IANA Registry for the First Nibble Following a Label Stack

Introduction An MPLS packet consists of a label stack, an optional "post-stack header" (PSH) and an optional embedded packet (in that order). By PSH, we mean existing artifacts such as Control Words , BIER (Bit-Indexed Explicit Replication) headers and the like, as well as new types of PSH being discussed by the MPLS Working Group. However, in the data plane, there are scant clues regarding the PSH, and no clue as to the type of embedded packet; this information is communicated via other means, such as the routing protocols that signal the labels in the stack. Nonetheless, in order to better handle an MPLS packet in the data plane, it is common practice for network equipment to "guess" the type of embedded packet. Such equipment may also need to process the PSH. Both of these require parsing the data after the label stack. To do this, the "first nibble" (the top four bits of the first octet following the label stack) is often used. Although some existing network devices may use such a method, it needs to be stressed that the correct interpretation of the Post-stack First Nibble (PFN) in a PSH can be made only in the context associated using the control or management plane with the Label Stack Element (LSE) or group of LSEs in the preceding label stack that characterize the type of the PSH, and that any attempt to rely on the value in any other context is unreliable. The semantics and usage of the first nibble are not well documented, nor are the assignments of values. This memo serves four purposes:

To document the values already in use.
To provide a mechanism to document future assignments through the creation of a new IANA "Post-stack First Nibble registry", and document the relationship between it and the IANA IP Version Numbers .
Provide a method for tracking usage by requiring more detailed documentation.
To stress the importance that any MPLS packet not carrying plain IPv4 or IPv6 packets contains a PSH, including any new version of IP ().

Based on the analysis of load-balancing techniques in , this memo, in , introduces a requirement that deprecates the use of the heuristic and recommends using a dedicated label value for load balancing. The intent of both is for legacy routers to continue operating as they have, with no new problems introduced as a result of this memo. However, new implementations that follow this memo enable a more robust network operation. Furthermore, this document updates by deprecating the heuristic method for identifying the type of packet encapsulated in MPLS. This document clearly states that the type of encapsulated packet cannot be determined based on the PFN alone.

Conventions and Definitions The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.

MPLS packet:: one whose Layer 2 header declares the type to be MPLS. For Ethernet, that means the Ethertype is 0x8847 or 0x8848.
Label Stack:: (of an MPLS packet) all labels (four-octet fields) after the Layer 2 header, up to and including the label with the Bottom of Stack bit set ().
Post-stack First Nibble (PFN):: the most significant four bits of the first octet following the label stack.
MPLS Payload:: all data after the label stack, including the PFN, an optional post-stack header, and the embedded packet.
Post-stack Header (PSH):: optional field of interest to the egress Label Switching Router (LSR) (and possibly to transit LSRs). Examples include a control word , or an associated channel , , . The PSH MUST indicate its length, so that a parser knows where the embedded packet starts.
Embedded Packet:: an embedded packet follows immediately after the MPLS Label Stack and an optional PSH. That could be an IPv4 or IPv6 packet, an Ethernet packet (for VPLS (, ) or EVPN ), or some other type of Layer 2 frame .
Deprecation:: regardless of how the deprecation is understood in other IETF documents, the interpretation in this document is that if a practice has been deprecated, that practice should not be included in new implementations or deployed in new deployments.

Reference Figures

Example of an MPLS Packet With Label Stack

Examples of an MPLS Packet Payload With and Without Post-Stack Header shows an MPLS packet with Layer 2 header X and a label stack Y ending with Label-n. Then, there are three examples of an MPLS payload displayed in . The complete MPLS packet thus would consist of [X Y A], or [X Y B], or [X Y C]. A. The first payload is a bare IP packet, i.e., no PSH. The PFN in this case overlaps with the IP version number. B. The next payload is a bare non-IP packet; again, no PSH. The PFN here is the first nibble of the payload, whatever it happens to be. C. The last example is an MPLS Payload that starts with a PSH followed by the embedded packet. Here, the embedded packet could be IP or non-IP.

Abbreviations LSR: Label Switching Router LSE: Label Stack Element PSH: Post-Stack Header PFN: Post-stack First Nibble FAT: Flow-Aware Transport SPL: Special Purpose Label PW: Pseudowire MNA: MPLS Network Action BIER: Bit-Indexed Explicit Replication

Rationale

Why Look at the First Nibble An MPLS packet can contain one of many types of embedded packets. Three common types are:

An IPv4 packet (whose IP header has version number 4).
An IPv6 packet (whose IP header has version number 6).
A Layer 2 Ethernet frame (i.e., not including the Preamble or the Start frame delimiter), starting with the destination MAC address.

