From jari.arkko@lmf.ericsson.se  Mon Dec  1 06:01:32 2003
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Date: Mon, 01 Dec 2003 12:53:45 +0200
From: Pekka Nikander <pekka.nikander@ericsson.com>
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To: Michael Richardson <mcr@sandelman.ottawa.on.ca>
Cc: ietf-send@standards.ericsson.net
Subject: Re: SEND with link-layer security
References: <13586.1070224425@marajade.sandelman.ottawa.on.ca>
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Michael Richardson wrote:
> I believe that there are significant issues if we do not eventually work on
> ways to bind link layer security (1x) and network layer security (SEND).

Sure, but 1x is not link layer security.  11i aims to be, but
but may not quite reach the mark, depending on how you measure.

OTOH, re-reading the charter and the proposed new charter (which
apparently will not be taken into use before the WG is closed),
I think that we should leave this out of scope of the WG.

If individual people have interest in working on this area, IMHO
(and I guess in James' opinion) it is OK  to use this mailing
list as a forum if the goal is to produce an individual
Informational RFC.  For WG activity at this area at least I want
first see SEND deployed (at least somewhere) and then work on
the area based on deployment experiences.

--Pekka Nikander

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From jari.arkko@lmf.ericsson.se  Mon Dec  1 06:55:09 2003
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From: <jari.arkko@kolumbus.fi>
To: <mcr@sandelman.ottawa.on.ca>
CC: <ietf-send@standards.ericsson.net>
Subject: Re: SEND with link-layer security
Date: Mon, 1 Dec 2003 13:45:51 +0200
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> I believe that there are significant issues if we do not eventually work on
> ways to bind link layer security (1x) and network layer security (SEND).

I agree.

But first some background on this issue. I think Michael
is thinking about this based on the discussions we have had in
the EAP mailing list. Michael presented an attack where someone
offers WLAN access to clients. This offer is legitimate in the
sense that this someone has a contract with a roaming group. But
he is not providing the full service by himself. He simply
attracks the customers, NATs their traffic, and sends it off
to another WLAN service provider using his own flat fee
account. The attacker then collects the roaming fees for a
number of users, but leaves all bandwidth cost to the
other provider.

Anyway, one proposal is that if L2 security would provide
the certs for SEND RAs, then we would have a tighter
binding between what is happening at L2 and L3. Then
an attempt to provide L3 services from someone else
would be detected. However, we are still discussing
whether this works. It would not prevent NATting,
for instance, so it doesn't seem to fix the original
attack.

Anyway, I personally believe something like this
will eventually be needed. So we should work on it...
but I fear that it might take some time before we
figure out what to do here. Maybe even IETF-IEEE
etc discussions. (And it should not hold up SEND.)

--Jari


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From jari.arkko@lmf.ericsson.se  Mon Dec  1 15:53:39 2003
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From: "James Kempf" <kempf@docomolabs-usa.com>
To: <ietf-send@standards.ericsson.net>
Subject: Fw: ID Tracker State Update Notice: draft-ietf-send-psreq
Date: Mon, 1 Dec 2003 12:45:16 -0800
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----- Original Message ----- 
From: "The IESG" <iesg-secretary@ietf.org>
To: <Pekka.Nikander@nomadiclab.com>; <kempf@docomolabs-usa.com>
Sent: Sunday, November 30, 2003 4:30 PM
Subject: ID Tracker State Update Notice: draft-ietf-send-psreq


> 'State Changes to IESG Evaluation from IESG Evaluation::Revised ID Needed
by Margaret Wasserman'
> ID Tracker URL:
https://datatracker.ietf.org/public/pidtracker.cgi?command=view_id&dTag=9439&rfc_flag=0
>
>
>

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From jari.arkko@lmf.ericsson.se  Mon Dec  1 16:20:46 2003
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From: "James Kempf" <kempf@docomolabs-usa.com>
To: <jari.arkko@kolumbus.fi>, <mcr@sandelman.ottawa.on.ca>
Cc: <ietf-send@standards.ericsson.net>
References: <20031201114551.XGMX13518.fep21-app.kolumbus.fi@mta.imail.kolumbus.fi>
Subject: Re: SEND with link-layer security
Date: Mon, 1 Dec 2003 12:58:41 -0800
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> But first some background on this issue. I think Michael
> is thinking about this based on the discussions we have had in
> the EAP mailing list. Michael presented an attack where someone
> offers WLAN access to clients. This offer is legitimate in the
> sense that this someone has a contract with a roaming group. But
> he is not providing the full service by himself. He simply
> attracks the customers, NATs their traffic, and sends it off
> to another WLAN service provider using his own flat fee
> account. The attacker then collects the roaming fees for a
> number of users, but leaves all bandwidth cost to the
> other provider.
>

I'm not sure I understand the attack. How would the other WLAN provider have
to bear the bandwidth cost unless their AP was utilized? It sounds here like
you are saying that the rogue has its own APs, right? If that is so, where
is the problem with the bandwidth cost going to the other provider?

> Anyway, one proposal is that if L2 security would provide
> the certs for SEND RAs, then we would have a tighter
> binding between what is happening at L2 and L3. Then
> an attempt to provide L3 services from someone else
> would be detected. However, we are still discussing
> whether this works. It would not prevent NATting,
> for instance, so it doesn't seem to fix the original
> attack.
>

Certs with L2 info on the router would allow this.

> Anyway, I personally believe something like this
> will eventually be needed. So we should work on it...
> but I fear that it might take some time before we
> figure out what to do here. Maybe even IETF-IEEE
> etc discussions. (And it should not hold up SEND.)
>

Yes.

       jak

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From jari.arkko@lmf.ericsson.se  Mon Dec  1 16:54:31 2003
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Date: Mon, 01 Dec 2003 23:42:54 +0200
From: Jari Arkko <jari.arkko@kolumbus.fi>
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Subject: Re: SEND with link-layer security
References: <20031201114551.XGMX13518.fep21-app.kolumbus.fi@mta.imail.kolumbus.fi> <005901c3b84d$e743f910$036015ac@dclkempt40>
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James Kempf wrote:
>>But first some background on this issue. I think Michael
>>is thinking about this based on the discussions we have had in
>>the EAP mailing list. Michael presented an attack where someone
>>offers WLAN access to clients. This offer is legitimate in the
>>sense that this someone has a contract with a roaming group. But
>>he is not providing the full service by himself. He simply
>>attracks the customers, NATs their traffic, and sends it off
>>to another WLAN service provider using his own flat fee
>>account. The attacker then collects the roaming fees for a
>>number of users, but leaves all bandwidth cost to the
>>other provider.
>>
> 
> 
> I'm not sure I understand the attack. How would the other WLAN provider have
> to bear the bandwidth cost unless their AP was utilized? It sounds here like
> you are saying that the rogue has its own APs, right? If that is so, where
> is the problem with the bandwidth cost going to the other provider?

The rogue provider has a node with two wireless
interfaces: one to attrack clients, and another
one to connect to the real provider's AP. The
rogue provider has to pay for his node and the
flat fee account, but the real provider pays all
costs related to Internet connectivity.

This would not fly as a business if you had to
deploy the rogue nodes. But folks might put the
required software in their laptops that they carry
around anyway. This would also not fly if the
cost of flat fee accounts is higher than what
you can get as roaming fees.

Anyway, we discussed this a bit further on the
EAP WG mailing list and agreed with Michael that
we need L2 to authenticate advertised access
point properties, such as the SSID. (This currently
*not* done.) We would also like to get a binding between
L2 and L3, to ensure that the L3 services are provided
by the same entity that we authenticated to. However,
there are limits to what these two measures can achieve.
The SSID authentication is useless if the user is
not paying attention to the identifier, and the L3
service binding does not prevent someone from NATting
the results to another L3 service.

