of the wireless buildings, the vehicles
can be optioned with an additional intravehicle
installed AP unit to allow for a dismounted
wireless laptop, handheld computer
and/or PDA device to be able to communicate
with the vehicle's WLAN system. The
vehicle would be equipped with an intravehicle
Access Point (AP) connected via a
small hub or switch to the Work Group
Bridge. The dismounted wireless device will
communicate with the intra-vehicle AP,
which in turn is connected via Work Group
Bridge to the fixed infrastructure WAN network.
See Figure 4 below, Notional
Wireless Handheld Device Connectivity to
Vehicle.
Figure 4.
Notional Wireless
Handheld Device
Connectivity to
Vehicle
Provided the vehicle is within line-ofsight
range of a fixed wireless AP
site/building, the dismounted officers
could have a secure, high-speed wireless
link from their dismounted PDA
device all the way back to the wired
network infrastructure at the headquarters.
Fixed Site Antenna Systems
Fixed site AP stations will be installed
with an amplified antenna system
appropriate for maximizing LOS signal
link quality, directivity, and wireless
cell zone coverage. The installed
external building antenna system will
consist of a Bi-directional Power
Amplifier (500mW maximum) with
DC-Injector module, low loss antenna
cable, an antenna mast assembly, and a
9dBi Omni-directional antenna for
each fixed AP site. The combined
wireless radio, cabling, amplifier, and
9dBi omni-directional antenna will be
of appropriate total system gain to
maintain FCC compliance, maximize
LOS reach (range), and provide for the
multidirectional connectivity required
at each of the fixed wireless cell, relay,
or wired network interface sites. The
type of antenna mast assembly and cabling
will be appropriate for the proper antenna
mounting for each building's detailed engineering
design site survey criteria for the
antenna location (i.e., tripod, non-penetrating,
weighted skid, or side mount). Antenna
heights will be maintained at or below county
or city code. All antenna systems will be
TIA/EIA 607 grounded and provided with
lightning arrestor protection. Northrop
Grumman wireless installers are well versed
to handle most basic types of building antenna
mast installations and cabling runs.
However, difficult or complex antenna
tower, mast, or cabling runs may need to be
subcontracted to a specialized antenna installation
company as determined during the
detailed engineering design.
Outdoors rated environmental enclosures
required to house wireless AP equipment
near the antenna system for ease of installation,
minimize cabling, and localized servicing
of the system are available. The detailed
on-site engineering survey and design may
recommend the need for this type of device
installation provided it offers a technical
advantage or cost savings.
Electrical power distribution, receptacles,
and cabling for properly connecting and
powering the wireless equipment at
each fixed site will be notionally a
responsibility of the customer agency
for county/city resolution or electrical
subcontractor performance.
Basic WLAN Network Security
Network security will be typically
incorporated across the WLAN using
unique assigned network SSID for the
WLAN component devices, AP Access
Control Lists, and the employment of a
128-bit Wired Equivalent Privacy
encryption scheme. The Cisco Aironet
350 Series Wireless product supports
all the standard 802.11b security features.
In addition, the Cisco Aironet
products feature an industry leading
centralized security architecture based
on the IEEE 802.1x standard. Central
to this architecture is the Extensible
Authentication Protocol (EAP) that
enables the wireless client adapter to
interoperate with various vendor manufactured
RADIUS servers that offer
client- and server-side security software.
This security architecture provides
centralized user-based authentication
integrated with network logon
via utilization of an EAP-enabled
RADIUS server. When the user supplies
a username and password, the
wireless client interacts with the network
employed RADIUS server
through a Cisco Aironet AP. When the
RADIUS server authenticates the
client, the server and client negotiate a
single-session, single-user encryption
key and the RADIUS server transmits the
key to the AP.
Enhanced WLAN Network Security
Wireless LANs can be employed and secured
with the same confidence as any of today's
wired networks. Many recent news articles
have highlighted potential vulnerabilities of
wireless LANs when improperly installed or
configured. Much of the news being reported
is based upon users' self-installed system not
applying the many available wireless security
capabilities, nor those we have discussed
above that can be used to enhance, supplement
and even replace "out-of-the-box"
WLAN security features. Northrop
Grumman is fully knowledgeable and well
skilled in employing all available security
features and programs. We offer the best possible
wireless security through the use of
today's most robust Virtual Private Network
(VPN) and IPSEC wireless network security
mechanisms. Northrop Grumman offers a
complete line of end-to-end VPN and IPSEC
network security solutions in a client-server
architecture or wireless edge only security
architecture. Our VPN solutions are selected
and engineered to be US Government
Standards (DES, 3DES, and AES) compliant
and to offer the most "secure" wireless LAN
mobility available.
Conclusion
Knowing the user and the technology is fundamental
to any successful Wireless LAN
system integration project. Northrop
Grumman IT, in association with our sector
partner, Northrop Grumman's Public Safety,
Inc., understands the public safety customer.
We apply the right people, the right skills,
and the right solution to meet your mobile
wireless needs.
For all your wireless LAN needs please contact:
Northrop Grumman Information Technology
Dean Knuth
Wireless Account Manager
San Diego Wireless Center of Excellence
4065 Hancock Street, Suite 200
San Diego, CA 92110
619-221-4635
For all your wireless LAN needs please contact:
Northrop Grumman Information Technology
Dean Knuth
Wireless Account Manager
San Diego Wireless Center of Excellence
4065 Hancock Street, Suite 200
San Diego, CA 92110
619-221-4635
www.northropgrummanIT.com
Northrop Grumman Public Safety, Inc., 12005 Sunrise Valley Drive, Reston, VA 20191
877-772-4911
Headquarters: Northrop Grumman Information Technology, 2411 Dulles Corner Park,
Herndon, VA 20171-3430 703-713-4000
http://www.it.northropgrumman.com/whoweserve/complete_mobile.pdf

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