Many other packet types are possible; in principle, any Layer 2 embedded packet is permissible. Indeed, in the past, packets of Point-to-Point Protocol, Frame Relay, and Asynchronous Transfer Mode protocols were reasonably common. In addition, there may be a PSH ahead of the embedded packet. The value of PFN is considered to ensure that the PSH can be correctly parsed. If no PSH follows the label stack, then the value of PFN indicates the version number of the IP packet header.

Load Balancing There are four common ways to load balance an MPLS packet:

One can use the top label alone.
One can do better by using all of the non-SPLs (Special Purpose Labels) in the stack.
One can do even better by "divining" the type of embedded packet, and using fields from the guessed header. The ramifications of using this load-balancing technique are discussed in detail in .
One can do best by using either an Entropy Label or a Flow-Aware Transport (FAT) Pseudowire Label (see ).

Load balancing based on just the top label means that all packets with that top label will go the same way -- this is far from ideal. Load balancing based on the entire label stack (not including SPLs) is better, but it may still be uneven. If, however, the embedded packet is an IP packet, then the combination of (<source IP address>, <dest IP address>, <transport protocol>, <source port>, and <dest port>) from the IP header of the embedded packet forms an excellent basis for load-balancing. This is what is typically used for load balancing IP packets. An MPLS packet doesn't, however, carry a payload type identifier. There is a simple (but risky) heuristic that is commonly used to guess the type of the embedded packet. The first nibble, i.e., the four most significant bits of the first octet, of an IP header contains the IP version number. That, in turn, indicates where to find the relevant fields for load-balancing. The heuristic goes roughly as described in .

Heuristic for Load Balancing

If the PFN is 0x4 (0100b), treat the payload as an IPv4 packet, and find the relevant fields for load-balancing on that basis.
If the PFN is 0x6 (0110b), treat the payload as an IPv6 packet, and find the relevant fields for load-balancing on that basis.
If the PFN is anything else, the MPLS payload is not an IP packet; fall back to load-balancing using the label stack.

This heuristic has been implemented in many (legacy) routers, and performs well in the case of , A. However, this heuristic can work very badly for , B. For example, if payload B is an Ethernet frame, then the PFN is the first nibble of the Organizationally Unique Identifier of the destination MAC address, which can be 0x4 or 0x6, and if so would lead to the packet being treated as an IPv4 or IPv6 packet such that data at the offsets of specific relevant fields would be used as input to the load-balancing heuristic resulting in unpredictable load balancing. This behavior can happen to other types of non-IP payloads as well. That, in turn, led to the idea of inserting a PSH (e.g., a pseudowire control word , a DetNet control word , a Network Service Header , or a BIER header ) where the PFN is not 0x4 or 0x6, to explicitly prevent forwarding engines from confusing the MPLS payload with an IP packet. recommends the use of a control word when the embedded packet is an Ethernet frame. RFC 8469 was published at the request of the operator community and the IEEE Registration Authority Committee as a result of operational difficulties with pseudowires that did not contain the control word. It is RECOMMENDED that where load-balancing of MPLS packets is desired, the load-balancing mechanism uses the value of a dedicated label, for example, either an Entropy Label or a FAT Pseudowire Label . Furthermore, the heuristic of guessing the type of the embedded packet, as discussed above, SHOULD NOT be used. A consequence of the heuristic approach is that while legacy routers may look for a PFN of 0x4 or 0x6 , no legacy router will look for any other PFN, regardless of what future IP version numbers will be, for load-balancing purposes. This means that the values 0x4 and 0x6 are used to (sometimes incorrectly) identify IPv4 and IPv6 packets, but no other of PFN values will be used to identify IP packets. This document creates a new PFN Registry for all 16 possible values.

Updates of RFC 4928 Paragraph 3 in Section 3 of RFC 4928 states that: OLD TEXT

It is REQUIRED, however, that applications dependent upon in-order packet delivery restrict the first nibble values to 0x0 and 0x1. This will ensure that their traffic flows will not be affected if some future routing equipment does similar snooping on some future version(s) of IP.

END The text in RFC 4928 concerning the first nibble after the MPLS Label Stack has been updated by this document and the heuristic for snooping this nibble has been deprecated. RFC 4928 is now updated as follows: NEW TEXT:

Network equipment MUST use a PSH (Post-Stack Header) with a PFN (Post-stack First Nibble) value that is neither 0x4 nor 0x6 in all cases when the MPLS payload is not an IP packet.