--Jari

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Subject: Re: SEND with link-layer security 
In-reply-to: Your message of "Mon, 01 Dec 2003 12:58:41 PST."
             <005901c3b84d$e743f910$036015ac@dclkempt40> 
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>>>>> "James" == James Kempf <kempf@docomolabs-usa.com> writes:
    James> I'm not sure I understand the attack. How would the other WLAN
    James> provider have to bear the bandwidth cost unless their AP was
    James> utilized? It sounds here like you are saying that the rogue has
    James> its own APs, right? If that is so, where is the problem with the
    James> bandwidth cost going to the other provider?

http://mail.frascone.com/pipermail/eap/2003-November/001936.html

]       ON HUMILITY: to err is human. To moo, bovine.           |  firewalls  [
]   Michael Richardson,    Xelerance Corporation, Ottawa, ON    |net architect[
] mcr@xelerance.com      http://www.sandelman.ottawa.on.ca/mcr/ |device driver[
] panic("Just another Debian GNU/Linux using, kernel hacking, security guy"); [
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From jari.arkko@lmf.ericsson.se  Tue Dec  2 13:42:33 2003
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Subject: RE: ID Tracker State Update Notice: draft-ietf-send-psreq
Date: Tue, 2 Dec 2003 13:32:35 -0500
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Just FYI --

I think that all of the IESG comments have been resolved in
this version, and I have returned it to the IESG agenda for
December 18th.  I hope it will be approved then.  I'll let
you all know what happens.

Margaret



> -----Original Message-----
> From: owner-ietf-send@standards.ericsson.net
> [mailto:owner-ietf-send@standards.ericsson.net]On Behalf Of ext James
> Kempf
> Sent: Monday, December 01, 2003 3:45 PM
> To: ietf-send@standards.ericsson.net
> Subject: Fw: ID Tracker State Update Notice: draft-ietf-send-psreq
> 
> 
> 
> ----- Original Message ----- 
> From: "The IESG" <iesg-secretary@ietf.org>
> To: <Pekka.Nikander@nomadiclab.com>; <kempf@docomolabs-usa.com>
> Sent: Sunday, November 30, 2003 4:30 PM
> Subject: ID Tracker State Update Notice: draft-ietf-send-psreq
> 
> 
> > 'State Changes to IESG Evaluation from IESG 
> Evaluation::Revised ID Needed
> by Margaret Wasserman'
> > ID Tracker URL:
> https://datatracker.ietf.org/public/pidtracker.cgi?command=vie
> w_id&dTag=9439&rfc_flag=0
> >
> >
> >
> 
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From jari.arkko@lmf.ericsson.se  Wed Dec  3 10:12:57 2003
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To: Julien Laganier <julien.laganier@laposte.net>,
        Samita Chakrabarti <Samita.Chakrabarti@eng.sun.com>,
        Pekka Nikander <pekka.nikander@nomadiclab.com>
CC: SEND WG <ietf-send@standards.ericsson.net>
Subject: Re: An API question from Samita
References: <3FBB5330.3020904@ericsson.com> <200311211445.50302.julien.laganier@laposte.net>
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Julien Laganier wrote:
> On Wednesday 19 November 2003 12:25, Pekka Nikander wrote:
> 
>>Following the discussion last week at Minneapolis,
>>Samita Chakrabarti wants to ask the working group
>>the following question:
>>
>>   draft-chakrabarti-ipv6-addrselect-api-02.txt already has a mechanism
>>   to choose CGA and NON-CGA source addresses by the application using
>>   socket api.  The SEND wg needs to decide whether such API is needed
>>   for applications running on a SEND-node.  Please send the decision on
>>   this to the IPv6 wg alias - based on that we will update the address
>>   selection API draft (which actually goes along with RFC3484).
>>
>>Please send your replies to the mailing list.  The chairs
>>will summarize and post the summary also to the ipv6 mailing
>>list.

I think it would be useful to have such an API.

And then Julien Laganier wrote:

> OTOH, there's nod doubt that the same effect (avoid CGA signature and 
> validation) can be achieved through a future dedicated API. But as the source 
> address selection API draft is almost ready, mentions CGA without creating 
> apparent conflicts, I think it's worth keeping CGA in it.

Yes.

I also looked at Samita's document and the CGA parts
seem Ok.

--Jari


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From jari.arkko@lmf.ericsson.se  Thu Dec  4 03:52:01 2003
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(Originally bounced, I'm resending it to the list --Jari)

>>>Please send your replies to the mailing list.  The chairs
>>>> >>will summarize and post the summary also to the ipv6 mailing
>>>> >>list.
>
>> 
>> I think it would be useful to have such an API.
>> 
>> And then Julien Laganier wrote:
>> 
>
>>> > OTOH, there's nod doubt that the same effect (avoid CGA signature and 
>>> > validation) can be achieved through a future dedicated API. But as the 

source 

>>> > address selection API draft is almost ready, mentions CGA without creating 
>>> > apparent conflicts, I think it's worth keeping CGA in it.
>
>> 
>> Yes.
>> 
>> I also looked at Samita's document and the CGA parts
>> seem Ok.
>> 



Thanks for checking the API doc for CGA part. I assume that the SEND doc
will have CGA node default behavior documented, then we can refer the SEND
document from this API doc.

-Samita
 


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        ietf-send@standards.ericsson.net
From: Pekka Nikander <pekka.nikander@ericsson.com>
Subject: IETF-58 SEND WG Summary
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On Nov 24, 2003, at 21:33, Margaret.Wasserman@nokia.com wrote:
> After the Vienna IETF, we asked all of the Internet Area WG chairs
> to produce a summary of their WGs, using the template below.  We
> found these summaries very helpful in understanding the status of
> each WG, and we'd like you to produce similar summaries for the
> Minneapolis IETF meeting.

Please find enclosed summary of the SEND WG meeting at Minneapolis.
Please send any corrections to the list (and to me); I'll include
them when I submit the minutes for the proceedings.

--Pekka Nikander


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Summary of the SEND WG Meeting 
at IETF58, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Tuesday November 11, 1300-1400

Decisions
---------
1.   Probably last face-to-face WG meeting.  Submit drafts to the IESG,
     keep the mailing list running at least until the drafts have
     passed the IESG review.

Open action item from previous meeting     
----------------------------------------
AP1. Re-charter
     Status at IETF-58: Open
     Later decision:    Will be skipped since
                        the WG is closing anyway.

AP8. WG LC on draft-ietf-send-ndopts
     Status:            Delayed.
     New target date:   December

New Action items
----------------

AP9.  Advance draft-ietf-send-psreq at the IESG.
      Owner:        James Kempf
      Target date:  November 
      Status today: Document scheduled for IESG meeting.

AP10. Submit draft-ietf-send-cga to IESG.
      Owner:        Pekka Nikander
      Target date:  November
      Status today: Will be submitted any day now.

AP11. Clarify measurements from implementation report
      Owner:        James Kempf
      Target date:  November
      Status today: Clarified, sent to mailing list.

AP12. Discuss CGA address selection at mailing list.
      Owner:        Pekka Nikander
      Target date:  December
      Status today: Discussion ongoing

AP13. Cover different functions of Redirect.
      Owner:        Jari Arkko
      Target date:  December
      Status today: Open     

AP14. Add text on unsolicited ND.
      Owner:        Jari Arkko
      Target date:  December
      Status today: Open

AP15. Remove redundat text from draft-ietf-send-ndopts.
      Owner:        Jari Arkko
      Target date:  December
      Status today: Being worked on

AP16. WG last call & review on draft-ietf-send-ndopts
      Owner:        Chairs
      Target date:  December
      Status today: Pending on AP13-AP15. 

Review of open milestones
-------------------------

Dec 03  	Submit draft-ietf-send-cga-xx.txt to IESG for approval.
		- will be completed any day now   

Dec 03    	Submitdraft-ietf-send-ipsec-xx.txt to IESG for approval.
		- may be delayed until January

Charter review
--------------
Decision not to recharter, since only a technical issue.

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From jari.arkko@lmf.ericsson.se  Mon Dec  8 07:27:02 2003
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From: Pekka Nikander <pekka.nikander@ericsson.com>
Subject: Preliminary minutes for the Minneapolis meeting
Date: Mon, 8 Dec 2003 14:08:20 +0200
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A preliminary version of the Minneapolis meeting
minutes are now available at

http://www.tml.hut.fi/~pnr/SEND/ietf58_send_minutes.html

Please send any comments or corrections before or on
Dec 14th.  I will send the minutes to the proceedings
on Dec 15th.

--Pekka Nikander

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From jari.arkko@lmf.ericsson.se  Tue Dec  9 08:03:39 2003
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From: <jari.arkko@kolumbus.fi>
To: <ietf-send@standards.ericsson.net>
CC: <pasi.eronen@nokia.com>
Subject: issue 36: modifier length
Date: Tue, 9 Dec 2003 14:57:15 +0200
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Pasi Eronen wrote:

> Section 5.2: The Modifier field is 16 bits (2 octets), but
> in draft-ietf-send-cga-02, the modifier is 16 octets (128 bits)?

I have now aligned the ND options draft to be use the same
length as the CGA draft uses i.e. 128 bits. The new CGA option
format is:

      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |     Type      |    Length     | Collision Cnt |   Reserved    |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                                                               |
     |                          Modifier                             |
     |                                                               |
     |                                                               |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                                                               |
     .                                                               .
     .                        Key Information                        .
     .                                                               .
     |                                                               |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                                                               |
     .                                                               .
     .                           Padding                             .
     .                                                               .
     |                                                               |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


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From jari.arkko@lmf.ericsson.se  Tue Dec  9 08:23:02 2003
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From: <jari.arkko@kolumbus.fi>
To: <ietf-send@standards.ericsson.net>
CC: <pasi.eronen@nokia.com>
Subject: issue 37: RS and trust anchors
Date: Tue, 9 Dec 2003 15:17:00 +0200
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Pasi Eronen wrote:

> Section 8.1.2: the last paragraph should be probably deleted,
> because I guess we don't usually use trust anchor authorization for
> router _solicitations_?

Right. Done.

But I have question related to Sections 7 (ND) and 8 (RD),
and the overall simplification of the document. Would it
be better if the this-message-must-have-these-options
discussion was a part of Section 5 (new options)?
I believe this would reduce the overlap that currently
exists in the document. The drawback would be that
you'd have to search for, say, RA specific rules from
Section instead of having them grouped in Section 8.

--Jari


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From jari.arkko@lmf.ericsson.se  Tue Dec  9 08:42:08 2003
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This is an unsolicited announcement about the URLs for
the issue page and the most recent ND options draft. I
have also adopted some new procedures that may be of
interest.

All issues for the draft are listed on the issue
page [1]. Most recent editor's version is at [2]
and [3]. The diffs to -00 are in [4].

I have also adopted a new procedure which allows me
to publish issue specific diff files. To see an example,
click one of the "diffs" buttons on the issue page.
My tool support for this approach works automatically
when the modifications for different issues are not not
done in parallel. I.e. I'd like to finish one issue and
go to the next one -- this is an experiment, we'll see
how it goes. Feedback appreciated during the process.

If your issue has been marked as "Solved", it would
probably be a good idea for you to check that you
like the results.

--Jari

[1] http://www.arkko.com/publications/send/issues/
[2] http://www.arkko.com/publications/send/drafts/draft-send-ndopt.txt
[3] http://www.arkko.com/publications/send/drafts/draft-send-ndopt.html
[4] http://www.arkko.com/publications/send/drafts/draft-send-ndoptdiff.html


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From jari.arkko@lmf.ericsson.se  Tue Dec  9 09:19:57 2003
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From: <jari.arkko@kolumbus.fi>
To: <ietf-send@standards.ericsson.net>
CC: <pasi.eronen@nokia.com>
Subject: issue 39 -- CA cert part of the chain?
Date: Tue, 9 Dec 2003 16:14:14 +0200
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Pasi Eronen wrote:

> Section 6.5.1: It's not 100% clear whether the certificate
> chain sent should also contain the CA certificate (in most 
> protocols, it's not sent since the client is assumed to have 
> it already).

I agree that CA cert should not be a part of the chain.
And I also agree that the current text does not
specify this. How about this correction:

http://www.arkko.com/publications/send/issues/issue39diff.html

--Jari


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From jari.arkko@lmf.ericsson.se  Tue Dec  9 10:06:29 2003
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Subject: issue 40 -- option ordering
Date: Tue, 9 Dec 2003 16:58:24 +0200
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> Section 5.1 seems to suggest that other options than CGA, Nonce,
> or Timestamp could be placed after the Signature option; however, 
> Section 5.3.1 says the Signature option MUST be the last option. 
> Perhaps 5.1 should be clarified?

Yes. Looking at Section 5.1:

> The CGA option MUST appear before the Signature option.

This requirement is redundant, as the Signature is last in
any case.

> The Nonce option SHOULD appear before the Timestamp option.

At first I thought this was a reasonable requirement. However, looking
at it in more detail, I'm not so sure anymore. Both options are
relatively simple to process, or at least the CPU usage for them is
not a DoS issue. So why require anything? And why require anything
with a SHOULD, since the receiver would have to have code to
handle the general case anyway?

> The Signature option MUST NOT be be followed CGA, Nonce, or
> Timestamp options.

Yet another case of redundancy in the draft.

> It is RECOMMENDED that the options appear in the following order:
> CGA, Nonce, Timestamp, Signature.

More redundancy...

My conclusion is that Section 5.1 is unnecessary and should
be removed. Comments?

--Jari


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From jari.arkko@lmf.ericsson.se  Tue Dec  9 10:31:01 2003
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From: <jari.arkko@kolumbus.fi>
To: <ietf-send@standards.ericsson.net>
CC: <pasi.eronen@nokia.com>
Subject: issue 41 - delegating authority= IANA or ISP?
Date: Tue, 9 Dec 2003 17:25:04 +0200
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Pasi Eronen wrote:

> Section 6.5.1: "The parent certificates in the certificate chain
> MUST contain one or more X.509 IP address extensions, back up to
> the delegating authority (the Regional Address Registry or IANA)
> that delegated the original IP address space block." I think
> it's much more likely that the trust anchor is something below,
> like ISP or company IT administrator.

I agree with you Pasi on this. I believe the current text
assumes a perfect address ownership model for router's
addresses. That is, the authorization should act as a guarantee
that the router really has the addresses it is supposed
to have, all the way to the way up to IANA.

I think it would be difficult to achieve, though
maybe that happens in the future. I certainly hope
so.

But for now, I believe what we can achieve is 
a weaker guarantee: that the addresses are right
as far as the organization that we trust is
concerned -- not necessarily globally right. 
Lets say I work for evil-network-mgmt.com. If
their CA says that they own prefix P and it is for
router R, then I trust that. Even if prefix P
was perhaps stolen from poor-victim.com without
consulting the RIRs or the IANA ;-)

Suggested text change:

  The parent certificates in the certificate chain
  MUST contain one or more X.509 IP address extensions,
  back up to a trusted party (such as the user's ISP)
  that configured the original IP address space block
  for the router in question.

--Jari


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From jari.arkko@lmf.ericsson.se  Wed Dec 10 08:17:30 2003
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From: <jari.arkko@kolumbus.fi>
To: Francis Dupont <Francis.Dupont@enst-bretagne.fr>
CC: <ietf-send@standards.ericsson.net>
Subject: issue 17: functions of redirect
Date: Wed, 10 Dec 2003 15:07:51 +0200
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I have reviewed this issue, and read the relevant parts of RFC
2461. This RFC does indeed contain one of Francis' functions i.e.
specification of a link-layer address for an on-link destination which
has not been advertised as an on-link prefix is:

   Redirect messages are sent by routers to redirect a host to a
   better first-hop router ... or to inform hosts that a destination
   is in fact a neighbor (i.e., on-link).

For the other function, the update of a link-layer address by the
node itelf: The RFC prohibits hosts from sending Redirects:

   A host MUST silently discard any received Redirect message that does
   not satisfy all of the following validity checks:
   
      ...

      - The IP source address of the Redirect is the same as the current
        first-hop router for the specified ICMP Destination Address.

      ...

But I think Francis meant that Neighbor Advertisements should be
used for this purpose.

So what text modifications are necessary? Here's my proposal:

Change

   o  The Redirect function is used for automatically redirecting hosts
      to an alternate router.  Redirect is specified in Section 8 of RFC
      2461 [7].  It is similar to the ICMPv4 Redirect function [15].