END The recommendation (see ) replaces the paragraph 4 in Section 3 of RFC 4928 as follows: OLD TEXT:

This behavior implies that if in the future an IP version is defined with a version number of 0x0 or 0x1, then equipment complying with this BCP would be unable to look past one or more MPLS headers, and load-split traffic from a single LSP across multiple paths based on a hash of specific fields in the IPv0 or IPv1 headers. That is, IP traffic employing these version numbers would be safe from disturbances caused by inappropriate load-splitting, but would also not be able to get the performance benefits.

NEW TEXT:

The practice of deducing the payload type based on the PFN value is deprecated to avoid inaccurate load balancing. This means that older implementations and deployments can continue to use that heuristic, while it must not be part of new implementations or deployments. It also means that concerns about load balancing for future IP versions with a version number of 0x0 or 0x1 are no longer relevant.

END Furthermore, the following text is appended to Section 1.1 of RFC 4928 : NEW TEXT:

PSH: Post-Stack Header PFN: Post-stack First Nibble

END

Why Create a Registry Support for MPLS Network Actions (MNAs) is described in and is an enhancement to the MPLS architecture. The use of post-stack data (PSD) to encode the MNA indicators and ancillary data is described in section 3.6 might place data in the PFN that could conflict with other uses of that nibble. This issue is described in section 3.6.1 of and is further illustrated by the PFN value of 0x0 which has two different formats depending on whether the PSH is a pseudowire control word or a DetNet control word: disambiguation requires the context of the service label. With a registry, PSHs become easier to parse; not needing means outside the data plane to interpret them correctly; and their semantics and usage are documented.

IP Version Numbers versus Post-stack First Nibble Values The use of the PFN stemmed from the desire to heuristically identify IP packets for load-balancing purposes. It was then discovered that non-IP packets, misidentified as IP when the heuristic failed, were being badly load balanced, leading to . This situation may confuse some as to the relationship between the Post-stack First Nibble Registry and the IP Version Numbers registry. These registries are quite different:

The IP Version Numbers registry's explicit purpose is to track IP version numbers in an IP header.
The Post-stack First Nibble registry's purpose is to track PSH types.

The only intersection points between the two registries is for values 0x4 and 0x6 (for backward compatibility). There is no need to track future IP version number allocations in the Post-stack First Nibble registry.

Next Step to More Deterministic Load -balancing in an MPLS Network Network evolution is impossible to control, but it develops over a period of time determined by various factors. This document prevents further proliferation of the implementations that could lead to undesired effects affecting data flow. At some time in the future, it was planned to obsolete MPLS encapsulations without PSH of non-IP payload. Before that it is paramount to collect sufficient evidence that there are no marketed or deployed implementations using the heuristic practice to load-balancing MPLS data flows.

IANA Considerations

The Post-stack First Nibble Registry This memo requests IANA to create a registry group called "Post-Stack First Nibble Registry" that consists of a single registry called "Post-Stack First Nibble Registry". The registry should be created as shown in . The assignment policy for the registry is Standards Action . It is important to note, that the same PFN value can be used in more than one protocol. The correct interpretation of the PFN in a PSH can be made only in the context of the LSE or a group of LSEs in the preceding label stack that characterize the type of the PSH and, consequently, PFN. Post-stack First Nibble Values

Protocol	Value	Description	Reference
DetNet	0x0	DetNet Control Word	RFC 8964
NSH	0x0	NSH (Network Service Header) Base Header, payload	RFC 8300
PW	0x0	PW Control Word	RFC 4385
DetNet	0x1	DetNet Associated Channel	RFC 9546
MPLS	0x1	MPLS Generic Associated Channel	RFC 5586
PW	0x1	PW Associated Channel	RFC 4385
NSH	0x2	NSH Base Header, OAM	RFC 8300
	0x3	Unassigned
	0x4	Reserved, not to be assigned
BIER	0x5	BIER Header	RFC 8296
	0x6	Reserved, not to be assigned
	0x7 - 0xF	Unassigned

Security Considerations This document creates a new IANA registry for and specifies changes to the treatment in the data plane of packets based on the first nibble of data beyond the MPLS label stack. One intent of this is to reduce or eliminate errors in determining whether a packet being transported by MPLS is IP or not. While such errors have primarily caused unbalanced and, thus, inefficient multi-pathing, they have the potential to cause more severe security problems. For general MPLS label stack security considerations, see .

Acknowledgements The authors express their appreciation and gratitude to Donald E. Eastlake 3rd for the review, insightful questions, and helpful comments. Also, the authors are gateful to Amanda Baber for helping organize the IANA registry in clear and consise manner.