=>

   o  The Redirect function is used for automatically redirecting a host
      to a better first-hop router, or to inform hosts that a
      destination is in fact a neighbor (i.e., on-link).  Redirect is
      specified in Section 8 of RFC 2461 [7].  It is similar to the
      ICMPv4 Redirect function [15].

This text has already disappeared through other modifications:

   o  Redirect: This message is always sent from the router's link-local
      address to the source address of the packet that triggered the
      Redirect.  Hosts verify that the IP source address of the Redirect
      is the same as the current first-hop router for the specified ICMP
      Destination Address.  Rules in [1] dictate that unspecified,
      anycast, or multicast addresses may not be used as source
      addresses.  Therefore, the destination address will always be a
      unicast address.

This text has already been changed as well:

      The receiver MUST verify that the Redirect message comes from an
      IP address to which the host may have earlier sent the packet that
      the Redirect message now partially returns.  That is, the source
      address of the Redirect message must be the default router or the
      on-link destination host for traffic sent to the destination of
      the returned packet.  If this is not the case, the message MUST be
      silently discarded.

      This step prevents a bogus router from sending a Redirect message
      when the host is not using the bogus router as a default router.

=>

      Note that RFC 2461 rules already prevent a bogus router from
      sending a Redirect message when the host is not using the bogus
      router as a default router.

I think this would cover all that we need to do. Comments?

--Jari


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From jari.arkko@lmf.ericsson.se  Tue Dec 16 08:25:08 2003
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From: <jari.arkko@kolumbus.fi>
To: <ietf-send@standards.ericsson.net>
Subject: issue 28 -- DCS source address
Date: Tue, 16 Dec 2003 15:11:17 +0200
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This issue is about the type of the source address in a
DCS message. There has not been that much discussion on this issue,
but I think the feeling was that we should restrict the addresses to
be link-local.

At the same time, I tried to make the keyword rules for the different
DCS & DCA fields consistent. Right now (a leftover from 2461) some of
the fields contain a keyword while others do not. I think it is better
to not include a keyword if the definition of a field is just <some
value>, e.g., a value assigned by IANA for ICMPv6 type, 0 for Code, or
an address of some sort for the source field.

I have also checked the current draft with regards to issue 21, which
had to do with the source address of the DCA message. It seems that
the resolution of that issue did not get reflected in the draft, so I
am changing that as well.

Finally, I edited the behaviour rules to not repeat the format
rules.

The changes can be seen in:

http://www.arkko.com/publications/send/issues/issue28diff.html

--Jari


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From jari.arkko@lmf.ericsson.se  Tue Dec 16 18:08:23 2003
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Date: Wed, 17 Dec 2003 10:01:08 +1100
From: Greg Daley <greg.daley@eng.monash.edu.au>
Subject: Re: issue 28 -- DCS source address
To: jari.arkko@kolumbus.fi
Cc: ietf-send@standards.ericsson.net
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Hi Jari,

jari.arkko@kolumbus.fi wrote:
> This issue is about the type of the source address in a
> DCS message. There has not been that much discussion on this issue,
> but I think the feeling was that we should restrict the addresses to
> be link-local.
> 
> At the same time, I tried to make the keyword rules for the different
> DCS & DCA fields consistent. Right now (a leftover from 2461) some of
> the fields contain a keyword while others do not. I think it is better
> to not include a keyword if the definition of a field is just <some
> value>, e.g., a value assigned by IANA for ICMPv6 type, 0 for Code, or
> an address of some sort for the source field.
> 
> I have also checked the current draft with regards to issue 21, which
> had to do with the source address of the DCA message. It seems that
> the resolution of that issue did not get reflected in the draft, so I
> am changing that as well.
> 
> Finally, I edited the behaviour rules to not repeat the format
> rules.
> 
> The changes can be seen in:
> 
> http://www.arkko.com/publications/send/issues/issue28diff.html
> 
> --Jari

This looks good.

Greg

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From jari.arkko@lmf.ericsson.se  Thu Dec 18 17:47:04 2003
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----- Original Message ----- 
From: "The IESG" <iesg-secretary@ietf.org>
To: <Pekka.Nikander@nomadiclab.com>; <kempf@docomolabs-usa.com>
Sent: Thursday, December 18, 2003 1:08 PM
Subject: ID Tracker State Update Notice: draft-ietf-send-psreq


> 'State Changes to Approved-announcement to be sent from IESG Evaluation by
Amy Vezza'
> ID Tracker URL:
https://datatracker.ietf.org/public/pidtracker.cgi?command=view_id&dTag=9439&rfc_flag=0
>
>

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Date: Fri, 19 Dec 2003 00:53:55 +0200
From: Jari Arkko <jari.arkko@kolumbus.fi>
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A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts directories.
This draft is a work item of the Securing Neighbor Discovery Working Group of the IETF.

	Title		: Cryptographically Generated Addresses (CGA)
	Author(s)	: T. Aura
	Filename	: draft-ietf-send-cga-04.txt
	Pages		: 25
	Date		: 2003-12-18
	
This document describes a method for binding a public signature key
to an IPv6 address in the Secure Neighbor Discovery (SEND) protocol.
Cryptographically Generated Addresses (CGA) are IPv6 addresses where
the interface identifier is generated by computing a cryptographic
one-way hash function from a public key and auxiliary parameters. The
binding between the public key and the address can be verified by
re-computing the hash value and by comparing the hash with the
interface identifier. Messages sent from an IPv6 address can be
protected by attaching the public key and auxiliary parameters and by
signing the message with the corresponding private key. The
protection works without a certification authority or other security
infrastructure.

A URL for this Internet-Draft is:
http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-send-cga-04.txt

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ietf-announce-request with the word unsubscribe in the body of the message.

Internet-Drafts are also available by anonymous FTP. Login with the username
"anonymous" and a password of your e-mail address. After logging in,
type "cd internet-drafts" and then
	"get draft-ietf-send-cga-04.txt".

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or ftp://ftp.ietf.org/ietf/1shadow-sites.txt


Internet-Drafts can also be obtained by e-mail.

Send a message to:
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From jari.arkko@lmf.ericsson.se  Fri Dec 19 03:24:49 2003
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From: <jari.arkko@kolumbus.fi>
To: <ietf-send@standards.ericsson.net>
CC: <Claude.Castelluccia@inrialpes.fr>
Subject: Another bounce: CGA Feige-Fiat-Shamir paper
Date: Fri, 19 Dec 2003 10:20:20 +0200
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Claude wrote:

Concerning CGA, I am attaching to this email
a paper that presents a new CGA scheme based
on the small prime variation of the Feige-Fiat-Shamir
signature scheme. It shows that by properly tuning the security
parameters we can get quite some performance improvement
over a RSA-based solution...

I'd like very much to get the WG feedbacks and comments
about this work..

thanks in advance,

Claude.

------

Your list admin has placed the paper at:
http://www.piuha.net/~jarkko/publications/send/papers/cga-ffs-paper.pdf


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From jari.arkko@lmf.ericsson.se  Fri Dec 19 11:05:52 2003
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From: <jari.arkko@kolumbus.fi>
To: <kempf@docomolabs-usa.com>
CC: <ietf-send@standards.ericsson.net>
Subject: issue 43 - certs vs. RA prefix checks
Date: Fri, 19 Dec 2003 17:57:16 +0200
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Jonathan Trostle wrote:

> there's no mention (from my quick read of the
> spec.) regarding whether the host checks that the router advertisement
> (and other NDP message) prefixes are contained in the router
> certificate prefixes or ranges. If not, what action does the host
> take?  Suggestion: if not, the host MUST find a new router.

I agree. I modified the draft as follows to reflect
this:

http://www.arkko.com/publications/send/issues/issue43diff.html

This change relates to the reception of a PI within an RA. Question:
what other situations require this check? Redirect?

--Jari


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From jari.arkko@lmf.ericsson.se  Fri Dec 19 11:51:19 2003
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References: <20031219155716.MZET18555.fep06-app.kolumbus.fi@mta.imail.kolumbus.fi>
Subject: Re: issue 43 - certs vs. RA prefix checks
Date: Fri, 19 Dec 2003 08:49:45 -0800
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Yes, Redirect requires it as well.

            jak

----- Original Message ----- 
From: <jari.arkko@kolumbus.fi>
To: <kempf@docomolabs-usa.com>
Cc: <ietf-send@standards.ericsson.net>
Sent: Friday, December 19, 2003 7:57 AM
Subject: issue 43 - certs vs. RA prefix checks


> Jonathan Trostle wrote:
> 
> > there's no mention (from my quick read of the
> > spec.) regarding whether the host checks that the router advertisement
> > (and other NDP message) prefixes are contained in the router
> > certificate prefixes or ranges. If not, what action does the host
> > take?  Suggestion: if not, the host MUST find a new router.
> 
> I agree. I modified the draft as follows to reflect
> this:
> 
> http://www.arkko.com/publications/send/issues/issue43diff.html
> 
> This change relates to the reception of a PI within an RA. Question:
> what other situations require this check? Redirect?
> 
> --Jari
> 
> 
> 
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From jari.arkko@lmf.ericsson.se  Fri Dec 19 11:51:26 2003
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From: "James Kempf" <kempf@docomolabs-usa.com>
To: <jari.arkko@kolumbus.fi>, <ietf-send@standards.ericsson.net>
Cc: <Claude.Castelluccia@inrialpes.fr>
References: <20031219082020.VEZJ27281.fep21-app.kolumbus.fi@mta.imail.kolumbus.fi>
Subject: Re: Another bounce: CGA Feige-Fiat-Shamir paper
Date: Fri, 19 Dec 2003 08:46:36 -0800
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Hi Claude,

Thanx for your email. Obviously, the paper didn't make it through Ericsson's
spam filter. At this point, the WG has completed work on
draft-ietf-send-cga. Pekka and I just sent it to the IESG this week for
publication.

            jak

----- Original Message ----- 
From: <jari.arkko@kolumbus.fi>
To: <ietf-send@standards.ericsson.net>
Cc: <Claude.Castelluccia@inrialpes.fr>
Sent: Friday, December 19, 2003 12:20 AM
Subject: Another bounce: CGA Feige-Fiat-Shamir paper


>
> Claude wrote:
>
> Concerning CGA, I am attaching to this email
> a paper that presents a new CGA scheme based
> on the small prime variation of the Feige-Fiat-Shamir
> signature scheme. It shows that by properly tuning the security
> parameters we can get quite some performance improvement
> over a RSA-based solution...
>
> I'd like very much to get the WG feedbacks and comments
> about this work..
>
> thanks in advance,
>
> Claude.
>
> ------
>
> Your list admin has placed the paper at:
> http://www.piuha.net/~jarkko/publications/send/papers/cga-ffs-paper.pdf
>
>
> --------------------------------------------------------------------
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> body to <ietf-send-request@standards.ericsson.net>.
> Archive: http://standards.ericsson.net/lists/ietf-send/maillist.html
> --------------------------------------------------------------------
>

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From jari.arkko@lmf.ericsson.se  Fri Dec 19 13:22:12 2003
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James Kempf wrote:
> Yes, Redirect requires it as well.

Hmm... does this always apply? What if R1 (who has a cert
only for P1) sends a redirect regarding P2, and there's some
other router R2 thas has a cert for P2.

--Jari

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From jari.arkko@lmf.ericsson.se  Fri Dec 19 13:33:15 2003
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From: "James Kempf" <kempf@docomolabs-usa.com>
To: "Jari Arkko" <jari.arkko@kolumbus.fi>
Cc: <ietf-send@standards.ericsson.net>
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Subject: Re: issue 43 - certs vs. RA prefix checks
Date: Fri, 19 Dec 2003 10:28:31 -0800
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Wouldn't H need to have a cert for R2 that listed the prefixes before
executing the Redirect?

I suppose one could argue that since R1 is trusted, H should trust it's
recommendation of R2, but this gets into the issue of transitivity, which is
a little tricky. 2461 actually does not require H to send a Router
Solicitation to R2, so the base spec has the issue of trust transitivity in
it.

            jak

----- Original Message ----- 
From: "Jari Arkko" <jari.arkko@kolumbus.fi>
To: "James Kempf" <kempf@docomolabs-usa.com>
Cc: <ietf-send@standards.ericsson.net>
Sent: Friday, December 19, 2003 10:18 AM
Subject: Re: issue 43 - certs vs. RA prefix checks


> James Kempf wrote:
> > Yes, Redirect requires it as well.
>
> Hmm... does this always apply? What if R1 (who has a cert
> only for P1) sends a redirect regarding P2, and there's some
> other router R2 thas has a cert for P2.
>
> --Jari
>
>

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From jari.arkko@lmf.ericsson.se  Fri Dec 19 17:22:51 2003
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Subject: Re: issue 43 - certs vs. RA prefix checks
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James Kempf wrote:
> Wouldn't H need to have a cert for R2 that listed the prefixes before
> executing the Redirect?
> 
> I suppose one could argue that since R1 is trusted, H should trust it's
> recommendation of R2, but this gets into the issue of transitivity, which is
> a little tricky. 2461 actually does not require H to send a Router
> Solicitation to R2, so the base spec has the issue of trust transitivity in
> it.

Lets think about this again. What is a redirect, really? Its not a
declaration of the advertised prefixes of a router. Its a declaration that
you should a given destination is behind another router. So in this
case the Redirect Destination Address may have nothing to do with the
prefixes assigned to the router. Clearly, we are not certifying routing
tables in SEND... Also, the Target Address field is the link-local
address of the better router, so this address can not be compared to
the certificate ranges either.

So one could perhaps make the conclusion that Redirects do not
need to be checked for consistency to the cert address ranges.

However, there is one complication: the usage of Redirect to
announce that the destination is really on-link. In this case
Target Address equals Destination Address. It seems weird that
a certified router (prefix = P) could not advertise a prefix Q
(P != Q) but could send a Redirects to everyone who wishes to
send packets to Q. And tell them that Q is really on link.

So this leads me to believe that some new text is needed for
the Redirect case. See for yourselves:

   http://www.arkko.com/publications/send/issues/issue43diff.html

Am I missing something, or is this everything?

--Jari

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From jari.arkko@lmf.ericsson.se  Fri Dec 19 17:36:26 2003
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From: "James Kempf" <kempf@docomolabs-usa.com>
To: "Jari Arkko" <jari.arkko@kolumbus.fi>
Cc: <ietf-send@standards.ericsson.net>
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Subject: Re: issue 43 - certs vs. RA prefix checks
Date: Fri, 19 Dec 2003 14:34:15 -0800
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Jari,

This looks OK. Rereading 2461 more carefully, I now see that, as you state,
the Redirect only applies to a particular destination address, and not for
changing the default router. So, I agree that there isn't a need for prefix
checking, except when informing the node that a particular prefix is on
link.

The proposed text looks fine.

            jak


----- Original Message ----- 
From: "Jari Arkko" <jari.arkko@kolumbus.fi>
To: "James Kempf" <kempf@docomolabs-usa.com>
Cc: <ietf-send@standards.ericsson.net>
Sent: Friday, December 19, 2003 2:18 PM
Subject: Re: issue 43 - certs vs. RA prefix checks


> James Kempf wrote:
> > Wouldn't H need to have a cert for R2 that listed the prefixes before
> > executing the Redirect?
> >
> > I suppose one could argue that since R1 is trusted, H should trust it's
> > recommendation of R2, but this gets into the issue of transitivity,
which is
> > a little tricky. 2461 actually does not require H to send a Router
> > Solicitation to R2, so the base spec has the issue of trust transitivity
in
> > it.
>
> Lets think about this again. What is a redirect, really? Its not a
> declaration of the advertised prefixes of a router. Its a declaration that
> you should a given destination is behind another router. So in this
> case the Redirect Destination Address may have nothing to do with the
> prefixes assigned to the router. Clearly, we are not certifying routing
> tables in SEND... Also, the Target Address field is the link-local
> address of the better router, so this address can not be compared to
> the certificate ranges either.
>
> So one could perhaps make the conclusion that Redirects do not
> need to be checked for consistency to the cert address ranges.
>
> However, there is one complication: the usage of Redirect to
> announce that the destination is really on-link. In this case
> Target Address equals Destination Address. It seems weird that
> a certified router (prefix = P) could not advertise a prefix Q
> (P != Q) but could send a Redirects to everyone who wishes to
> send packets to Q. And tell them that Q is really on link.
>
> So this leads me to believe that some new text is needed for
> the Redirect case. See for yourselves:
>
>    http://www.arkko.com/publications/send/issues/issue43diff.html
>
> Am I missing something, or is this everything?
>
> --Jari
>
>

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From jari.arkko@lmf.ericsson.se  Sat Dec 20 05:30:06 2003
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Subject: issue 44 - host to check its own address against router cert prefixes?
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Jonathan Trostle wrote:

> Jonathan Trostle: (2) there's no mention of whether the host checks
> that its IP address is contained in the prefixes or ranges in the
> router's certificate.  Suggestion: if not, the host MUST either find a
> new router or obtain a new IP address and recheck.  (An IP address
> might be obtained using DHCP as well).

And James Kempf wrote:

> James Kempf: I think there's an implicit assumption that CGAs are
> being used with secure RAs, which might not necessarily be the case,
> so there probably should be some text in the spec about this.

First I'd like to understand this issue better. I think
you are not talking about the router's own address -- because
the router's address is either (a) link local or (b) given
through the R flag and automatically within an advertised prefix.
So I think we can agree that it is not possible for routers
to give wrong addresses, as long as their RAs are valid.

Secondly, we have the issue of the host's own addresses.
I don't this is a matter of just checking if we have the
right type of address already. When we receive the RA, we
are building the default router list as well as a list of
prefixes for the link. If this is the first time we hear
from this router, it is possible that we have not heard
from the prefixes yet either. So in this case we would need
to adopt the router as least as far as prefixes and address
autoconfiguration goes. When DAD completes later, at that
point the host may for the first time have an address that
is in the range of the router's certificates.

I do not think we need to do anything special to cause
address autoconfiguration to be performed for new prefixes,
standard ND already takes care of that.

But the question is perhaps what to do in terms of routing.
As far as I know -- but I could easily have missed something -
RFC 2461 does not restrict the use of a default router for
just traffic that uses this router's prefixes. There is also
no rule that says we can only use a default router only if
we have succeeded in defining an address for one of the
prefixes advertised by the router.

Is there a need to change this for SEND? I'm not sure I
see a need for a host to define an address P::IID just
because it wants to send something from Q::IID over a
router that only advertises P. There is no connection
between P and Q, so I'm not sure what this would help.

However, is there a need to restrict all traffic out
from the router to use just those prefixes that the
router advertised and is authorized to advertise?
If we did this, it would provide automatic ingress
filtering... but perhaps it would be too limiting.

If we do not do this, a legitimate router could
appear in other links, and fool hosts to use itself
as a default router, even for traffic which uses
prefixes that the router is not authorized to
advertise.

I guess the question is what the certificates actually
authorize the router to do: to advertise prefixes,
or to route traffic? Our own document seems confused
on this point. Extract from Section 6.1.1:

    The X.509 IP address extension MUST contain at least one
    addressesOrRanges element that contains an addressPrefix element with
    an IPv6 address prefix for a prefix the router or the intermediate
    entity is authorized to advertise.  If the entity is allowed to route
    any prefix, the used IPv6 address prefix is the null prefix, 0/0.

We have the following alternatives:

(1) Define the IP addresses as *advertisement* rights. No checks
     for using a default router.
(2) Define the IP addresses as *routing* rights. Then routers
     might actually advertise less prefixes than they are authorized
     to route. A check would be needed to prevent hosts from using
     a default router for packets that have a source address not
     belonging to the authorized set.
(3) Do (1) now and work on (2) later.

I think option (2) sounds the right one. What do others think?
Are there any issues in the host routing check that this would
imply? Note that it would be at least conceptually a per-packet
check.

--Jari


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Date: Mon, 22 Dec 2003 01:02:39 +0200
From: Jari Arkko <jari.arkko@kolumbus.fi>
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        James Kempf <kempf@docomolabs-usa.com>
Subject: issue 31 -- source address selection
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I'm trying to close this issue. We have already agreed that
Samita's API draft is doing the right thing. I think you James
said also that an update of the default source address selection
rules for IPv6 & CGAs is not a task that we should do here.

Is this correct? What does that leave to be done?

Perhaps there is still need to state that the CGA addresses
should be used, without stating anything about the preference
rule ordering? Also, we may need to provide an informational
reference to Samita's draft.

How about this, to be inserted to Section 7:

     By default, a SEND-enabled node SHOULD use only CGAs
     as its own addresses. Other types of addresses MAY be
     used in testing, diagnostics or other purposes. However,
     this document does not describe how to choose between
     different types of addresses for different communications.
     A dynamic selection can be provided by an API, such as the
     one defined in [draft-chakrabarti].

--Jari


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From jari.arkko@lmf.ericsson.se  Mon Dec 22 06:01:50 2003
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From: <jari.arkko@kolumbus.fi>
To: <ietf-send@standards.ericsson.net>
Subject: issue 33 - SEND and L2 security
Date: Mon, 22 Dec 2003 12:56:43 +0200
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My intention is to close this issue. I think we agree that there
are issues if there is no L2 security and that there are issues
if there is no L2 - L3 binding. In terms of our document, I think
we agreed about the following:

  o  Say that there is need for L2 security, as the current first
     paragraph in Section 11.1 does.

  o  Add text to state that a binding between L2 and L3 would be
     desirable but that this document does not cover it.

  o  Remove detailed discussion of IEEE 802 security specifications;
     this is not in our scope.

Note that this changes the parts that we already agreed in issue 24.
But I think the new text is better, as it still describes the issues
but does not go into the details of specific link layers.

I also downgraded the "MUST use link layer security" to a SHOULD. I
think it would make sense to use SEND even if you did not have a
secure link layer -- such as on an IETF wireless network -- and doing
so should not violate the standards.

Here's the new Section 11.1 text relating to this issue:

   SEND does not compensate for an insecure link layer.  For instance,
   there is no assurance that payload packets actually come from the
   same peer that the Neighbor Discovery protocol was run against.

   SEND does not provide confidentiality for Neighbor Discovery
   communications.

   There may be no cryptographic binding in SEND between the link layer
   frame address and the IPv6 address.  On an insecure link layer that
   allows nodes to spoof the link layer address of other nodes, an
   attacker could disrupt IP service by sending out a Neighbor
   Advertisement having the source address on the link layer frame of a
   victim, a valid CGA address and a valid signature corresponding to
   itself, and a Target Link-layer Address extension corresponding to
   the victim.  The attacker could then proceed to cause a traffic
   stream to bombard the victim in a DoS attack.  To protect against
   such attacks, link layer security SHOULD be used.

   Even on a secure link layer, SEND does not require that the addresses
   on the link layer and Neighbor Advertisements correspond to each
   other.  However, it is RECOMMENDED that such checks be performed
   where this is possible on the given link layer technology.

The modifications are also visible in
http://www.piuha.net/~jarkko/publications/send/issues/issue33diff.html

Comments appreciated.


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From jari.arkko@lmf.ericsson.se  Mon Dec 22 09:09:41 2003
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From: <jari.arkko@kolumbus.fi>
To: <pasi.eronen@nokia.com>
CC: <ietf-send@standards.ericsson.net>
Subject: issue 45 -- NA issues, mixed mode
Date: Mon, 22 Dec 2003 15:59:51 +0200
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Pasi,

> Section 9 says that "Unsolicited Neighbor and Router Advertisements 
> sent by a SEND router MUST be secured.". I guess the text about
> unsolicited NAs applies also to non-router SEND nodes?

Section 9 text has now been clarified & simplified. It now reads
as follows:

   In a mixed environment SEND nodes follow the protocols defined in
   RFC 2461 and RFC 2462 with the following exceptions:

      All solicitations sent by SEND nodes MUST be secured.

      Unsolicited advertisements sent by a SEND node MUST be secured.

      A SEND node MUST send a secured advertisement in response to a
      secured solicitation.  Advertisements sent in response to an
      insecure solicitation MUST be secured as well, but MUST NOT
      contain the Nonce option.

      ...

> Section 11.2.1: Should this section also mention the case when
> cache entries are created as a side effect of non-DAD Neighbor
> Solicitation, or when cache entries are updated as a result of
> unsolicited Neighbor Advertisement?

It should! In addition I have shortened the text and removed the
subsections. Here's the updated version:

   This threat is defined in Section 4.1.1 of [27].  The threat is that
   a spoofed message may cause a false entry in a node's Neighbor Cache.
   There are two cases:

   1.  Entries made as a side effect of a Neighbor Solicitation or
       Router Solicitation.  A router receiving a Router Solicitation
       with a firm IPv6 source address and a Target Link-Layer Address
       extension inserts an entry for the IPv6 address into its Neighbor
       Cache.  Also, a node performing Duplicate Address Detection (DAD)
       that receives a Neighbor Solicitation for the same address
       regards the situation as a collision and ceases to solicit for
       the address.

       In either case, SEND counters these treats by requiring the
       Signature and CGA options to be present in such solicitations.

       As discussed in Section 8.1, SEND nodes preferably send Router
       Solicitations with a CGA source address, which the router can
       verify, so the Neighbor Cache binding is correct.  If a SEND node
       must send a Router Solicitation with the unspecified address, the
       router will not update its Neighbor Cache, as per RFC 2461.

   2.  Entries made as a result of a Neighbor Advertisement message.
       SEND counters this threat by requiring the Signature and CGA
       options to be present in these advertisements.

   See also Section 11.2.5, below, for discussion about replay
   protection and timestamps.

In addition, the normative part of the document appears incorrect,
as the CGA option is not required for solicitations that might
have an effect. This has now been corrected, Section 7:

      All Neighbor Solicitation messages sent MUST contain the Nonce,
      Timestamp, CGA, and Signature options.  The Signature option MUST
      be constructed with the sender's key pair, using the configured
      authorization method(s), and if applicable, using the trust anchor
      and/or minSec value as configured.

And Section 8:

      Router Solicitation messages sent with an unspecified source
      address MUST have the Nonce and Timestamp options.

      Other Router Solicitations MUST have the Nonce, Timestamp, CGA,
      and Signature options.  The Signature option MUST be configured
      with the sender's key pair, setting the authorization method and
      additional information as is configured.

> (BTW, I have a feeling that some parts of the document don't
> take unsolicited NAs into account)

I went through the document but could not find anything alarming
about this. You do not have a specific part of the document in
mind?

--Jari


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From jari.arkko@lmf.ericsson.se  Mon Dec 22 09:33:12 2003
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From: <jari.arkko@kolumbus.fi>
To: <pasi.eronen@nokia.com>
CC: <ietf-send@standards.ericsson.net>
Subject: issue 46 - fuzz factor
Date: Mon, 22 Dec 2003 16:29:25 +0200
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Pasi,

> Section 5.4.2.2: The timestamp should also have some fuzz
> factor taking the typical resolution of timestamps (e.g., 1 second)
> into account. Otherwise we get a situation like this:
> 
> (Let's assume that both hosts have perfectly synchronized and accurate
> clocks, timestamp resolution is 1 second, and transmission delay is
100 ms.)
> 
>    10.100 Sender sends a message, with Timestamp value 10
>    10.200 Packet is received (RDnew=10, TSnew=10).  
>           This is a new message, so we store RDlast=10, TSlast=10.
>    11.950 Sender sends another message, with Timestamp value 11
>    12.050 Packet is received (RDnew=12, TSnew=11). This is a known 
>           peer, so we compare 11 > 10 + (12-10)*(1-0.01). 
>           Unfortunately, this fails!

I thought about this for a while, and at first it seemed
like requiring a higher clock resolution would solve it. But I don't
think we can mandate more than one second's resolution for all possible
types of nodes. So your suggestion of a fuzz factor sounds reasonable.

Here's the new text:

   Receivers SHOULD be configured with an allowed timestamp Delta value,
   a "fuzz factor" for comparisons, and an allowed clock drift
   parameter.  The recommended default value for the allowed Delta is
   3,600 seconds (1 hour), for fuzz factor 1 second, and for clock drift
   1% (0.01).

   ...

   o  When a message is received from a known peer, i.e., one that
      already has an entry in the cache, the time stamp is checked
      against the previously received SEND message:

        TSnew + fuzz > TSlast + (RDnew - RDlast) x (1 - drift) - fuzz


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From jari.arkko@lmf.ericsson.se  Mon Dec 22 12:53:57 2003
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Message-ID: <039001c3c8b3$f38ea960$5b6015ac@dclkempt40>
From: "James Kempf" <kempf@docomolabs-usa.com>
To: "Jari Arkko" <jari.arkko@kolumbus.fi>,
        "SEND WG" <ietf-send@standards.ericsson.net>,
        "Pekka Nikander" <pekka.nikander@nomadiclab.com>
References: <3FE421B0.1000702@kolumbus.fi>
Subject: Re: issue 44 - host to check its own address against router cert prefixes?
Date: Mon, 22 Dec 2003 09:49:30 -0800
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I agree with option 2 but I don't think we need to specify how to do ingress
filtering in the document, though it might be worthwhile to reference a
document where it is described. A reference might be hard to track down,
though, since it is such a commonly known security technique.

            jak


----- Original Message ----- 
From: "Jari Arkko" <jari.arkko@kolumbus.fi>
To: "SEND WG" <ietf-send@standards.ericsson.net>; "James Kempf"
<kempf@docomolabs-usa.com>; "Pekka Nikander" <pekka.nikander@nomadiclab.com>
Sent: Saturday, December 20, 2003 2:17 AM
Subject: issue 44 - host to check its own address against router cert
prefixes?


>
> Jonathan Trostle wrote:
>
> > Jonathan Trostle: (2) there's no mention of whether the host checks
> > that its IP address is contained in the prefixes or ranges in the
> > router's certificate.  Suggestion: if not, the host MUST either find a
> > new router or obtain a new IP address and recheck.  (An IP address
> > might be obtained using DHCP as well).
>
> And James Kempf wrote:
>
> > James Kempf: I think there's an implicit assumption that CGAs are
> > being used with secure RAs, which might not necessarily be the case,
> > so there probably should be some text in the spec about this.
>
> First I'd like to understand this issue better. I think
> you are not talking about the router's own address -- because
> the router's address is either (a) link local or (b) given
> through the R flag and automatically within an advertised prefix.
> So I think we can agree that it is not possible for routers
> to give wrong addresses, as long as their RAs are valid.
>
> Secondly, we have the issue of the host's own addresses.
> I don't this is a matter of just checking if we have the
> right type of address already. When we receive the RA, we
> are building the default router list as well as a list of
> prefixes for the link. If this is the first time we hear
> from this router, it is possible that we have not heard
> from the prefixes yet either. So in this case we would need
> to adopt the router as least as far as prefixes and address
> autoconfiguration goes. When DAD completes later, at that
> point the host may for the first time have an address that
> is in the range of the router's certificates.
>
> I do not think we need to do anything special to cause
> address autoconfiguration to be performed for new prefixes,
> standard ND already takes care of that.
>
> But the question is perhaps what to do in terms of routing.
> As far as I know -- but I could easily have missed something -
> RFC 2461 does not restrict the use of a default router for
> just traffic that uses this router's prefixes. There is also
> no rule that says we can only use a default router only if
> we have succeeded in defining an address for one of the
> prefixes advertised by the router.
>
> Is there a need to change this for SEND? I'm not sure I
> see a need for a host to define an address P::IID just
> because it wants to send something from Q::IID over a
> router that only advertises P. There is no connection
> between P and Q, so I'm not sure what this would help.
>
> However, is there a need to restrict all traffic out
> from the router to use just those prefixes that the
> router advertised and is authorized to advertise?
> If we did this, it would provide automatic ingress
> filtering... but perhaps it would be too limiting.
>
> If we do not do this, a legitimate router could
> appear in other links, and fool hosts to use itself
> as a default router, even for traffic which uses
> prefixes that the router is not authorized to
> advertise.
>
> I guess the question is what the certificates actually
> authorize the router to do: to advertise prefixes,
> or to route traffic? Our own document seems confused
> on this point. Extract from Section 6.1.1:
>
>     The X.509 IP address extension MUST contain at least one
>     addressesOrRanges element that contains an addressPrefix element with
>     an IPv6 address prefix for a prefix the router or the intermediate
>     entity is authorized to advertise.  If the entity is allowed to route
>     any prefix, the used IPv6 address prefix is the null prefix, 0/0.
>
> We have the following alternatives:
>
> (1) Define the IP addresses as *advertisement* rights. No checks
>      for using a default router.
> (2) Define the IP addresses as *routing* rights. Then routers
>      might actually advertise less prefixes than they are authorized
>      to route. A check would be needed to prevent hosts from using
>      a default router for packets that have a source address not
>      belonging to the authorized set.
> (3) Do (1) now and work on (2) later.
>
> I think option (2) sounds the right one. What do others think?
> Are there any issues in the host routing check that this would
> imply? Note that it would be at least conceptually a per-packet
> check.
>
> --Jari
>
>
>

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From jari.arkko@lmf.ericsson.se  Mon Dec 22 12:54:08 2003
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From: "James Kempf" <kempf@docomolabs-usa.com>
To: <jari.arkko@kolumbus.fi>, <ietf-send@standards.ericsson.net>
References: <20031222105643.FUYQ18555.fep06-app.kolumbus.fi@mta.imail.kolumbus.fi>
Subject: Re: issue 33 - SEND and L2 security
Date: Mon, 22 Dec 2003 09:51:11 -0800
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Sounds fine.

            jak

----- Original Message ----- 
From: <jari.arkko@kolumbus.fi>
To: <ietf-send@standards.ericsson.net>
Sent: Monday, December 22, 2003 2:56 AM
Subject: issue 33 - SEND and L2 security


> My intention is to close this issue. I think we agree that there
> are issues if there is no L2 security and that there are issues
> if there is no L2 - L3 binding. In terms of our document, I think
> we agreed about the following:
> 
>   o  Say that there is need for L2 security, as the current first
>      paragraph in Section 11.1 does.
> 
>   o  Add text to state that a binding between L2 and L3 would be
>      desirable but that this document does not cover it.
> 
>   o  Remove detailed discussion of IEEE 802 security specifications;
>      this is not in our scope.
> 
> Note that this changes the parts that we already agreed in issue 24.
> But I think the new text is better, as it still describes the issues
> but does not go into the details of specific link layers.
> 
> I also downgraded the "MUST use link layer security" to a SHOULD. I
> think it would make sense to use SEND even if you did not have a
> secure link layer -- such as on an IETF wireless network -- and doing
> so should not violate the standards.
> 
> Here's the new Section 11.1 text relating to this issue:
> 
>    SEND does not compensate for an insecure link layer.  For instance,
>    there is no assurance that payload packets actually come from the
>    same peer that the Neighbor Discovery protocol was run against.
> 
>    SEND does not provide confidentiality for Neighbor Discovery
>    communications.
> 
>    There may be no cryptographic binding in SEND between the link layer
>    frame address and the IPv6 address.  On an insecure link layer that
>    allows nodes to spoof the link layer address of other nodes, an
>    attacker could disrupt IP service by sending out a Neighbor
>    Advertisement having the source address on the link layer frame of a
>    victim, a valid CGA address and a valid signature corresponding to
>    itself, and a Target Link-layer Address extension corresponding to
>    the victim.  The attacker could then proceed to cause a traffic
>    stream to bombard the victim in a DoS attack.  To protect against
>    such attacks, link layer security SHOULD be used.
> 
>    Even on a secure link layer, SEND does not require that the addresses
>    on the link layer and Neighbor Advertisements correspond to each
>    other.  However, it is RECOMMENDED that such checks be performed
>    where this is possible on the given link layer technology.
> 
> The modifications are also visible in
> http://www.piuha.net/~jarkko/publications/send/issues/issue33diff.html
> 
> Comments appreciated.
> 
> 
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> 
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From jari.arkko@lmf.ericsson.se  Mon Dec 22 13:07:11 2003
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From: "James Kempf" <kempf@docomolabs-usa.com>
To: <ietf-send@standards.ericsson.net>
Cc: <Margaret.Wasserman@nokia.com>,
        "Pekka Nikander" <pekka.nikander@nomadiclab.com>
References: <E1AYUFh-0000W1-SG@asgard.ietf.org>
Subject: Re: Document Action: 'IPv6 Neighbor Discovery trust models and          threats' to Informational RFC 
Date: Mon, 22 Dec 2003 10:03:10 -0800
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Folks,

As this message indicates, the IESG has just approved the psreq draft as an
Informational RFC. I would like to thank Margaret for her prompt action on
the document in the IESG, and Pekka and the Working Group for their prompt
turnaround of the IESG comments.


            jak

----- Original Message ----- 
From: "The IESG" <iesg-secretary@ietf.org>
To: <IETF-Announce:>
Cc: "Internet Architecture Board" <iab@iab.org>; "RFC Editor"
<rfc-editor@rfc-editor.org>; <ietf-send@standards.ericsson.net>
Sent: Monday, December 22, 2003 9:53 AM
Subject: Document Action: 'IPv6 Neighbor Discovery trust models and threats'
to Informational RFC


> The IESG has approved the following document:
>
> - 'IPv6 Neighbor Discovery trust models and threats '
>    <draft-ietf-send-psreq-04.txt> as an Informational RFC
>
> This document is the product of the Securing Neighbor Discovery Working
Group.
>
> The IESG contact persons are Margaret Wasserman and Thomas Narten.
>
>
>
>
>

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From jari.arkko@lmf.ericsson.se  Mon Dec 22 13:57:55 2003
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References: <20031222105643.FUYQ18555.fep06-app.kolumbus.fi@mta.imail.kolumbus.fi>
Subject: Re: issue 33 - SEND and L2 security
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> My intention is to close this issue. I think we agree that there
> are issues if there is no L2 security and that there are issues
> if there is no L2 - L3 binding. In terms of our document, I think
> we agreed about the following:
>
>   o  Say that there is need for L2 security, as the current first
>      paragraph in Section 11.1 does.
>
>   o  Add text to state that a binding between L2 and L3 would be
>      desirable but that this document does not cover it.
>
>   o  Remove detailed discussion of IEEE 802 security specifications;
>      this is not in our scope.
>
> Note that this changes the parts that we already agreed in issue 24.
> But I think the new text is better, as it still describes the issues
> but does not go into the details of specific link layers.
>
> I also downgraded the "MUST use link layer security" to a SHOULD. I
> think it would make sense to use SEND even if you did not have a
> secure link layer -- such as on an IETF wireless network -- and doing
> so should not violate the standards.
>
> Here's the new Section 11.1 text relating to this issue:
>
>    SEND does not compensate for an insecure link layer.  For instance,
>    there is no assurance that payload packets actually come from the
>    same peer that the Neighbor Discovery protocol was run against.
>
>    SEND does not provide confidentiality for Neighbor Discovery
>    communications.
>
>    There may be no cryptographic binding in SEND between the link layer
>    frame address and the IPv6 address.  On an insecure link layer that
>    allows nodes to spoof the link layer address of other nodes, an
>    attacker could disrupt IP service by sending out a Neighbor
>    Advertisement having the source address on the link layer frame of a
>    victim, a valid CGA address and a valid signature corresponding to
>    itself, and a Target Link-layer Address extension corresponding to
>    the victim.  The attacker could then proceed to cause a traffic
>    stream to bombard the victim in a DoS attack.  To protect against
>    such attacks, link layer security SHOULD be used.
>
The last sentence is confusing. The  bulk of the text above explains the
attack.
At last it says, the link layer security provides protection which is not
completely
correct. The following paragraph below explains what is needed to prevent
the attack. So, i would suggest removing the last sentence above. Instead
you
can say  something like "This attack cannot be prevented just by securing
the
link layer alone".  Then the following paragraph seems like a good fit..

>    Even on a secure link layer, SEND does not require that the addresses
>    on the link layer and Neighbor Advertisements correspond to each
>    other.  However, it is RECOMMENDED that such checks be performed
>    where this is possible on the given link layer technology.
>

-mohan

> The modifications are also visible in
> http://www.piuha.net/~jarkko/publications/send/issues/issue33diff.html
>
> Comments appreciated.
>
>
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> body to <ietf-send-request@standards.ericsson.net>.
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